
.^" 



^ 




^^^t>L,^ 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN 



TEXAS GUIDE 



FOB 



1878. 



/■ 



James L. Rock and W. I. Smith, Axithors. 






ST. T,OUIS, MO.: 

A. H. GRANGER, Publisher. 

1878. 



1 



Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1878, by A. H. QRANGBR, in the Office of thi 
Librarian of Congi-esfl, at Washington, D. C. 



Kand, McNaixt & Co., Pbintbrs and Engkavkks, Chioaoo. 






TO 

OOL. THOMAS W. PEIECE, 

PKE8LDENT OF THE GALVESTON, HAKRISBtlBG & SAN ANTONIO RAILWAY, 

TO WHOSE ENTEBPKISE AND LIBERALITY 

m THE CONSTRUCTION OF AMPLE TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES THROUGH 

SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS, 

THE PEOPLE OF THAT GREAT SECTION OF COUNTRY OWE A DEBT OK 

GRATITUDE; AKD FOR WHOM 

WE ENTERTAIN THE HIGHEST PERSONAL ESTEEM, 

THIS VOLUME IS 

RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. 

A. H. GRANGER. 



PREFACE. 



In presenting the " SouTHERiq- and Western Texas Guide " to the 
public, the publisher recognizes the wide-spread demand throughout this 
country, and, indeed, in large sections of Europe, for a more compre- 
hensive and rehable description of that great State than has yet been 
issued from the press. This work does not include a history of Texas, 
its heroes or statesmen, excepting incidentally, for that has many times 
been written. The primal object has been to obtain correct information 
relative to the topography,climate, soil, productions, rain-fall, temperature 
water supply, amount of timbered and prairie lands, educational advan- 
tages and prospects, religious privileges, character of the people, and 
other valuable and interesting facts connected with that State, such as 
the moving millions of the race are making earnest inquiry for. In a 
condensed and readable form this material and important information is 
now presented to the public. In addition, the subject of railroads and 
transportation will be found an interesting feature. 



BIOGEAPHIOAL SKETCH 



THOMAS WESTWORTE PEIRCE, Esq. 



What photography is to the human countenance, biography is to the soul. 
The one, with the marvelous pen of light, sketches the outward features of our 
physical being ; the other traces the progressive developments of mind from 
infancy to manhood, and demonstrates that the diversity of character in indi- 
viduals is as limitless in society'- as the varying pliysiognomy of man is marked 
in the races. 

The infinite diversity of the human countenance fills us with reverent 
amazement. To contemplate the countless millions who have lived, and are 
living, and to find no actual duplicates of form, or of expression ; to dwell 
upon a truth so pregnant with meaning, so vital to humanity, so marked by the 
unerring hand of Infinite Wisdom and Love, — should lead us to pause and 
gather the teachings of such a lesson, that we may deepen our tiiith in divine 
control, and enlarge our conceptions of the practical relations of human 
life. 

To look upon a multitude of upturned faces of a great assembly, and to see 
how much alike and yet how different ; to recognize an acquaintance, a friend, 
a citizen, a criminal, or to observe a stranger, and without a, mistake, has 
always excited the wonder and admiration both of unthinking men and philos- 
ophers. It is the perfection of system, in society. It recognizes the individ- 
ualit}' of man, in his outward form, and establishes his separate responsibility 
as an accountable being. It insures certainty, as to person, and provides 
protection against the dangers of mistake. Every being has his separate mark, 
moulded in his form and features, and thus becomes permanently linked with 
the consequences of his thoughts and acts, in the midst of the millions of his 
fellows throughout the world. He may be pointed out with certainty as entitled 
to the respect of mankind, to be honored, or as a dangerous member of society 
to be watched and guarded. No one can be taken for another, whether for 
good or evil, for honor or disgi'ace. 

If physical identity in its countless variety, is of such magnitude as to be 
made a special and undeviating part of human existence, how much more 
important becomes the individual character of man, the identity of the soul. 
Who can point to a nobler theme, than that to be found in the identity of 
the soul in its active aspirations, tendencies and habits ! Indeed, it is in 
this we find the precious gem that is to be protected by the diversity of 
ouiward form. No one is made responsible for another, and all alike are held 

(7) 



8 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

arcountable. Each stands for himself — alone. This view enables us to see 
the rank and dignity of man in his separate individuality. It is a common error 
to lessen the importance of this distinction by reducing it to the scale of 
number, as if the soul, made in the image of God, could be made great, or 
insignificant, by the rules of arithmetic. These lessons of personal identity 
demonstrate the beautiful truth, that every human being, however great or 
humble in talents, is created not only with special capacities to think and act 
for himself, but is appointed to a mission in the world of being, which he alone 
can fill. He is made a part of the universal whole, and is subject to laws which 
inhere in the universe of being. Without him the world would be incomplete. 
He is endowed with faculties to observe and study the nature of things, and to 
discover his aptitudes for special skill, labor, and duty. He employs his senses 
to see, to hear, to touch, to taste, and seeks to find the special strength in the 
faculties bestowed upon him by God — to think, to feel and to act. By decrees 
he finds his mission, either in success or failure, and he becomes an example 
either to be respected and followed, or condemned and avoided. If he produces 
an example of success, his life becomes a lesson to be taught and remembered 
by all who follow him. 

It is a common error to suppose that biography is useful only when applied 
to extraordinary men. We refer to such men as Washington, Jefferson, Samuel 
Adams, Franklin, Newton, Napoleon, Cuvier, La Place, Kant, Luther, Fenelon, 
Calvin, Huss, who may be demomiuated the representative men of nations, of 
reforms, of revolutions. They make up a jiortion of the world's history ; and 
all their genius and strength have been applied either to the momentous affairs 
of government, to reforms, or to the sublime developments of science. They 
have mastered in their time, the great subjects which involved the interests of 
an age, or of a generation ; but, in the duties incumbent upon a citizen in all the 
walks of private life, or in the higher demands of public duty, they have fur- 
nished no more examples to be noted for the study of posterity than can be found 
ecittered throughout the civilized world, in everj'' society, in every class, profes- 
sion, and condition. 

These views of the subject are confirmed by the strongly expressed opinions 
of Dr. Johnson, who says : 

"I have often thought that there has rarely passed a life of which a judi- 
cious and faithful narrative would not be useful. For, not only every man has, 
in the mighty mass of the world, great numbers, in the same condition with 
himself, to whom his mistakes and miscarriages, escapes and expedients, would 
be of imme liate and apparent use ; but there is such a uniformity in the state of 
man, considered apart from adventitious and separable decorations and disguises, 
that there is scarce any possibility of good or ill but is common to humanity. A 
great part of those who are placed at the greatest distance by fortune or by 
temper must unavoidably pass in the same manner ; and, though, when the 
claims of nature are satisfied, caprice, and vanity, and accident begin to produce 
discriminations and peculiarities, yet the eye is not very heedful or quick which 
can not discover the same causes still terminating their influence in the same 
effects, though sometimes accelerated, sometimes retarded, or perplexed by 
multiplied combinations. We are all prompted by the same motives, all 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF T. W. PEIRCE. 9 

deceived by the same fallacies, all animated by hope, obstructed by danger, 
entangled by desire, and seduced by pleasure. 

"It is frequently objected to relations of particular lives, that they are not 
distinguished by any striking or wonderful vicissitudes. The scholar, who 
passed his life among his books : the merchant, who conducted his own affairs ; 
the priest, whose sphere of action was not extended beyond that of his duty, 
are considered as no proper objects of public regard, however they might have 
excelled in their several stations, whatever might have been their learning, 
integrity, and piety. But this notion arises from false measures of excellence 
and dignity; and must be eradicated by considering that, in the esteem of 
uncorrupted reason, what is of most use is of most value." 

All must be deeply impressed with the truthfulness of this language. What- 
ever is of the most use must be of the most value. But few men can enjoy the 
special privileges of genius, of patriotism ; for many generations are permitted 
without signal opportunities for men to distinguish themselves, either as philo- 
sophers or as patriots. Huananity does not afford to every generation a brilliant 
genius to astonish the world ; nor is it the lot of nations to be made the subjects 
of revolution so frequently as to give birth, by opportunity, to a numerous band 
of heroes. Great events transpire but seldom ; and however full of interest they 
may be regarded, they are unquestionably of less consequence, and convey less 
instruction to the great masses of the people,, than the ordinary occunences 
which fall within the circle of every year, of every season. 

The wants of men are similar and common. They are supplied by ordinary 
and obvious means, within the reach of all. What is vitally important, all have 
an interest in understanding. Whoever has participated in the common affairs 
of life — whoever has done the most to meet the wants of the many, and to 
point out the numerous sources of comfort and success — whoever has averted 
and relieved the most suffering, prevented the most wrong, exhibited the best 
examples of duty, taught the greatest amount of knowledge of common things 
to common people — is a subject above all others for that biography which 
promises and establishes the most good for the greatest number. 

We are told by Tacitus that it was the practice of Roman authors, in the 
•early periods of the republic, to record the lives and characters of illustrious men. 
The example has been followed in other countries. But the class of illustrious 
men, so termed in all times, has been a limited one. Emperors, kings, warriors, 
law-givers, occupy most of the volumes devoted to illustrious men. Their deeds 
may have been those of courage, self-denial, and patriotism, in seasons of extra- 
ordinary trial and danger; and it is right, it is patriotic, that the sun of glory 
should shine around them, and ennoble their memory. We would not neglect 
the heroes, the choice spirits of reform, and of defence against tyranny, for such 
are to be honored and revered ; but we claim that there is another class quite 
as much entitled to distinction, and, in regard to posterity, holding positions 
quite as honorable. If biography is to be valued for the good it may do, then 
it is not difficult to distinguish between examples of success and of failure 
The history of Newton is valuable to the scholar in so far as he learns what are 
the habits which favor study and proficiency in science. The history of 
I^apoleon is prized by the general, or by the statesman, just so far as his ex- 



10 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

perience serves him for guidance in tlie proper execution of his plans, for 
direction in his peculiar researches. The noble career of Washiagton is a living 
example to the illustrious of all nations, teaching the true objects and ends of 
patriotism, and rebuking the eminent selfishness of rulers. Although vpe would 
not presume to limit the wide influence of such exemplars, still, it would be 
injudicious to claim that we are to look to such as guides in the ordinary aflfaira 
of life. Indeed, it may be truly said, that the examples of the great are made 
to bless the rising generations only as they are taught with prudence by the 
humble mother, the ambitious father, or the public teacher. What is truly 
great is worthy to be recorded ; what is truly useful is worthy to be taught ; 
but a small matter in a great man is surely not so worthy to be noted as a 
useful matter in a common man. 

Wherein is the moral profit of the assurance of SaMust, that C.^tiltxe some- 
times widked quick, and sometimes slow ? Wlio is likely to be a better man by 
being told that Caesar scratched his head with one finger, or that the pulse of 
Addison was irregular ? Who cares to know that Scaliger's father sold red. 
hearings for a profit, or that Montaigne was really a lover of white wines ? 

The little things of great men are preserved for posterity, though they sig- 
nify nothing, and benefit no one ; while the biographer has not condescended 
to notice deeds of merit, which, though of humble origin, may have proved ta 
be the source of much physical comfort, or of unmeasurahle happiness. 

It is the glory of the moral world that all power of every denomination is 
made subservient to the beneficent designs of Deity, and that character based 
vipon the eternal principles oi truth and justice has its permanent position of 
influence to reform and to advance the great interests of society'. The evil 
which men do is temporary ; and whoever is a true observer will heed and avoid 
its repetition, and its inevitable penalties. It stands in the pathway of man, as 
the rock in the track of the mariner, — a beacon to be dreaded and avoided. It 
is the good alone which abides the test of time, and carries forward on the wings 
of truth the vitality which is to embody the wisdom of the past, and be the 
seed of future growth and greatness. Moial progress is not abandou(5d to 
chance processes, to events which come from accident. It is the condition of 
actual existence, the divinity that gives birth to profitable thought and useful 
action. The ancients found it in such spirits as those of Plato, Socrates, Lycur- 
gus and Aristides. At later periods we find a Columbus, a Sebastian Castalio, 
a Prideaux, a Linnaeus, a Hunter, a Bacon. And later still, we are led to con- 
template the genius of a Cuvier and a Fulton, the patriotism of a Washington 
and a La Fayette, and the wisdom and strength of a Jefferson, a Franklin and 
a Spurzheim. 

To such as these, in all past time, and in all time to come, mankind are and 
will be indebted for the well-springs of knowledge, for every advancement in 
power, and for the increased comforts of condition. They are the practical 
men. They see what is wanted, and they do what is to be done. Their motto 
is Ees non verba, and their example is made up of acts, not promises. Such as 
these are the legitimate subjects of biography. They live to be blessed by their 
acts, and their good deeds adorn the historic page to bless a grateful world. 

We have made these preliminary remarks, that our readers may be induced 



BIOGKAPHICAL SKJnCH OF T. W. PEIRCE. 11 

to study with more thau ordinary care the great principles of character, aad 
justly to appreciate the biography of practical men. In adding another subject 
to the brilliant cataloi^ue of men of genius and character, we feel, that a new 
source of motive power is opened to the aspiring mind, that new incentives 
are furnished to encourage integrity, industry and exalted philanthropy. 

We propose to give a plain history of a true man. A man of uncommon 
talents and energies. We do not say a nelf-viade one; for this term, so com- 
mon among writers, in our humble opinion, is an arrogant one. Whoever has 
the strength and genius to rise above the circumstances of life, to acquire 
knowledge however opposed by difficulties, t > elevate his character above that 
of his associates, to advance his own station above and beyond his inherited 
rank, and to secure for himself the commanding position of affluence, integrity, 
and eminent usefulness — is a favored child of his Maker, and is a chosen in- 
strument of his beneficence. The genius that is within, raises him above the 
common level of life. He sees, he hears, he feels, he knows, and, he acts. 
He is diligent in the use of his talents, and like the faithful steward, is ever 
ready to be called to his account. 

Should these introductory considerations seem to the reader to be somewhat 
extended, we have only to remark that the subject of this sketch is entitled to 
be invested with all the dignity which principles can give, and with all the high 
elements of character which truth can furnish. Such considerations are due 
to a representative man. 

Thomas W. Peikce, was born in Dover, New Hampshire, August 16th, 
1818. He was the son of Andrew and Betsey Peirce. They had eleven 
children : six sons and five daughters. The sons were Andrew, James, 
William, George, and Tliomas W. Of these, only Andrew, and Thomas W. 
and a sister are living. The parents were long identified with the prosperity 
and growth of Dover, and were much respected by people of all classes. 

The father, the Hon. Andrew Peirce, Jr., was born in Gloucester, Mass., 
and died in Dover, March 28tb, 1850, aged 58 j'ears. In early years he was a 
mariner and became master of a ship. In 1827 he became a merchant, and was 
engaged in trade and navigation till the jDeriod of his death. At this time, 
Dover was largely the distributing business place of Eastern New Hampshire, 
of Western Maine, and Southeastern Vermont and the Canadas. 

Mr. Peirce was a man of remarkable energy of character, and distinguished 
for sound and practical judgment. He was an efficient member of the State 
Senate, and he filled with honor to himself and usefulness to the public other 
important places of trust. An article was published in the Dover Gazette, 
April 6th, 1850, on the event of his death, from which the following extract is 
made : 

"No death has occurred in our village for many years, which has been more 
generally and more deeply deplored, than will be that of the person whose death 
we record. For few indeed have exerted a wider or more kindly influence in 
the social relations of life, than he ; and wherever he moved, it was to be 
respected and honored by those who knew him. Mr. Peirce was a native of 
Gloucester, in Massachusetts ; from an ancestry of strong and vigon.'us minds, 
the freest and most active qualities of which it was his to inherit in an eminent 



12 SOUTHER Pf AND WESTERJf TEXAS GUIDE. 

degree. He had, however, beea for many years a resident of this town ; and 
has left the impress of his active business habits, and the uncommon energy of 
his character, enstamped on the social relations and prosperity of the place. 
Possessed "f a quick and keenly discerning mind, he was ever wont to pursue 
whatever he deemed was right, with a firm and persevering step by which his 
aims were successfully accomplished ; and his example as a man of promptness, 
probity, and honor, will be regarded as a rich legacy to the community in 
which he lived, while the poor and the suffering ever found in him a ready 
sympathy and a liberal hand. 

"As a public man, Mr. Peirce had been called to fill various offices of honor 
and trust, and among them that of Senator in the Legislature of the State, all 
tbe duties of which were discharged with an aim to public good, and to the 
entire satisfaction of those who clothed him with official power. In his domestic 
relations Mr. Peirce enjoyed the highest respect and honor, because there he 
was most intimately known. As a husband and father, no man could live 
more highly prized. His interest in the welfare of his family was tender and 
intense through all circumstances ; and the loss which they have suffered in his 
death, will be regarded by them as beyond repair." 

He was educated in the Christian faith, and his devotion to the cause of 
religion was an example of liberal and cheerful faithfulness worthy to be 
followed. 

Mrs. Betsey Peirce, his wife, was a Wentworth, a descendant of Governor 
Wentworth, of New Hampshire. She was a remarkable woman. She died at 
Dover, December 22nd, 1864, aged 73 years. From notices of her death, the 
following quotations are made from the Dover Gazette, of January 1st, 1865, 
and from the Boston Post, of Dec. 24th, 1864. 

" Mrs. Peirce was widely known as pre-eminent in all those qualities of mind 
and heart and life which give an endearment, a charm, and a sacredness to 
home ; and in the capacities of wife, mother, sister and friend, her life-ministry 
has been blessed above the ordinary measure which is accorded to the excellent 
of earth. Endowed largely by nature with those varied gifts which combine 
the excellency of the character of Woman, she bore them humbly yet sweetly 
through all the duties of a protracted and varied life. Supereminently hers was 
' the adorning of a meek and quiet spirit, whichin the sight of God is of great 
price ; ' and by its hallowing power she moved in the circle of home, in the 
neighborhood, and through the range of iier acquaintance, in a mission of sym- 
pathy and beneficence which was never weary in well-doing." 

" Died, at Dover, N. H., 22nd inst., at her residence, Betsey, widow of the 
late Andrew Peirce, Jr., Esq., aged 73 years. 

" Something more than the announcement of her decease is due to her 
memory. She possessed an intellect of great compass and strength. Her 
benevolence and sympathy was cultivated and exhibited through life for the 
benefit, advancement and encouragement of those who came within the sphere 
of her influence and example, as well as for those connected with her by the 
ties of kindred and family. She was ever ready to serve by her counsel, in any 
and all ways within her power, those who could be benefited by her large expe- 
rience. To those around her, as friends, neighbors or acquaintances, she was 



BIO(JRAPHICAL SKETCH OF T. W. PEIRCE. I'S 

ever ready to administer to the utmost of her ability. Not disturbed by the 
constant casualties and misfortunes of life, she maintained great and constant 
equanimity of mind, believing that slie lived not for herself alone, trusting also 
that, in and through the goodness of God, all things would ultimately redound 
to His glory. " 

It is due to the subject of this biography, to embrace this interesting record of 
his respected parents. It will help us to explain and understand some of the 
sources of character which we find in the events of his life. It will enable us 
to appreciate inherited energies and habits of usefulness, and to value the 
influences of example and practical education. The atmosphere of such a 
home is more enduring than the rocks and mountains which surround it. It 
makes a part of the soul in its never-ending dominion of thought, senliment, 
love and happiness. It makes a part of the Heaven we all hope and pray to 
inherit. 

The early days of Thomas W. Peirce were given to industry and study. 
He was distinguished as a good boy, and was a favorite among his playmates. 
His amiable qualities and self-reliant spirit made him a leader. He did not 
assume to dictate, nor did he offensively manifest an air of superiority. His 
good temper and ready disposition to point out the best methods of doing 
things, or of adjusting dlffl(3ulties, marked him as a guide by common consent. 
He acquired leadership as Franklin did, by showing how things could be done. 
While his plans were practical, they were peculiarly extensive and grand. His 
early conceptions were not confined to what he saw, but they were enlarged by 
his genius and foresight in the faith of what he believed he could do. 

He was early placed at school, and soon discovered a taste and capacity for 
the most difficult studies, such as history, grammar and mathematics. He was 
not only a natural student, but a practical one. He early manifested an interest 
in geography, and collected statistics calculated to mark the paths of trade and 
enterprise. While doing this, he did not omit the teachings of literature. 
He was a great lover of poetry. When not at work on the farm, his books 
were generally his companions. 

The activity and bent of his mind may be inferred from the fact, that when 
he was thirteen years of age, he was nearly prepared to enter college, for which 
he had an ambition. Such an education was among the cherished purposes of 
his parents, but at that time, a change in the circumstances of his father 
marked out a new channel for his activity. 

This turn of events, perhaps, might be regarded by some as particularly 
fortunate. When John Quincy Adams, in his old age, was a member of 
Congress, a fellow member, distinguished more than any other member for his 
practical suggestions, expressed his deep regrets that he did not have the benefits 
of a college education. Mr. Adams quickly replied, " You may thank God 
that you did not. There would have been an even chance, if you had taken the 
degrees of a college — that you would not be the practicul man tJuit you now are.''^ 
In confirmation of this opinion, we are reminded of a remark made to the 
author of this sketch, by the late Gen. Dearborn, of Massachusetts. " The 
most remarkable men I have ever known, for the practical knowledge of thiug.s,'* 
Ixe said, "were men who studied men and things, and seldom read books." 



14 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

Still, when asked if books of informatioa were not made more useful in the 
hands of such men, than when placed in the hands of men who seldom read, 
he at once conceded the point with all that elegance of manner for which he 
was so distinguished. 

At an early age young Peirce was appoinied to a clerkship. While promptly 
attending to all the required duties of his position, he made it a rule to reserve 
two hours of every twenty-four to himself for reading. His health soon became 
impaired, and he was sent by his father to Cuba that he might escape the 
severities of the New England winter. In early spring he returned to New 
Orleans, not wishing to arrive home before June on account of the climate. 
Here he had leisure. He had time to explore. He visited .Texas. It was almost 
a new and unexplored field for adventure and industry. This youthful pioneer 
did not fail to observe the proh;ible capabilities of this almost uninhabited 
land. His comprehensive mind stiw, at a glance, all those elements of country, 
and promising surroundings, which render it valuable when developed by the 
hand and skill of industry. Its varying localities, geographically considered, 
its richness and depth of soil, its rivers and water-falls, its mountains and 
timber tracts, its pleasant climate and beautful scenery, all were seen and re- 
membered, not as a wilderness to be forgotten, but a land of promise, to be 
occupied and prepared for the refinements of civilization, teeming with latent 
rewards, and offered to the ready hand of labor and enterprise. That these im- 
pressions, wonderfully sought and cherished, were not dismissed, will be seen 
and amply illustrated when we contemplate the subsequent career of the subject 
of this notice. 

From the age of 15 to 18, young Peirce was engaged in the business of his 
father. Vessels were built and purchased, and navigation studied in view of 
new channels of business, and in all this new and difficult activity, the son 
proved to be a most wise and useful assistant. He was trusted alone, and away 
from home, and showed a remarkable maturity of mind. In using the discre- 
tion permitted by his father he made no mistake. At the age of 19 he was 
appointed on the staff of the Governor of New Hampshire, at a time when much 
activity' prevailed to elevate the character of the Militia in that State. At this 
time he commenced business for himself, in connection with his brother 
Andrew, in Dover. Their united integrity and enterprise soon earned for them 
a high reputation. While in businf'ss at Dover, Andrew, for several years, was 
elected President of the Dover Bank. 

In 1843, T. W. Peirce removed to Boston, and established the house of 
Peirce & Bacon, and in 1851, his brother Andrew was made a partner. This 
firm soon became one of the most extensive business houses in that city. Its 
trade extended into the Southern States, especially into Texas, where* they 
handled cotton, sugar and hides, to a large extent. The increase of their 
Southern trade was such that in 1852, a branch house, with the late Gen. E. B. 
Nichols, as its manager, was established at Galveston. A line of fifteen 
packet ships was built by the firm and employed in transporting the products of 
Texas to the North and to Europe. 

Mr. Peirce has been active in aiding nearly all the enterprises in the States of 
"^he Southwest, but his later attention has been given to the completion of the 



BIOGKAPHICAi SKETCH OF T. W. PEIRCE. 15 

Oaivcston, Harrisbuig & San Antonio Road, whicli is now completed for the 
present. This being in a direct line of the Southern Pacific Road, will doubtless 
.Jim. a part, at no distant period, of the Southern great, highway. The 
G-alveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Road is the best equipped and most 
successful In Texas. , Wlien its contemplated extensions are completed, as they 
will be, to Mr. Peirce will the credit be due for building one of the longest and 
most important lines of road on this continent. 

Mr. Peirce is a gentleman of large business qualifications. He is quick to 
perceive, and sure to comprehend the meaning of things, however they may be 
involved. He is among the foremost to favor the right, but no promise of gain 
"would tempt him to comj)romise principle. Although a resident of Boston, 
and a citizen of Massachusetts, to his efforts and enterprise, more than any other 
man's, is due the rapid development of the resources of Western Texas. He 
has not only constructed one of the best equipped lines of road in the State, and 
placed it on a paying basis, but his example has served to infuse new life and 
strength to nearly the entire railroad system of that section of the country. It 
has been a leading object of his to invite settlers to Southwestern Texas, with a 
view of developing its almost unlimited resources in the way of ai^riculture and 
manufacturing. To that end he has established immigrant offices in the more 
prominent cities of this country and Europe. He employs numerous agents, of 
unquestionable character, to confer with all such as contemplate making their 
homes in Texas. Several large and prosperous colonies liave already been 
established, and many thousand acres of land have been sold to actual settlers. 
His visions of future thrift, enterprise and industry have become realities. He 
has opened old centers of trade and created new ones. Passengers come and 
go from all sections, and the freight trains are loaded to their utmost capacity. 

In pointing out and estimating the sources of character, we are apt to forget 
the numerous and varied elements of strength, which are brought together and 
centered in a single individual. A remarkable man is generally credited with 
many things which are common to all, simply because his good judgment and 
knowledge employs the countless agencies to be found in nature and in the 
circumstances of life. 

Pliney tells us of one Cressin, who so tilled and manured apiece of ground, 
that it yielded him fruits in abundance, while the lands around him remained 
extremely poor and barren. His simple neighbors could not account for this 
wonderful difference on any other supposition than that of his working by en- 
chantment, and they actually proceeded to arraign him for his supposed sorcery, 
before the justice seat. Cressin was permitted to be his own advocate. 
"Behold," said he, "this comel}'' damsel; she is my daughter, my fellow 
laborer ; behold, too, these implenieni's of husbandry, these carts and these 
oxen. Go with me, moreover, to my fields, and behold there how they are 
tilled, how manured, how weeded, how watered, how fenced in I And when," 
added he, raisiuii; his voice, "you have beheld all things, you will have beheld 
all the art, the charms, the magic, which Cressin has used." The result of such 
a trial need not be stated. 

And then, while we find common men deficient in practical judgment, as to 
the opportunities of life and uses of things, we find singular examples of extra- 



16 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

ordinar}"- men, whose great geuius and capacity excite the wonder of the world, 
but whose visions of what is possible, and of future growth and greatness, are 
so limited as to excite astonishment. Sir Isaac Newton is reputed to have been 
so absorbed and exalted in difficult studies, as to be ignorant of the most com- 
mon things and duties around him. Lord Chatham could see and set forth the 
rights of men, the blessings of freedom, the high duties of government, and 
startle a listening and admiring world upon these great topics, by the eloquent 
force of his language, and yet his vif^ion did not penetrate the future, to behold 
the glories of the great American Republic. Every department of discovery, 
industry, science and learning, has its pioneers and practical followers. The 
history of each one, when reduced to its practical bearings, will be found to 
embrace the simplest elements of power. 

In studying the character and interesting career of Thomas W. Peirce, we 
are first led to consider his active and comprehensive mind. His record is a 
remarkable one for its simplicity, its usefulness, its grandeur. He was only en- 
dowed as all other men are, with the five senses and with faculties and senti- 
ments, to observe, to think and to feeL He was conscious of these varied 
powers, and he had the will to employ them. He used his powers of perception 
to gather knowledge, and his powers of reflection to find its uses. He saw from 
what had been done, what man was capable of doing. He studied the world to 
see what man had made it, and he studied man to see what remained to be done 
by man. He was conscious of high aims, and he was not ignorant of the fact 
that nothing could be accomplished without application and means. He became 
sensible that he could not count upon influence without character, or upnn suc- 
cess or gain without frugality and integrity. He did not find himself alone in 
the world, with only a single problem to solve, and that for himself. He saw 
the world in its productive varietj', and society in its many wants. He realized 
that man was created for domestic and social enjoyments ; for the elevating and 
preserving influences of religion and for the ennobling achievements of science. 
He looked upon all these great sources of privilege, power and advancement, as 
so many agencies within the reach of man, to be employed and used as the 
means of human progress and happiness. He did not look upon others as rivals 
but as so many gifted aids, each to co-operate in the changing circumstances 
and scenes of life, according to his means and capacity. That he has nobly 
performed his own part, will be admitted by all who know him, and will be seen 
by all who have knowledge of the events of his life. 

What he was in youth has been briefly stated. What he has been in his 
maturer years, his unceasing activity will demonstrate. More than twenty years 
ago, U. S. Senator Rusk, of Texas, told the writer of this notice that Texas 
was more indebted to Thomas W. Peirce, than to any other man. Since that 
period, his achievements in that great State have, indeed, been wonderful. 
Our limits will not permit details. These must be given by other hands, when 
the events of his life will fill a volume, illustrating, it is to be hoped, not only 
the grand results of his industry personal to himself and family, but acts and 
labors of patriotism for his country, for which he is so eminently capable. 

As a citizen, Mr. Peirce is an example to be studied and followed. In the 
midst of his business engagements, he has not lost sight of the high duties of 



BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCH OF T. W. PEIRCE. 17 

citizenship. He understands the constitution and laws of his country. He 
understands the duties of the Republic, and the necessary means to preserve and 
advance it. He understands the nature and duties of republican institutions, 
and the sources of their life and strength. He was educated in the atmosphere 
of Democracy, and during all the changes of political parties he has been an 
undeviating democrat. He has regarded this party as the great party of truth 
and patriotic duty. He sees it to be the party of principles ; the only party 
that has the ability and integrity successfully to administer a republican gov- 
ernment. What Washington and Jefferson taught he has practiced. He has 
sought no office, has accepted none. He is capable of filling: the highest, but as 
yet he has aspired to no honors above those of citizenship. He was highly 
respected by the late President Pierce, and all public men of distinction, who 
have knowledge of him, have great confidence in his judgment on public affairs. 
He has long been an active and efficient director in our moneyed institutions, and 
has studied the principles of legislation necessary to protect them. He knows 
the resources of the nation, the wants and grievances of the people, and but few 
are so able as he, to point out the ways and means to meet them. 

With all this knowledge, he is possessed of the higher powers, of the deep 
sense of religious obligation, and the lofty influences of honor and integrity. 
He knows how to be noble and generous, but he is incapable of injustice. 
While he aims at the highest duty, he does not forget the lowest. He seeks 
wealth only for its uses, and while he allows himself but little time to admin- 
ister to his own personal comforts and enjoyments, he neglects none of his 
domestic duties, nor does he turn an indifferent or an impatient ear to the wants 
of friends, or to the wants of society. When his firm, at the close of the late 
civil war, found that they had lost large sums of money, he only remarked to a 
sympathizing friend : " Thank God! money is not everything in this world." 

We close this sketch, not because we have exhausted our subject, but because 
we have said enough to command attention to a man, who, by his acts, is entitled 
to high consideration for what he has done and for what he is doing. He has 
opened wide paths to industry and enterprise, and extends a helping hand to 
all honest and well disposed men, who seek labor either for themselves, or their 
families. A man who knows so well how to make an inviting home for him- 
self and family, is a safe counsellor in preparing happy homes for others. 



Southern and Western Texa.s Guide. 



CHAPTER I. 
THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. 



The reader will care but little for the repetition of the discovery and ancient 
history of the State of Texas, nor will it be a part of our task to do other than 
make such a cursory retrospection of its early life, as will be necessary to show 
a comparison between that veiled past, the promising present and its bright future. 

The first landing of white men in Texas was on the Matagorda Bay, under 
LaSalle, February 18th, 1685, and the first colony was planted on the banks of the 
Lavaca river, on the 20th of March, 1686. The jealousy of Spain being aroused 
by the encroachments of France upon her territory, she sent out several expeditions, 
the first two of which frustrated these designs. The subsequent expeditions re- 
sulted in the establishment of settlements throughout the Province and the plant- 
ing of presidios or garrisons, and the cordon of missions, that, starting from the 
Rio Grande and extending throughout, not only this Province, but also the 
adjacent counties and territories into California, gave the first impetus to the 
civilization that opened up the great natural resources of this favored land. Yes, 
to the indomitable courage of those sturdy pioneers, monks of 1690, does Texas 
owe her early advancement. The evidence of their great genius and earnestness 
yet remains in the crumbling walls and fallen towers of those impressively grand 
structures, erected for both religious and warlike purposes. That these missions 
were constructed by master minds can not be gainsaid; the success of their 
eflbrts in colonizing and converting the Indians is apparent from the abundant 
proofs ; the soil was in a high state of cultivation, as the old acequais or 
aqueducts for irrigating purposes, which yet remain, attest. The artistic statuary 
of the grand old ruins could be dwelt upon with a peculiarly romantic interest, 
but that we must leave to other pens and confine ourselves to the present con- 
dition of the descendants of those early colonists and the work that they have 
accomplished. 

For nearly one hundred years the expense of supporting the missions was en- 
tirely defrayed by the Royal Exchequer of Spain, but the return for the number of 
millions of dollars expended was so inadequate that by a Royal ordinance, of date 

(19) 



20 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



September 10th, 1772, it was proposed to abandon the respective missions ; trans- 
ferring the inhabitants to the protection of the garrisons along tlie line of the 
frontier on the borders of the Rio Grande Del Norte. Many families, though, 
obtained permission to establish themselves on the Trinity river, but they 
eventually, owing to the attacks of hostile Comanche Indians, were compelled 
to abandon tlieir new settlement and seek an asylum in the Ancient Missions- 
of Nacogdoches. 




Mission de la Concepcion. 



Thus were the families of the early settlers scattered throughout the Province^ 
but the hardy adventurous immigrants, from what was then known as the English- 
American Colonies, had pioneered their way into this favored land, and as each 
succeeding year added to the fast accumulating Anglo-Saxon brain and muscle, 
again did Spain take the alarm and fearing she would lose a territory that now 
gave promise of a return for the vast treasure expended upon it, enacted such 
sumptuary and coercive laws, that the citizens of the Province of Texas revolted 
against their enforcement, which resulted in their finally declaring the Province 
of Texas to be a free and independent Republic. 

Of the hard-fought battles, the terrible struggles of right against might, the 
self-sacrifices, and devotion to the cause in which they were enlisted, it were 
unnecessary for us to repeat, for the memory of that noble army of patriots is en- 



THE STATE OF TEXAS. 21 

shrined in the hearts of all Texans and also in those of all true patriots through- 
out the world. To particularize localities or to single out individual acts of 
heroism or valor would be invidious. The deeds of all alike, from the private to 
the highest in command, are written m indelible characters on the pages of history. 
Thus is the year 1836 a marked era in the life of Texas. 

The young Republic had enjoyed her dearly bought freedom but little more 
than a decade, when she became again complicated with her old enemy, Mexico, 
but at this period, 1848, by her alliance with the United States, her troubles with 
that power were, by the force of arms, forever settled, and Texas dropped her 
proud distinction of being the " Lone Star Republic " and entered the Great 
Brotherhood of States. 

Thus far, we have done as stated in the outset, simply given a retrospective 
glance of Texas' early history, but from this epoch in its history, we will note its 
onward progressive course, and endeavor to show the particular advantages that 
point to the attainment of a bright, particular future. 

To that end, it is well to impress the fact upon the mind of the intelligent 
reader, that Texas comprises 274,366 square miles of territory. The magnitude 
of this vast area of land will probably be more thoroughly comprehended, when it 
is stated that her extent of territory is five times as great as that of Illinois ; seven 
limes as great as that of Indiana; equaling that of Iowa, Wisconsin, Missouri, 
and Ohio combined ; with Vermont, New Hampshire and Massachusetts thrown in. 

To the immigrant, Texas offers inducements, for which he will search in vain 
elsewhere. The farmer, the stock raiser, the artisan and mechanic, from a small 
beginning attain a competency, and in many instances an almost fabulous pros- 
perity, more rapidly than elsewhere. And these successes are accounted for by 
reason that the soil of Texas is richer, her climate incomparable, her mineral re- 
sources superior, and her productions more varied than can be found elsewhere. 
These are the inducements that she holds out to the brain, muscle, enterprise and 
capital of the world. 

From the report of the Hon. J. J. Gross, Commissioner of the Texas General 
Laud Office, for 1876, we learn that the estimated number of acres of land in the 
State is 175,594,560. 

Total existing claims against public domain, 108,014,431 acres. 

This last item from the Land Commissioner's report, will answer an oft re- 
peated query from parties abroad, who contemplate immigrating to this State, 
as to the amount of land subject to pre-emption, and in this connection we can 
answer another frequently recurring question, as to the tenure of these laudsi 
by saying, that upon the entry of Texas into the Union she retained all her 
previously acquired rights to the public domain intact. The United States does 
not, and never did, hold or control one acre. 

When gaining her independence Texas adopted the system of granting land 
to every immigrant, in order to stimulate an increase of population. 

Under this system grew up what are known as Head Rights Certificates, 
Augmentation, Bounty and Donation Warrants, and Bounty Warrants. 

One of the acts of the President, in the early days of the Republic, was the 
issuing to parties who had been made agents of the Republic, a large amount of 
scrip, which they were authorized to sell and account for to the Government. 



22 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE, 

This scrip was for sections of six hundred and forty acres, and was assignable by 
single transfer ou the back, without authentication, and locatable as other certi- 
ficates. In this class is now included railroad certificates of six hundred and 
forty acres each. Prior to April, 1860, this scrip was locatable as Head Rights, 
The law as it now stands, requires the survey of double the number of sections, 
and the returning of the field notes to the Land Ofiice, which numbers them, 
reserves the even sections to the State for the benefit of the school fund, and 
issues patents for the odd sections. These are known as Alternates. 

The present laws of Texas regarding pre-emption, are as follows : Heads of 
families are entitled to 160 acres of any vacant public land upon settling upon 
the same, occupying three years and paying surveying and ofiice fees, which are 
rarely over fifteen dollars. Single men, on same conditions, 80 acres. Certificates 
can be located anywhere upon the vacant public domain. If by reason of 
scarcity of laud the whole amount of the certificate can not be obtained, an un- 
located balance certificate will be issued for the remainder, and this may be 
repeated until the certificate is exhausted, but in all cases the original certificate 
must be returned to the Land Ofiice with the first survey. 

To facilitate a comparison with that of other States, we give a synopsis of the 
legal taxes of Texas, viz. : The State tax is fifty cents on one hundred dollars, and 
can not be exceeded except to pay the public debt. The county tax is twenty-five 
cents, and can not be exceeded except for the payment of debts already accrued, or 
for the erection of public buildings ; nor in either of these cases shall it exceed fifty 
cents on one hundred dollars. The same prohibition applies to municipal taxes. 
From this showing of facts and figures, it will be seen that not the least of the 
many advantages and inducements held forth to the immigrant, are easily acquired 
cheap lands and a low taxation. A taxation twenty-five per cent, lower than 
Missouri, Illinois and other States not necessary to here enumerate. It is here in 
this young, vigorous and progressive State, with its 274,000 square miles of terri- 
tory, and only, at the highest estimate, 2,000,000 inhabitants, that are wanted men 
and women to improve and cultivate, to develop the great wealth that lies dor- 
mant in the now unproductive lands. It is here that may be found inexhaustible 
supplies of iron and copper, coal fields of easy access, quarries of the finest marble, 
magnesian, limestone, and sandstone, besides the ever occurring evidence of 
the presence of the precious metals. In this State may be found, throughout 
its broad area, innumerable rivers, that afi'ord the finest water power in 
the world. In fact the natural resources of this State for carrying on the great 
industries of agriculture and manufactures are unsurpassable. To all these in- 
ducements must be added that of its delightful, attractive scenery and genial 
climate, the whole at the command of those having the muscle, brain and energy 
to create therefrom a ho7ne. 

To subserve the best interest of the State, and yet, at the same time to merit 
the confidence of the intelligent reader, we will now discuss the drawbacks, 
the disadvantages that have not only been created in the minds of people 
abroad by easily disalfected parties, who have made temporary incursions, so 
to speak, in the State, but also present those that actually exist, and while pre- 
senting them, show at the same time how these disadvantages can be overcome, 
or how they are over-balanced by superior advantages. 



THE STATE OF TEXAS. 



23 



It must be borne in mind tliat Texas is comprised within tlie twenty-sixth and 
thirty-eighth degrees of latitude, and between the seventeentli and twenty-eighth 
degrees of longitude west from Washington, thus giving a diversified climate 
throughout its extended area. A great cause of complaint has been the severe 
droughts experienced in the more southern belt of the country, which at times 
has caused the loss of promising crops, and even of herds of sheep and cattle, 
thus blighting the bright hopes that early prospects have promised. This we 
admit is to the new comer a serious cause for contemplation, but look at the 
matter in this light, consider the vastness of the broad acres under cultivation, 
the newness of enterprise, all of which needs only the combined efforts of the in- 
telligent, energetic owners of the land, with the proper knowledge of how to 
utilize the free flowing rivers to the purpose of irrigation, whereby a compara- 
tively little labor will be greatly compensated for, by the great yield obtained. 
Again, the sun's heat is, no doubt, more intensely felt than in more northern lati- 
tudes ; and if, under its influence, th& new comer, or the old citizen, will give 
himself up to this Texas furor, or, to speak more mildly, succumb to his 
innate laziness, why that settles it ; on the contrary, by a small degree of pru- 
dence to guard against its debilitating effects less inconvenience will be felt 
than at the North. 




View at San Pedko Si'Rings, San Antonio. 



24 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

It is a notable fact, that cases of sun-stroke, or extreme degrees of physical 
prostration from the heat, are of very rare occurrence, and it is the theme of every 
one who has experienced the annoyance of the oppressive, sultry heat of the 
day, that the delicious coolness of the nights more than compensates for the day's 
heat. 

Are there no bad lands in Texas ? Yes ; as sterile, unpromising lands as can 
be found anywhere. Lands upon which time and money have been fruitlessly 
expended, and the unfortunate knowledge having been imparted, has been alike 
hurtful to the possessor and to the State. Hurtful to the possessor by reason that he 
did not leave and seek better lands elsewhere in the State, for it is an easily ascer- 
tained fact, that every acre of bad land can be offset by a hundred acres of the 
finest in the known world. 

A grave charge and one that it would be folly to deny, is the rampant 
lawlessness that exists in the sparsely settled border counties. Bands of 
criminals and desperadoes defy the law, commit murder with impunity, drive off 
cattle belonging to the citizens, and produce a general feeling of terror in the 
country. This condition of affairs has, no doubt, greatly retarded the growth 
and settlement of southwestern and extreme frontier counties. But the remedy 
for this condition of affairs has occupied the earnest attention of the legis- 
lative power of the State, which has resulted in the enactment of more efficient 
laws, the enforcement of which will be the speedy suppression of crime and the 
establishment in the minds of the people of a greater degree of security and 
confidence. 

The incursions of Indians on our frontier, which, in a measure, rendered life 
and property insecure in the more advanced settlements, are of less frequent 
occurrence ; and the Rio Grande troubles arising from depredations of Mexican 
robbers, are now happily receiving the attention of the Federal Government, with 
a prospect of an early settlement of all causes of alarm from that source. 

With this restoration of confidence and security, the rapidly advancing tide of 
immigration is pouring in, and the accumulating strength of new communities of 
hardy adventurous people is adding to the safety of the newly organized 
counties, and to that feeling of security so necessary to the development of the 
country. 

Outside of the lawlessness just referred to, and which is confined to the 
remote frontier counties, there is not on the face of the earth a more law-abiding 
people than the citizens of Texas. We believe a comparison made between any 
one of the Eastern States and the State of Texas, as presented by the statistics of 
crime, would make a most creditable showing for Texas ; and when to this fact 
is added that of its being larger than all the New England States and two or 
three of the Southern States put together, we think it speaks volumes in favor of 
the morality of her people and of the wise vindication of her laws. 

Of society, from its social aspect, we could speak at great length, but consider 
it necessary only to state a few facts ; premising the assertion that Texas 
society can vie with that of any State in the Union ; nor is this assertion the cause 
of wonder, for its first settlers, one hundred and forty years ago, came from the 
proud old families of Castile ; to these, during time's fitful changes, have come 
the people of every State and clime, bringing with them the advanced ideas and 
refinements of civilization. 



THE STATB OF TEXAS. 25 

In the palatial home in the large city, in the beautiful adorned cottage of the 
less pretentious town or village, from the Gulf of Mexico west to the Mexican 
border, from the Rio Grande river, everywhere throughout this broad domain, 
will be met at each advancing footstep men and women of a high degree of taste 
and culture, whose refining influence has touched all around them, as evidenced 
in the life and business activity of her metropolitan marts, and the charming 
adornment of her country villages and homes. 

It is this social condition, that has not allowed to be forgotten its duty 
to succeeding generations, that has fostered and made munificent provision 
for a liberal educational system, that thereby its civilizing influence may be 
perpetuated. 

Here and there dotted throughout the State will be found the modest school 
house, while in the larger cities and towns, have been successfullj^ established 
higher institutions of learning, many of which will compare favorably with those 
more widely known in the sister States. 

It is this condition of society that has ever conserved the cause of religion 
and the spread of the Bible, and in every neighborhood are churches to be found, 
emanating from which is that Christian influence which has, with open hands, 
welcomed alike the honest man from the North, the East, the "West, or from across 
the broad Atlantic — no question ever being made as to politics, religion, or 
section of country. 

It is from an outgrowth of this state of society that was engendered that 
fraternal feeling which actuated the providing of the most liberal of homstead and 
exemption laws, as follows : There shall be exempt from forced sale for debts, ex- 
cept for purchase money thereof, or for taxes, or labor and material expended 
thereon, the homestead of the family not to exceed two hundred acres of land, 
not included in the city, town, or village, or any city lot or lots not to exceed five 
thousand dollars in value at the time of their designation as a homestead and 
without reference to any improvements thereon ; nor shall the owner, if a married 
man, be at liberty to alienate the same, unless by consent of the wife, and in such 
a manner as may be provided by law. 

This is the country so blessed by nature with every advantage that can con- 
Iribute to the prosperity of man; that invites the hard-worked, underpaid 
denizen of the overcrowded States of the North and East to make a home within 
its borders. It is here that the industrious tiller of the soil can, from a small 
beginning, soon become possessed of broad acres, that are productive beyond 
measure. In the cities and towns the skilled artizan and mechanic will find 
constant employment at renumerative prices. In our coast and interior cities 
millions of dollars are handled annually, and here the man of commerce, and 
those seeking a field for investments will find ample margin for the employment 
of capital. 

Entitled to more than a passing thought is the vast system of railroads that 
has been inaugurated throughout the State. Already by their magic bands of steel 
have old, isolated, inland cities and towns been brought to the realization of a 
new life, and in closer connection, and bound thereby in closer ties of interest to 
the busy marts of trade. 



26 



SOUTHEEX AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



Most assuredly then are we justified in asserting, that the future of this great 
State of Texas is promisingly bright and grand, and as each day and year she 
pushes onward in the grand march of progress, developing and making known to 
the world her incomparable advantages and resources, her wealth of intelligence 
and refinement, it will be a proud boast to be able to say " I am a citizen of 
Texas." 

As stated in the beginning, the foregoing has of necessity been but a cursory 
glance at Texas history, and her advantages, it being our purpose in succeeding 
chapters to therein describe more in detail the various interests of the counties,, 
cities and towns throughout the State. 




CoHAL River, near New Bkaunfels. 



CHAPTER II. 
MILITAEY POSTS 



Including Fort Sill, in the Indian Territory, there are fifteen forts in the De- 
partment of Texas. As a matter of public interest, we give a short notice of each. 
The facts and data were obtained through the courtesy of Major-General Ord, 
commanding the Department of Texas, and Dr. M. K. Taylor, Assistant Surgeon 
U. S. A. They can, therefore, be implicitly relied upon. The territory in which 
the forts referred to is embraced, extends from north to south a distance of about 
700 miles, and from east to west about 800 miles. This immense area comprises 
the State of Texas, and forms a vast inclined plane of rising plateaus from the 
Gulf to an elevation of several thousand feet at the Llano Estacado, and at El 
Paso. The broad prairies that are spread over the western portion of the State 
are covered with mesquite, buffalo, gramina grasses, and sedge. The belts and 
mots of timber are sparsely scattered over the State, and are composed of pine, 
cedar, cottonwood, mesquite, dwarf post-oak, walnut and pecan. 

It is interesting to note the mean temperature of this section of country, 
which has been obtained at nineteen different posts throughout the State ; and 
these observations extend over a number of years : Spring, 69.12° P. ; Summer, 
81.76° P. ; Autumn, 68.07" P. ; Winter, 52.46° P. 

The average rain-fall, for the same series of years, is as follows : Spring, 6.93 
inches ; Summer, 8.48 inches ; Autumn, 8 inches ; Winter, 4.67 inches. 

The fifteen military posts are along the line of the Rio Grande river, and along 
the frontier from Eagle Pass to Port Sill. These forts are garrisoned by three 
regiments of cavalry and four regiments of infantry. 

AUSTIN. 

This military post is situated about one mile from the capital, and southeast 
from the city. It is comprised in an area of five acres, and the buildings are 
constructed of wood, and were originally erected in 1868 for Government work- 
shoi^s, and as such used until 1870, when the headquarters of the Department were 
moved to San Antonio. The structures are arranged in the form of a square, and 
the officers' quarters and commissary building are upon the north side ; the hos- 
pital, storehouse and barracks, are on the south ; the adjutant's office, reading- 
room and married soldiers' quarters are upon the east, and the surgeon's office, 
stables and storehouse, are upon the v/est. 

Austin is 977 miles from St. Louis. 

(27) 



28 SOUTHEKN AND WESTEEN TEXAS GUIDE. 

FORT BLISS. 

In latitude 31° 46' 5" north, and in longitude 29' 28' west, at an elevation of 
3,600 feet above the level of the waters of the Gulf, on Concordia Ranch, and 
three miles northeast of El Paso, is situated Fort Bliss. It is much exposed to 
malarial influences from the bottom lands of the Rio Grande, especially in seasons 
of great drought, when the water supply of that river fails. The post occupies 
about ten acres of ground, and the buildings are three large adobe structures, 
with several of smaller dimensions, only one story in height, and roofed and 
floored with earthen. On the north side of the parade-ground, and in line, are 
situated two of the main structures, with a street of sixty feet in width running 
between them. They have each a frontage of 125 feet, and contain twelve and 
eleven rooms respectively. There is a court in the center of each building, which 
are occupied as officers' quarters, store-rooms, quarters for troops, etc. The rooms 
are large and well ventilated. An adobe wall, ten feet high, adjoins the north 
side of the west building, where are the carpenter and blacksmith shops, and 
post bakery. These three, with the side wall of the main building, form a second 
court for the storage of charcoal, lumber, etc. Another wall, ten feet high, adjoins 
the north side of the east building, and forms the corral for stock. The third large 
building is situated near the southwest corner, and upon the south side of the 
parade-ground, and contains eighteen large rooms, among which are the quarters 
of the commanding officer and surgeon. The barracks have room for 200 troops, 
and each man is supplied with a space of 500 cubic feet. The hospital is a 
building of 72 feet in length, with an extension of two rooms on the north. Then 
comes the steward's room, the dispensary and dining-room. The kitchen is in 
the rear of the dining-room, and east of the kitchen is the ward, which contains 
six beds, allowing 800 cubic feet of air to each person. 

Fort Bliss is 1,368 miles from St. Louis. Mean temperature, 65.19 degrees, 
and rain-fall averages seven inches. 

FORT BROWN. 

The military post at this fort is upon a Government reservation of land con- 
taining 3583^ acres. It is situated in the immediate vicinity of Brownsville, and 
upon the opposite banks of the Rio Grande, one mile distant from Matamoras, in 
latitude 25' 53' 16" north, and longitude 20° 93' west. The reservation upon which 
the fort is situated is low prairie land, and is covered with chaparral. The soil 
is fertile, and capable of producing two crops annually of cotton and corn, the 
cotton plant often reaching a height of fifteen or twenty feet. The castor bean is 
a native of this climate, and the sugar-cane has a luxuriant growth. Game and 
fish in great variety abound in the vicinity of Fort Brown. 

The lagoon, which is an old channel of the Rio Grande, runs through the 
reservation, and is from 10 to 14 feet deep, and 150 yards wide, and encloses an 
island that, prior to the war of 1846, was heavily wooded. This island contains 
253^ ac^l^s, and has been converted into a national cemetery, and sijfficient space 
allotted for 2,000 graves. 

The capacity of Fort Brown is for the accommodation of one battery of artil- 
lery, four companies of infantry, and one companj'' of cavalry. Their quarters are 



mm 



MILITARY POSTS. 29 

separate from each other, the infantry quarters being upon the northern boundary 
of the reservation, the cavalry near the center, and the artillery at the extreme 
southern limits. Opposite to, and distant from the infantry barracks about 175 
yards, are the infantry officers' quarters, which are composed of seven houses, with 
many conveniences, and surrounded with grass plats, walks, etc. 

The quarters of the cavalry officers are in the vicinity of the cavalry barracks, 
and about 150 feet distant. They consist of two brick houses, with a verandah 
seven feet wide in front. 

The artillery officers' quarters are about one half mile south of the infantry 
barracks and hospital, and consist of three brick houses of uniform style and 
convenience. 

Four two-story wood buildings, upon an elevation of brick piers three feet 
high, and with the dimensions of 34 by 163 feet each, with a porch upon either 
side and at each story, seven feet wide, constitute the infantry barracks. They 
contain the first sergeant's room, reading room, day room, lavatory, mess room, 
cook's room, kitchen, and commissary store-room upon the first floor. The upper 
story is a dormitory for the soldiers, and fitted up with iron bedsteads. 

A one-story brick building, 26 by 200 feet, constitutes the cavalry barracks, 
and is surrounded by a covered verandah nine feet wide. 

The barrack for the artillery is a one-story brick building, 26 by 300 feet, and 
is also surrounded by a wide covered verandah. All of these quarters are amply 
provided with every convenience and necessary comfort. 

At the principal entrance to the reservation is the guard-house, constructed of 
hewn logs, and is 35 by 44 feet. It is entirely surrounded with a verandah nine 
feet wide. The new and elegant hospital building was completed in 1869. It is 
constructed of brick, and a verandah nine feet wide surrounds it. The water sup- 
ply for drinking purposes is obtained from two large cisterns, and for other pur- 
poses it is forced by steam pumps from the Rio Grande into eight large tanks, and 
from these it is drawn into other tanks when it settles and becomes fit for use. 

Fort Brown is 1,241 miles from St. Louis. Mean temperature, 72.13 degrees, 
and rain-fall averages 20.81 inches. 

FORT CLARK. 

This fort is situated upon the Rio Grande, 125 miles west of San Antonio, and 
45 miles north of Eagle Pass. It is at an elevation of about 1,000 feet above the 
level of the sea, and in latitude 29° 17' north, longitude 23" 18' west. The location 
is a rocky ridge of limestone, and is south of the Las Moras Spring about 400 
yards. This post was established in 1852, was abandoned in 1861, and reoccupied 
in 1866, and covers about twenty acres of limestone rock. In the vicinity, there 
is an abundance of pure spring water, and excellent grazing lands. The post is 
not properly a fort, but is laid out in the form of a quadrangle, the northeast side 
of which runs parallel with Las Moras creek. 

Ten one-story buildings, 24 by 110 by 10 feet each, with a front porch ten feet 
wide, constitute the barracks. The mess rooms and kitchens are thirty feet in 
the rear of the barracks, and are stockade structures 46 by 18 feet. Nine new 
buildings, constructed of stone, two stories high, and porch in front, are the 
officers' quarters. A one-story stone building, 26 by 180 feet, and an eight foot 



■30 SOUTHERN AND WESTEEN TEXAS GUIDE. 

cellar under its whole length, is the commissary storehouse, and the grain house 
is a one-story building 110 by 30 feet. The hospital is a fine two-story stqpe 
structure, and furnished with every convenience. 

Fort Clark is 1,182 miles from St. Louis. Mean temperature, 69.94 degrees ; 
rain-fall, 26.17 inches. 

FORT CONCHO. 

At the jimction of the North and Main Concho rivers, is the location of Fort 
Concho, in latitude 31° 30' north, longitude 23° 17' west, and 225 miles in a north- 
westerly direction from San Antonio. The oflBcers' quarters are stone cottages. 
The dimensions of the quartermaster's and commissary's storehouses are 30 by 100 
feet, and constructed of stone. The hospital is also constructed of stone, upon 
the improved plan given in Circular No. 4, Surgeon-General's OfBce, 1867. The 
water supply is from the Concho river. There are five corrals, four for cavalry, 
75 by 300 feet each, and one quartermaster's, 225 by 400 feet, with sheds, and sur- 
rounded by a stone wall. This fort is surrounded by a low, flat prairie country, 
which is entirely unproductive, except by a system of irrigation which is diflScult 
and expensive. 

Distance from St. Louis, 896 miles ; mean temperature, 67.95 degrees, and 
average rain-fall, 11.94 inches. 

FORT DAVIS. 

Near Limpia creek, Presidio county, in longitude 26° 33' 45" north, and lati- 
tude 30° 36' 23" west, is situated Fort Davis. In a northwest direction from San 
Antonio, it is 479 miles, and southeast from El Paso it is 220 miles. Its location 
is at an altitude of 4,700 feet above the level of the Gulf. This post was estab- 
lished in 1854, and is in a charming and healthy climate. It is at the mouth of a 
canyon 400 feet wide, which recedes into the mountain. The country about is 
sterile and unproductive, with few trees, excepting an occasional live oak or Cot- 
tonwood, on the banks of the Limpia. 

In a line north and south, and across the entrance to the canyon, are situated 
the officers' quarters. They are nineteen one-story buildings, with porches cov- 
ered. In a line parallel with the officers' quarters, and to the east, are the bar- 
racks, consisting of two buildings constructed of adobe, and 27 by 186 feet in 
dimensions. These buildings are thirty feet apart, and each has a covered porch 
surrounding it. Between the officers' quarters and the barracks are the executive 
offices, and on the south side of the parade is the guard-house. At a distance of 
700 feet, and in the rear of the barracks, are the corrals and stables. The corrals 
occupy a space of 300 by 867 feet, and the stables inclose an area of 350 by 450 
feet, and have a capacity for the accommodation of 400 horses. They are inclosed 
within a stronger adobe wall, ten feet in height. The storehouses of the quarter- 
master and commissary are situated respectively north and south of the corrals 
100 feet, and are constructed of adobe. They are 27 by 110 feet. The construction 
•of a new hospital was commenced in 1874. The material of the building is 
adobe, and the roof will be tinned. The water supply is from Limpia creek, from 
which it is taken in water wagons. 

This fort is 1,146 miles from St. Louis. Mean temperature, 61.84 degrees, and 
average rain-fall 19.37 inches. 



MILITARY POSTS. 31 



FORT DUNCAN. 



The situation of Fort Duncan is in Maverick county, upon the hanks of the 
Rio Grande, and 650 miles from the mouth of that river, in longitude 28° 50' 
north, and latitude 23° 30' west, and was first occupied in 1849 by two companies 
of infantry, under command of Captain Scott. In 1850, a permanent military 
post was established, and buildings erected ; but in 1861 it was abandoned, to be 
again occupied in 1868 by the U. S. army. About the post is a sandy soil, drifted 
by the winds, and flowing off in heavy rains. In the vicinity is an abundance of 
game, and plenty of fish. The barracks consist of two buildings of 130 by 36 feet, 
one constructed of stone and the other of adobe. Upon the south boundary of 
the parade-ground are the ofiicers' quarters, consisting of one-story structures. 
The commissary's and quartermaster's departments are amply j^rovided with suit- 
able buildings, and the hospital is a substantial and convenient structure. The 
supply of water is from the Rio Grande, and requires settling before it can be 
used. Like many other forts, its situation is necessarily at the point which may 
either form a line of defense or the base of military operations, without regard to 
healthfulness or the products of the surrounding country. 

From St. Louis it is 1,236 miles. Mean temperature, 70.27 degrees, and rain- 
fall 20.51 inches. 

FORT GRIFFIN. 

The situation of Fort Griflln is in latitude 32' 51' north, longitude 21° 57' west, 
upon the west shore of the Clear Fork of the Brazos river, and about fifteen miles 
distant from this stream. It rests upon a plateau one mile square, at an altitude 
of 100 feet above the level of the river. The surrounding country is plentifully 
supplied with game, birds, fish, wild animals, etc.; but vegetation is limited, and 
trees are of a scraggy growth. The establishment of the post was in July, 1867, at 
which time rude temporary buildings for officers' quarters, barracks, commissary 
and quartermaster's stores and hospital supplies, were erected, and have not yet 
been replaced by more convenient and substantial structures. The water supply 
is from Collins' creek, in water wagons, and, especially in warm weather, is unfit 
for drinking. A spring upon the banks of the fork supplies, in a measure, this 
deficiency. 

Fort Griffin is 369 miles from San Antonio, and 756 miles from St. Louis. Mean 
temperature, 64.26 degrees, and rain-fall averages 20.84 inches. 

FORT Mcintosh. 

At a distance of three-fourths of a mile, in a northwesterly direction from the 
ancient Spanish town of Laredo, stands Fort Mcintosh, in latitude 27° 45' north, 
and longitude 22° 47' west. It is 165 miles from San Antonio, and at an elevation 
of 380 feet above the waters of the Gulf. The fort is shaped like a star, and built 
of earthworks ; the grounds occupied by the post amount to 600 acres. A range 
of low hills, at about one mile distant, surrounds the fort, and a bend of the Rio 
Grande river partially encircles it upon the west. The soil of the adjacent coun- 
try is sandy in its character, and its productive qualities are augmented by the 
washings of the hills, so that sweet potatoes, melons, corn and all varieties of 



33 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

garden vegetables, are grown in abundance. In the hills, there is plenty of gran- 
ite and sandstone rock for building purposes. At a distance from the fort of 
nearly half a mile down the river, and about 400 feet from its banks, is situated 
the military post. In 1868, orders were issued for the construction of new build- 
ings. The storehouse is a substantial sandstone structure, 60 by 25 feet, and is 
provided with adjoining structures of adobes, which are used for kitchen and 
mess-rooms for the garrison. The hospital is 136 by 40 feet, is built of sandstone, 
and provided with all modern improvements. This building has a splendid 
verandah the entire length, front and rear, and spacious halls extend throughout 
the building. In connection with the hospital are the dispensary and steward's 
room, and the ward is large and has a ridge ventilation. Officers' quarters and 
guard-house are in good condition, and provided with many conveniences. The 
supply of water is obtained from the river, and, like other posts, it is brought in 
water wagons, and settled for use. There is no stage communication with the 
post, and transportation is exclusively by government wagons. And this is Fort 
Mcintosh, with a surrounding of mesquite thicket and chaparral, and is distant 
from St. Louis 1,172 miles. Mean temperature, 75.60 degrees, and average ram- 
fall 16.99 inches. 

FORT McKAVETT. 

This is one of the most important posts upon the frontier, and is located on a 
bluff on the south bank of the San Saba river, at an elevation of 2,000 feet above the 
level of the Gulf, in latitude 30° 50' north, and longitude 23" 17' west, and in a 
northwest direction from San Antonio, at a distance of 180 miles. The country is 
hilly, and abounds in dwarf oak. In 1852 this post was established, and m 1860 
it was temporarily abandoned, to be again occupied in 1868. With one exception 
all of the main buildings — six in number — are constructed of stone. The barracks 
are in one building, 324 by 20 feet ; the quartermaster's and commissary's store- 
houses are 101 by 23 feet, 157 by 20 feet, and 80 by 20 feet respectively. The 
frame building is 140 by 20 feet, and the picket building 156 by 23 feet. The 
office of the commanding officer's quarters is a stone structure 51 by 85 feet, with 
an L adjoining 38 by 16 feet, and all of which are two stories high. The offices 
of the field officers' are in like manner built of stone, splendidly arranged, and in 
every respect elegant. All of the numerous buildings at this post are well adapted 
for their uses, including the store-rooms, carpenter, wheelwright, blacksmith and 
saddler shops, post guard-house, etc. The hospital is a fine stone structure, and an 
ornaMient to the post, with all necessary conveniences, and a wide verandah in 
front. The stables and corrals are commodious, and perfectly arranged. Drink- 
ing water is in abundant supply from a spring, and although quite hard for other 
purposes, is healthful and refreshing. Adjacent to the post is a productive gar- 
den of thirty acres which yields a plentiful supply of melons, tomatoes, cantelopes, 
squashes, sweet potatoes, and a great variety of vegetables, excepting the Irish 
potato. The atmosphere is dry, the altitude of the post afibrding a delightful 
and invigorating breeze both morning and evening, rendering a residence in this 
climate not undesirable. 

This fort is situated 951 miles from St. Louis. The mean temperature for 
the year is 65.56 degrees, and the rain-fall 22.53 inches. 



MILITARY POSTS. 33 

FORT QUITMAN. 

In latitude 31° 10' north, and in longitude 28° 37' west, and 400 yards east of 
the Rio Grande, is located Fort Quitman. It is due west from Austin 418 miles 
and 619 miles from San Antonio. The surrounding country is sterile sand-i^rairie, 
covered with wild cactus and bushy mesquite wood. At a distance of ten miles 
beyond the prairie, rises an abrupt rocky mountain, which is entirely destitute of 
vegetation. It is impossible to cultivate a garden at the post, and therefore vege 
tables are in small supply. The buildings are all made of adobe, with earth 
roofs, the barracks being 74 by 36 feet each in dimensions. The officers' quarters 
consist of six sets, containing four or five rooms each. The hospital is an inferior 
structure of 73 by 26 feet, and divided into an office, dispensarj'-, store-room, ward 
and kitchen. The water supply is from the Rio Grande. Fresh vegetables can 
only be obtained from the Mexican towns of Gaudalupe, San Ignatius, El Paso 
and San Elizario, a distance of from fifty to seventy-five miles. The inhabitants 
are mostly Mexicans, Apache and Pueblo Indians. 

Distance from St. Louis, 1,286 miles. Mean yearly temperature is 64 degrees, 
and the rain-fall about 1}4 inches. 

FORT RICHARDSON 

Upon the south bank of Lost creek, in Jack county, and in latitude 33' 
15' north, and longitude 21° 15' west, is situated Fort Richardson. Lost creek is 
a tributary of Trinity river, and at this point is 331 miles from San Antonio. 
The post is one-half mile distant from the village of Jacksborough, the county 
seat of Jack county, which is upon the north bank of. Lost river. In a south- 
easterly direction forty-two and a half miles is the city of Weatherford, in Parker 
county. The fort is built upon a reservation of one mile square, and Lost creek 
is its northern boundary, running in an easterly direction at this point. The 
general formation of the adjacent country is a high rolling prairie, underlaid 
with beds of rock, and covered with a thin surface of soil which is susceptible 
of little cultivation, but yields a liberal crop of grass. The bottom lands along 
the rivers and streams are rich and productive. The timber is small and stunted, 
consisting chiefly of pecan, oak and mesquite. The pecan-nut, chickasaw plum 
and mustang grape are abundant. In the vicinity there is plenty of game, con- 
sisting of hare, wild turkey, prairie chicken, ducks, etc. There are very few fish, 
and these are found in Lost creek in small varieties. 

The excessive heat of the summer would be intolerable were it not for the 
dry evening breeze from the southwest which tempers the atmosphere. 

The barracks at this post are constructed of pickets 11 feet long and set in 
the ground two feet. They are chinked with mud and roofed with shingle. 
There are nine of these buildings — three of which are 85 by 20 feet ; four 85 by 
20 feet, with an L attached, 73 by 27 feet; one, 100 by 20 feet; and one 114 by 27 
feet. In the rear of these buildings are the kitchens and mess-halls, including 
one building of stone. "Sudsville" is the euphonious name of the married 
soldiers' quarters, which consist of about a dozen picket houses. Five frame and 
five picket houses constitute the ofliicers' quarters. A stockade building 47 by 
16 feet, and containing three rooms, is the adjutant's office, and the department of 
3 



34 SOUTHER]^ AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

the commanding officer. The quartermaster also occupies a stockade building 
of 77 by 16 feet, which is divided into four rooms. At the central point of the 
eastern side of the post, and at its main entrance, are the quartermaster's and 
commissary's store-houses. They are constructed in parallel lines 20 feet apart, 
of sandstone, and are each 86 by 29 feet, with a 19-foot story. It was contem- 
plated to arch the space between these buildings, forming the main entrance to 
the fort, but a wood structure now fills the space. There is also a stockade 
building, with canvas roof, 90 by 18 feet; and another of like construction 120 by 
27 feet, north of the stone buildings. An additional commissary store-house was 
built in 1872, 103 by 27 feet. The hospital is an elegant, sandstone, two-story 
building, 33 by 35 feet ; with two wings, 44 by 24 feet, and is admirably arranged 
for this purpose. Water is obtained from Lost creek, and springs in the imme- 
diate vicinity, by the use of water wagons, and is of good quality. 

Fort Richardson is distant from St. Louis 676 miles. The mean yearly tem- 
perature is 63.58 degrees, and the rain-fall 18.91 inches. 

RINGGOLD BARRACKS. 

Since the war with Mexico, Ringgold Barracks have been widely known 
throughout the country. They were established October 26th, 1848, and called 
"Camp Ringgold," in honor of the gallant Major Ringgold, who commanded a 
battery and fell at the battle of Palo Alto. On July 16th, 1849, by general order 
issued from army headquarters, it was designated as "Ringgold Barracks." It 
is located on the east bank of the Rio Grande, five miles north of Camango, 
Mexico, and 280 miles south of San Antonio, in latitude 26° 23' north, and longi- 
tude 2P 50' west, one-half mile southeast of Rio Grande City, the capital of Starr 
county, and a port of entry. This point is a present object of interest because 
of the imsatisfactory relations between the Mexican government and this nation. 
Although the altitude of the barracks is computed to be 521 feet above the level 
of the waters of the Gulf, the climate is torrid and unhealthy. The soil is of a 
sandy loam, having little strength to support vegetation, which withers and 
blasts under the hot winds that come from the broad plateaus of Mexico. The 
bottom lands are productive and of a rich friable loam. Water is obtained from 
the river and is used for all purposes ; at best it is brackish and inferior. 

The post is divided between the old and new portions, the former having been 
constructed of wood, and is a two-story building now used as commissary's and 
quartermaster's store-houses. The workshops, corral, oflicers' stables, hay and 
wood yards, are included in this part of the post. The new portion, which is 
located farther back from the river, is constructed of brick, and composed of five 
buildings for officers' quarters, four company barracks, divided into nine sets — 
bakery, guard-house, adjutant's office and a hospital. The barracks are each 
135 by 40 feet, and two stories, furnished with a verandah nine feet wide, front and 
rear, supported by arches of Moorish style. A small brick building in the old 
post, contains the library of 500 volumes, and the leading journals and periodi- 
cals of the country. The hospital is brick, as has been stated, is two stories, and 
190 by 36 feet, and is entirely surrounded by a broad verandah of 12 feet, which 
has the support of Moorish arches 15 feet high. In every department of this 
building there is completeness and convenience. 



MILITARY POSTS. 



35 



The Ringgold Barracks are 1,325 miles from St. Louis. The mean temperature 
is 74.07 degrees, and the rain-fall 20.29 inches. 

SAN ANTONIO. 




The topography and history of this place are fully given in another chapter of 
the volume, and a repetition is not of value or interest. So far as relates to the 
government buildings and military quarters, a description in this place is appro- 
priate. San Antonio is the capital of Bexar county, and situated in latitude 
29" 30' north, and longitude 21° 25' west. It is the headquarters of the Military 
Department of Texas, and was a military station up to August, 1873. We are 
indebted to the courtesy of Col. E. D. Baker, quartermaster in command, for the 
following facts : The Alamo, a strong enclosure, dating back to 1744, was for- 
merly the building occupied for army headquarters. The headquarters of Major 
General Ord, now commanding the department, are located in a large stone 
building of two stories, upon the southeast corner of Main Plaza. A new and 
elegant building of stone is now in process of construction on Houston street, 
one block from Alamo Plaza, which is to be occupied by the general of the 
department and his officers. The new government depot is within the corporate 
limits of the city, and located upon a splendid elevation to the northeast of the 
city proper. All of the grounds comprise 216 acres. The four main buildings 
are each 624 feet in length, constructed of stone, and are located upon the four 
sides of an elevated plateau, which forms a hollow square. The front, or admin- 
istration building, is upon the south side, and in the second story of which are 



36 soirrHERN and western texas guide. 

the deputy quartermaster's departments — consisting of seven large offices, per- 
fect and complete in every arrangement, and elegantly furnished. In the first 
story of this building are every variety of stores, such as paints and oils, stoves 
and ranges, paper, inks, and every possible article that an army may require of 
this character. The floors are of solid concrete and perfectly smooth. There are 
also cellars under this building nine feet in depth. The building upon the west 
is for the storage of all kinds of grain ; that upon the east for flour, and upon the 
north for wagon, blacksmith and repair shops. In the center of this enclosure is 
a tower built of stone and 90 feet in height, upon the top of which is a large tank 
into which water is forced for a supply in case of fire. There are also two cis- 
terns completed and two additional in process of construction, with a capacity 
of 75,000 gallons each. To the northwest of these buildings are the corral, h:iy 
lofts, and wood yard. Near the corral and about 2,100 feet from the main build- 
ing, is located a steam engine of 160 horse power, steam pumps which force 
water to the top of the tower through pipes of two and four inches, a splendid 
lathe, and facilities for sawing wood, and in addition, to complete the usefulness 
of this place, there is an ice factory which turns out 2,000 pounds of ice daily 
in cakes eight inches in thickness and weighing 210 pounds each. Col. Baker 
personally supervised the construction of this model workshop and factory, and 
is justly entitled to the credit of originating and combining more that is at once 
useful and convenient, in one building, than is attached to any other post in the 
country. 

San Antonio is distant from St. Louis 935 miles. The mean temperature is 
69.20 degrees, and rain-fall 26.59 inches. 

FORT STOCKTON". 

On the banks of Comanche creek, and on the line of the great Indian trail 
of that name, in latitude 30° 50' north, and in longitude 25° 35' west, is situated 
Fort Stockton. Its altitude above the water level of the Gulf is 4,950 feet ; it 
is far removed from any other town or city, and the nearest river is the Pecos, 
35 miles to the southeast. The surrounding country is barren prairie and yields 
little of vegetation. The nearest city is Presidio del Norte in Mexico, 147 miles 
to the southwest, and the nearest American town is Fredericksburg, 370 miles 
west. The post was established to complete the chain of forts for the protection 
of emigrants and merchandise going to and from Chihuahua and California, from 
the depredations of hostile tribes. It was first occupied as a military post in 
1858 ; was abandoned in May, 1861, and again occupied in July, 1867. By a 
system of irrigation, supplied with water from three large springs, called the 
"Leon Holes," having a depth of 20 and a diameter of 30 feet, and situated about 
eight miles west from the post, a large tract of land is made suitable for culti- 
vation and the post is furnished with garden vegetables, corn, melons, etc. There 
is also a creek adjacent to the fort from which a supply of water is secured. 
Trees and timber are an " unknown quantity " in this section of country. 

The barracks are in three buildings, constructed of adobe and with stone foun- 
dations, and are 80 by 24 feet each, with wings for kitchens and mess-rooms- 
attached. 



MILITARY POSTS. 37 

The oflficers' quarters consist of seven buildings, also of adobe, with stone foun- 
dations, and a verandah in front and rear. 

In other parts of the post are the hospital buildings, guard-house, bakery, 
school-room for enlisted men and their children, stables, etc. They are all of 
adobe walls, stone foundations, and one story high. 

The climate is genial and healthy, the atmosphere being dry, warm and pure. 

The post is 1,066 miles from St. Louis, and 399 miles from San Antonio. The 
mean temperature is 65.74 degrees, and the rain-fall 10.70 inches. 



CHAPTER III. 



MITn^ERALS of TEXAS. 



PREPARED BY PROP. S. B. BUCKI/EY. 



COALS. 

The carboniferous rocks cxtead over a large area in the northwestern part 
of the State. These are the true coal-bearing rocks of other States and countries^ 
In Texas they are in a sparsely settled or entirely unsettled region, not pene- 
trated by railroads, hence the coal beds are little known, and the deeper and 
probably the best coals are unknown. The digging of wells has revealed a few 
of these, but no farther explorations have been made, because now it will not 
pay, as enough good coal for the use of the blacksmiths of the country is found 
in beds at and near the surface. 

A few years ago it was generally believed that the State of Illinois had few 
if any valuable coal beds, but its geological survey has demonstrated that the 
coal-bearing rocks extend under the larger portion of that State ; and the opening 
of mines at various depths extending to several hundred feet, show that Illinois 
has more true wealth under ground than in its surface soil. 

The coal formation of Texas extends from the Red river in Clay and Wichita 
counties through Archer, Young, Jack, Throckmorton, Jones, Haskell, Shackle- 
ford, Stephens, Callahan, Eastland, Coleman, Brown, Concho, McCulloch, 
San Saba, Mason, Llano and Burnet' counties. The five last named counties are 
also largely composed of rocks older than the carboniferous. 

I also found the carboniferous in El Paso county, about thirty miles westward 
of the town of Isleta on the Rio Grande. 

The above is given as the result of explorations made in the geological 
survey of the State. 

Future surveys will probably demonstrate that the carboniferous formation of 
Texas extends much further northwestward toward El Paso. 

TEXAS LIGNITES. 

The lignite formation extends from the Rio Grande westward of San Antonio, 
northeastward through Bastrop, Robertson, Leon, Rusk, to Marion countj^ in the 
northeastern part of the State. On the Nueces river westward of San Antonio, 
als« in Bastrop, Robertson, Rusk and other counties, large beds of lignite abound. 

In Robertson, on the Brazos river, one of these beds is twenty feet thick at its 
outcrop on the river, and of several miles in extent. 

(38) 



MINERALS OF TEXAS. 39 

Lignites, or brown coals, prevail largely in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific 
States and Territories where they are extensively used as fuels. 

The lignites of Texas are mostly in timbered regions, hence they have been 
little used. 

IRON ORES— MAGNETITES. 

In Llano county, about fourteen miles northwest of the town of Llano, near 
a Mr. Epperson's, is a large bed of magnetite or magnetic oxide of iron, rising to 
the height of about two hundred feet above the bed of Jackson creek which runs 
at its base. Large veins of the ore in granite rocks extend across the bed of the 
creek into the hills beyond. The iron hill is covered with large blocks of solid 
iron ore, many of several tons weight, enough being loose to supply a large 
manufactory of iron for many years, for those huge loose masses almost 
cover many acres. Indeed a large portion of the hill appears to be a mass of 
solid iron. 

These massive ores are of the best quality, being so like the best iron ores of 
Sweden, shown at the Centennial display in Philadelphia, that specimens of the 
one can not be distinguished from the other. 

Such ores, with the implements or cutlery made from them, were the main 
features of the Swedish exhibition. Indeed these contribute more than any 
other items to the wealth of Sweden ; being the main articles of its export. Our 
ores are as good, and more accessible than those of Sweden, the latter being 
mostly obtained by deep mining. However, Sweden has the advantage in cheap 
labor and transportation. 

The Texas magnetites are at or near the surface, amid plenty of oak and other 
timber for fuel. Limestones are near on the neighboring hills suitable for a flux. 
Coal beds are not far distant at the north, in Brown and other counties. The 
region is healthy, remarkably so, climate delightful, water in clear streams 
abundant, in the midst of an agricultural population insuring abundant supplies 
of cheap food. But railroad facilities are wanting, and until these are supplied 
it is probable that the iron ores of Llano and its adjacent counties will be 
useless. 

Burnet, Llano and Mason counties abound in iron ores, both magnetites 
and hematites — ores enough to make iron to supply the wants of the country for 
ages. 

IRON ORES OF EASTERN TEXAS. 

The tertiary rocks of Eastern Texas abound largely in ores both hematites 
and limonites. Cherokee county alone has iron enough in its hills and valleys 
to make suflicient iron for the country for many years. 

Such ores also abound in Robertson county near the beds of lignite ; also near 
Jefi"erson, where, at the Kelly Iron Works, they have lately been smelted to a con- 
siderable extent. I only name the above localities as now available for the 
manufacture of iron on account of railroad facilities, given by the Central and 
International Railroads. These ores are peculiarly rich, yielding, on an average, 
50 per cent, of metallic iron ; so I was told by Mr. Kelley of the iron works at 
Jefi"erson. 



40 SOITTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

The lignite region of Texas abounds in iron ores, and so also does its car- 
bonifei'ous region, aifording very great advantages for the manufacture of iron, 
when many people settle there and railroads to them are made. Texas has great 
undeveloped wealth in iron and coal. 

SILVER. 

Much has been written and published about the rich silver mines of Llano 
and Mason counties. Exaggerated and untrue statements have been published 
by interested parties, to make sales of lands. There is no known instance in 
either of these counties where enough silver has been obtained from any one of 
the numerous mines worked to pay expenses ; even at very low wages. Much 
time and money have been spent in useless mining for both gold and silver in 
these counties. 

In the Chinati Mountains in Presidio county, near Presidio del Norte, there 
are many rich veins of argentiferous galena. See my Second Annual Report of 
the Geological and Agricultural Survey of Texas, p. 13. Argentiferous galena of 
veins are also near Fort Quitman and Franklin, in El Paso county, for an account 

of which see same report. 

GOLD 

Has been found to a small extent in Llano and Mason counties, but not in paying 

quantities. 

COPPER. 

Copper ores are found in veins in the granites and metamorphic rocks of Mason 
and Llano counties, which may, if worked, prove to be profitable. 

Rich copper ores scattered over the surface have been found to a large extent 
in Archer and some of its adjacent counties, extending westward into Haskell 
county. In a reconuoisance of those counties I saw no irne Jissure veins, although 
such have been reported. The rocks are mostly of the upper carboniferous or 
permian, being mostly in strata horizontal or nearly so, and composed of sand- 
stones, shales and limestones, without any evidence of igneous action. This state- 
ment is made on what I saw during a hasty trip through that region in the 
summer of 1875. 

Copper ores in large fissure veins abound in the Chinati mountains in Presidio 

county. These will probably be very valuable whenever that region is penetrated 

by a railroad. 

LEAD. 

Galena has been found to a limited extent in Llano, Burnet and San Saba 
counties. 

Extensive deposits of this mineral are said to be in the mountains, about 20 
miles east of Fort Quitman. 

Galena associated with silver abounds in the Chinati mountains of Presidio 

county. 

BISMUTH. 

A bed of this ore is said to be near the Little Wichita in Archer county. 
Specimens from there were given me by Gov. Throckmorton several years ago. 



MINERALS OF TEXAS. 41 

A large bed of this ore is said to be there. It is a valuable mineral, being used 
to form alloys with tin, copper and other minerals. As yet, it has not been found 
in any considerable quantity in the United States. 

STEATITE OR SOAP STONE. 

Large veins or deposits of this rock, to the width of several hundred feet are 
in Llano county, on Comanche creek, near Comanche mountain. Other beds of 
this rock are in the mountains on Sandy creek, about ten miles from its junction 
with the Colorado river. 

MARBLES. 

The lower silurian rocks of Burnet, Llano and San Saba counties contain very 
good marbles of various shades of color, white, black and clouded. 

Granites suitable for building and other purposes, also abound in these coun- 
ties. The cretaceous rocks which extend over a large portion of the western and 
northwestern sections of the State, being mostly limestones, have large beds of 
rocks suitable for building purposes, and these have been extensively used in 
building in Austin and other cities and towns of the State. 

GYPSUM. 

On the headwaters of the Red river and its tributaries is one of the largest 
gypsum formations known, extending for hundreds of miles and affording inex- 
haustible supplies. Gypsum in all its forms is here — alabaster, silenite, etc. 

SALT. 

At the Grand Saline in Van Zandt county, near the Southern Pacific Railroad, 
about one hundred miles east of Dallas, salt is extensively made from salt springs, 
where there is an unlimited supply of water, one gallon of which gives one 
pound and one-third of a pound of salt. Salt wells are also at Graham, in the 
southern part of Yoimg county. 

Salt is also procured in shallow lagoons of the Gulf of Mexico, between Cor- 
pus Christi and Brownsville. 

Salt also abounds in Western Texas,, at Horse Head crossing, on the Pecos, and 
in large beds in El Paso county, southwesterly of El Paso. 



CHAPTER ly. 
OOUJSTTIES OF TEXAS. 



ANDERSON COUNTY 

Upon and south of the 32d parallel north latitude, and between the 18th and 
19th degrees of longitvide west from "Washington, is Anderson county. It is- 
among the oldest organized counties in the State, and has an elevation above the 
Gulf that exempts it from the debilitating miasms of some sections. TIk; 
rain-fall is abundant, and the mean temperature about 66 degrees. The summer 
seasons are long and uniform, while the short winters are delightful, and atl'ord 
opportunities for the husbandman to prepare the soil for receiving the seed. 
Although not a stock raising county, the grasses are cultivated with moder- 
ate success. This county is ver}"^ healthy, and during the heated term is 
swept by the Gulf breezes which temper an invigorating atmosphere. The area 
of Anderson county is about 1,000 square miles, and as its situation is nearly upon 
the line dividing the magnificent timber regions of Eastern Texas from the grand,, 
spreading prairies of the west, it is about one-fifth prairie and four-fifths tim- 
bered. The timber is in great variety and large growth, which renders it of great 
value. Indeed, the timber alone, when marketed, will pay for more than the 
price asked for the laud. In this way the new settler can at once begiij to realize 
upon his purchase without waiting to harvest a crop. This consideration alone 
is sufficient to attract a large immigration. The surface of the country is roll- 
ing, and as this county is between the Trinity and Neches rivers, which have 
numerous tributaries, and as there are a large number of creeks and streams in 
different portions of the county, together with numberless freestone springs in 
every section, it is splendidly watered ; and in this respect can not be excelled in 
any part of the country. The soil is largely diversified, consisting of a strong, 
red sandy loam ; a light sandy soil, which is easy of cultivation ; a dark gray soil 
that will bear cultivation for a generation, and is covered with a thrifty growth of 
timber; and the river bottom soil, which ranges from a chocolate to the stiff 
black lands, and is of a quality so rich that it will never need fertilizing. In fact 
it will continue to produce without exhaustion. The pecan, oak, hickory and 
other varieties of timber attest its richness and strength. The eastern portion of 
the county is mostly covered with pine forests which produce an excellent quality 
of lumber, and all of which finds a ready market. The lumber mills in this 
section number over twenty, and are constantly employed. The water powers 
and privileges of this county are numerous and very valuable ; no less than 28 
gins and mills are now being operated by water power alone. As we have stated, 
the soils are very fertile and rich, and the productions embrace every variety that 

(42) 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 4$ 

a charming and salubrious climate aftbrds. Corn and cotton grow side by side, 
and the crops are large and profitable. In addition, there is an abundant produc- 
tion of rye, oats, barley, millet, melons, tobacco of excellent quality, berries of 
every variety, grapes in great quantities, and the variety and excellence of the 
fruit product can not be excelled in any section of the country. The vegetable 
crop, including Irish and sweet potatoes, is always very large and of the finest 
quality. In the northern section of the county there are vast deposits of iron 
ore, and several of the beds have been successfully worked. With so many 
inducements to invite immigration it is not strange that Anderson county is 
rapidly settling up with an industrious and thriving population. Again, it has- 
all the advantages of transportation facilities, and the surplus crops can find a 
ready market either in the South, North or East. Palestine is the county seat, and 
is a rapidly growing town of about 3,500 population. It is situated nearly in the 
center of the county, and is at the junction of the great International & Great 
Northern Railway and its branches. The general oftices and workshops of that 
corporation are located here, and the county is traversed by the northern, south- 
ern and western divisions of that road. In another chapter a more extended 
notice is given of this town. It is proper to note that the first and finest fruit, 
especially peaches, tomatoes and berries, received in the St. Louis market, are 
always from Anderson county. Elkhart, Douglas and Neches are all thriving 
towns, and located upon the line of the I. & G. N. Hy. The common schools and 
churches are well supported and are growing in numbers and influence. There 
are also Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges in the several towns, and considerable 
manufacturing, among which we may notice the " John Billup Cotton Gin " 
works at Neches, and the Murchison Cotton Factory three miles from that town. 
The people of the county are moral and industrious. They welcome newcomers 
with cordiality if they bring with them honesty and industry, and share with, 
them a growing prosperity. Improved and unimproved lands in all parts of the 
county can be purchased at low prices and upon advantageous terms. 
Jamcts Coutiway, Esq., is the county clerk. 

ANGELINA COUNTY. 

The situation of this county is in the great timber belt of Eastern Texas, and 
lies north and east of Trinity county, between the 31st and32d degrees of latitude 
north, and the 17th and 18th degrees of longitude west from Washington. It 
has an area of about 900 square miles which is divided between prairie and 
timber, although the latter largely predominates. The surface of the country is 
rolling, and is of a like character of other counties in that section of the State. 
The soils are varied, including the black sandy loam which is very rich, and, 
productive. 

The crops are corn, cotton, tobacco, all kinds of vegetables, fruits, grain, and, 
indeed, every product that renders the State of Texas famous throughout the 
country. The timber is in great variety and has a large growth. This product 
alone has a value equal to the present cost of the land, and the immigrant can at 
once begin to realize upon his purchase if he is but industrious. 

The county is splendidly watered, the Neches river traversing its southwestern 
boundary, and the Angelina river its northwestern border, bot^A having numerous- 



44 SOUTHERX AND WESTERN TEXAS GOTDE. 

tributaries, while springs and creeks are numerous. The Neches river is naviga- 
ble a larger part of the year, and affords good and cheap transportation. The 
summers are long and uniform in temperature, while the southern breeze renders 
the climate exhilarating and healthy. 

The thriving town of Homer is the county seat, and is situated nearly in the 
center of the county. There are good schools and several churches, all of which 
are well sustained. The inhabitants are intelligent and thrifty, and cordially 
invite immigration. Mr. E. H. McMullen is the county clerk. 

ARANSAS COUNTY. 

The situation of this county is upon the Gulf, and extends from Aransas Bar 
and Pass eastward to, or near, the mouth of the San Antonio river, and embraces 
the island of St. Joseph. It is upon the 28th degree of latitude north, and the 
20th degree of longitude west from Washington. About one-third of the county 
is covered with scrubby black-jack and live oak timber; one-third is prairie, and 
one-third is composed of bays, bayous and lagoons. It has an area of about 700 
square miles, and a population of about 1,000. 

The soils are light sandy, stiff black and black sandy loam. Very little of the 
land is in cultivation, the larger portion being devoted exclusively to stock 
raising. The productions are corn, potatoes, a variety of vegetables, and sea- 
island cotton. 

The grasses are nutritious, upon which stock of all kinds thrive. The 
number of horses and mules in the county is 2,230 head, valued at $25,000 ; 
■cattle, 53,674, valued at $250,000; sheep about 1,000, valued at $1,000. The total 
assessed valuation of the county is about $650,000. 

The county seat is Rockport, and is a thriving town delightfully situated on 
the bay, being favored with a good harbor and ample wharfage and storehouse 
room. A line of steamers make regular trips from that point to Morgan City 
Galveston, New Orleans, and connecting with the regular lines to New York and 
other Atlantic ports. 

The principal business of the county is stock raising, and packing of meats 
for shipping; there being several large canning and packing establishments for 
this purpose at Fulton. There are very few springs or creeks in the county, and 
the rain-fall is very light. Educational advantages are as yet quite limited, there 
being only six school houses and five churches in the county. In this respect, 
however, there is being made a decided improvement. Mr. L. Ballou is the 
county clerk. 

ATASCOSA COUNTY. 

In the great stock-raising regions of southwestern Texas, and upon the 29th 
parallel of latitude north, and between the 21st and 22d degrees of longitude 
Avest from Washington, is situated Atascosa county. It comprises an area of 
about 1,200 square miles and a population of 6,000. Its elevation above the 
<Tulf is about 450 feet, the rain-fall is comparatively light, not averaging much 
over 26 inches, and the mean temperature reaches about 70 degrees. The climate 
is dry and healthy, and because of the trade winds from the Gulf, it is delightful. 
The soils range from a sandy loam, which are productive and easily cultivated, 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 45 

to a poor light sand in the Black Jack country. The products are vegetables of 
all varieties adapted to the climate, the cereals, some fruit, and other crops that 
usually grow in a semi-tropical coimtry. 

The county is about equally divided between prairie and timber, although the 
wooded sections are lightly timbered, but sufficiently so for all domestic purposes. 
The timber consists of post oak, black-jack, hickory, hackberry, mesquite, and 
along the streams cottonwood, mulberry, willow and pecan. The Atascosa creek 
is the principal stream in this county, and has numerous tributaries which afford 
a supply of water only when it rains, or hold a supply in the dry season in deep 
hollows. There are very few springs, but ^ell water can be obtained at a mod- 
erate depth. 

Until quite recently stock raising was the chief occupation of the inhabitants, 
but many of them are turning their attention to farming and tind it quite 
profitable. 

Pleasanton is a thriving town of about 400 population, and is situated in the 
northeastern portion of the county, about 35 miles south of San Antonio. It is 
the county seat, and the principal town in the county. The grasses are chiefly 
the mesquite, and very nutritious, affording an ample support for horses, mules 
and cattle the year round. There is also considerable mast along the streams, sup- 
plying an excellent feed for hogs. Lands range from 50 cents to $5 per acre, 
according to location and quality. The total assessed valuation of the county in 
1877, was $670,678. 

There are several schools and churches in the county, which are well supported. 
As immigration flows in, schools will increase and rapidly improve the educa- 
tional opportunities. The people are cordial and hospitable, and cheerfully extend 
assistance to those who come to settle among them. Mr. A. G. Martin is the 
county clerk. 

AUSTIN COUNTY. 

Geographically and physically, the county of Austin is one of the most im- 
portant in the State of Texas. Its situation is at the verge of the great timber 
belt that covers the eastern portion of that State, and at the intersection of the 
high table lands of the north and west, and the lower country that borders the 
Gulf of Mexico. It is in longitude 19" west, and in latitude 30° north. Being^ 
about equally divided between timbered and prairie land, it affords a variety of 
products and industries that attract to it a large immigration. Its gradual rise of 
about 300 feet from the level prairie of its southeast portion, to the grand rolling 
hills that cover its northwest section, indicates the water courses that flow through 
its entire length, and that are supplied with the clear waters of numerous afflu- 
ents. The soil and climate and health of this county are only equaled in other 
sections of the State, but not elsewhere in the country. The Brazos is the princi- 
pal stream along the eastern border of the county, and its alluvial soil is the rich- 
est in the world. Mill creek, or the Palmetto, as it was originally named by the 
Spaniards, is a tributary of the Brazos, and traverses across the country. Other 
and numerous branches course throu^ the county, and, together with a large 
number of springs, this section is splendidly supplied with living water. The 
history of Austin county is as full of interest and of reminiscences as any other, 



46 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

with the possible exception of Bexar county. It was originally settled by the 
famous Austin colony, fifty-four years ago, or in 1824. The projectors of this 
colony were men of great energy and intelligence, and through the hardships and 
vicissitudes of colonial life, the uncertainties and changes of Mexican misrule, 
the struggle for independence and nationality, and the ultimate incorporation of 
Texas into the Union of American States, these resolute men pressed forward 
with a courage that was sustained by a solemn conviction of final triumph. We 
have not space to follow their memorable career, and can only accord them the 
high place in history they have so well deserved. 

Soon after 1870, that portion of Austin county east of the Brazos river was 
formed into a separate county, and now known as Waller county. Of course, 
tliis geographical division reduced the population of Austin county considerably; 
but it is now believed to contain about 15,000 inhabitants. The number of its 
voters, at the election in the spring of 1877, was 3,425. From the recently pub- 
lished Centennial address of Mr. Martin M. Ivenney, relative to the history of 
Austin county, we take the following interesting facts: "There are in this county 
about 2,700 taxpayers, and they pay tax on $2,326,000 ; part of the property is ex- 
empt from taxation. Altogether, the property averages nearly or quite $1,000 to 
the family, and about $200 to the individual. The land in this county is rendered 
for taxes at 270,101 acres, valued at $1,371,487, which is over five dollars per acre, 
general average. The number of landowners on the tax-rolls is 1,270, from which 
it appears that about lialf the people own real estate, and that their average pos- 
session is over 200 acres to the family or taxpayer. Wealth is very evenly dis- 
tributed ; there are twelve estates over $10,000 each, and the twenty largest 
estates average $13,000." The number of cattle in the county is 39,271, valued at 
$220,875; horses and mules, 6,652, valuation, $206,873 ; sheep, 3,499, valuation, 
$4,068 ; hogs, 7,191, valuation, $9,934. There are also two Masonic lodges, several 
granges, churches of all denominations, and forty-six public schools. The Hous- 
ton & Texas Central road runs near the eastern boundary, in Waller county ; and 
the G., H. & San Antonio road traverses within a short distance of its southern 
boundary. The projected roads that are to cross the county are the Texas West- 
ern N. G., with 35 miles already completed, and the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe 
Railway from Galveston, 45 miles of which are now in operation. 

We acknowledge the courtesy of Mr. Z. W. Mattkews, clerk of the County 
Court of Austin county, for many of the above facts. 

BEE COUNTY. 

In the southern portion of Texas, and about sixty miles northwesterly from 
the seaport town of Rockport, and about sixty-five north from the historical port 
of Corpus Christi, is situated Bee county. It is between the 20th and 21st 
degrees of longitude west, and the 28th and 29th degrees of longitude north. It 
is a splendid rolling section of country, and embraces an area of 900 square 
miles, two-thirds of which is prairie, interspersed with hackberry and anaqua 
motts, and the remaining third sparsely timbered with live and post oak, mesquite, 
anaqua, hackberry, chinaberry, and other varieties. Beeville is the county seat, 
and located in the center of the county ; bordered on the south by the Paesta 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 47 

■creek, on the west by timbered and park lands, and on the north and east by a 
magnificent rolling prairie, covered with a luxuriant grassy sward, and dotted with 
numerous motts, presenting a landscape of rare beauty and grandeur. The cli- 
mate of this county is warm, genial and salubrious, with occasional changes and 
"northers," which are not unhealthy, nor injurious to vegetation. The people 
are industrious, moral and progressive, and take a decided interest in the advance- 
ment of educational opportunities. They are not only generous and honest, one 
to another, but they exhibit a courtesy and welcome to strangers that deserve 
commendation. 

The population numbers about 2,000, and since the great agricultural advan- 
tages of Texas are becoming known to the people of the older States, a stream 
of immigration is setting toward this and adjoining counties. At San Domingo, 
a town situated about twelve miles from Beeville, there is a valuable spring of 
mineral water known as " Sanford's Well." These waters are highly recom- 
mended by invalids and physicians, and have become quite famous throughout 
this section of the State. In addition to Beeville, there are the following villages 
and postoffices in the county : Papalote, Blanconia, Neelsburg and Aransas. 

The county is well watered with the Aransas, Paesta, Papalote, Blanco and 
Medio rivers; the San Domingo, Dry Medio, Sulphur, Salt Branch and Dry 
creeks. There is plenty of limestone in many sections of the county, suitable for 
building purposes, and for making lime. It is easily obtainable. In quarrying, 
fossils, petrified bones and mammoth skeletons have been exhumed, and excited 
the interest of those who are curious regarding a prehistoric age. The price of 
land in this county ranges from $1 to $2.50 per acre, according to quality and 
locality. Building lots in Beeville range from $20 to $50 each. The assessed 
valuation for 1877 is $1,000,000; the number of horses and mules, 9,580, and 
valued at $111,492; cattle, 35,621, valued at $140,877; sheep, 54,744, valued at 
$73,474; and hogs, 7,891, valued at $8,038. In the county there are ten churches 
of diff"erent denominations, twenty public schools, one Masonic lodge, and four 
Granges. Under the local option law. Bee county is strictly temperate, there not 
being a single saloon or place for the sale of liquor in the county. These facts 
have been supplied to us by Mr. H. W. Wilson, clerk of Bee county. 

BELL COUNTY. 

This is one of the finest bounties in Central Texas, and is situated between the 
20th and 21st degrees of longitude west from Washington, and on the 31st parallel 
of latitude north. It has an area of 900 square miles, and a population of about 
22,000. In 1877 there were about 7,000 tax-payers in this county. It is entirely 
out of debt, its scrip is at par, and it has never voted subsidies for the construction 
of railways. The timbered and prairie lands are about equally divided. Along 
the streams the belts of timber are from one-half to one mile wide, and consist 
chiefly of white, red, burr and Spanish oaks ; walnut, ash, pecan, cotton wood, elm, 
and considerable of the smaller varieties. Upon the uplands the timber is 
mainly live oak, black-jack, post oak, pecan, elm, etc.; while upon the hills a 
scrubby growth of mountain cedar is found, and chiefly used for fencing purposes. 
An abundant supply of pure water is obtained from the Lampasas, Salado and 



48 SOUTHEEN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

Leon rivers and their numerous tributaries. Tliese streams flow tlirough the- 
county from northwest to southeast, forming a junction about ten miles from the 
eastern border of the county, in what is known as Little river. It may be stated 
that about two-thirds of the county, in its north, northeast and southwest sections, 
contains in one body a vast undulating prairie, that is very fertile, and every acre 
of which is highly productive and susceptible of cultivation. The soils along 
these table-lands produce a large variety of crops, and in great abundance. The 
average yield of corn is from 25 to 40 bushels per acre, wheat from 10 to 20- 
bushels; oats from 40 to 60 bushels; rye from 20 to 30 bushels, and other produc- 
tions are in like proportion. The Hungarian and mesquite grr.sses have a luxur- 
iant growth, and aflbrd an ample support for all kinds of live stock. The county 
is also splendidly adapted to the cultivation of grapes and fruits; and vegetables 
of all kinds, including sweet and Irish potatoes, are successfully grown. The 
cotton crop is an important one, and reaches about 20,000 bales annually ; while 
sorghum is among the valuable productions of the county. "With a large and 
increasing immigration, the latest improved agricultural implements, and the 
improvement in the breeds of hogs, horses, cattle and sheep, the agricultural 
development of the county has been rapid, and its future is opening with great 
promise. There are ten water mills in the county, situated on the Lampasas and 
Salado rivers, and the power ranges from 10 to 26 feet fall. It is estimated that 
there are at least 300,000 acres of unoccupied lands in this county, which can be 
purchased at from $2 to $6 per acre, and upon easy terms. These lauds are all 
fertile, and only need cultivation to make them yield enormous crops. Belton is 
a prosperous town of about 2,000 population, and is situated in the central part 
of the county, 60 miles from Austin, 40 miles from Waco, and 45 miles from Rock- 
dale. Being the county seat, it is an important point, and divides the trade of 
the surrounding country with the towns mentioned. The buildings are neat and 
substantial, many of them built of limestone rock, of which there is an 
abundance in the northern part of the county. It has three flourishing schools, six 
churches, Masonic lodge and chapter. Odd Fellows' lodge, and other benevolent 
and literary societies. The survey of the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Ry. extends 
through this town, and traverses the finest corn, cotton, sugar and wheat regions 
in the State. At a distance of nine miles south from Belton, on the Salado creek, is 
the town of Salado. It is quite an important point, and celebrated for its 
educational advantages, the "Salado College" being located there. There are 
many smaller towns in the county, all of which exhibit the growth and prosperity 
of the inhabitants. The climate is delightful and invigorating, and the health of 
the county unsurpassed. Mr. W. Gr. W. Stone is the county clerk. 

BANDERA COUNTY. 

This county joins Bexar county northwest from San Antonio, and its soils, 
productions, surface, etc., are similar in character. It is upon the twenty-second 
degree of longitude west from Washington, and just south of the thirtieth 
degree of latitude. The county is watered by the Medina river which flows 
through its northeastern section, and numerous creeks and tributaries. In the 
southern central portion Thomas creek and affluents aff"ord a supply of water, 
while further west is Turkey creek, and in the western portion a branch of the 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 49 

Rio Frio river. Springs are scattered through the county, and good well water 
can be procured at a moderate depth. The soils are fertile and productive, and 
the grasses offer a bountiful support for stock the year round. Bandera is in the 
great stock raising region of Western Texas, and that industry has engaged the 
attention of its inhabitants. Within a few years, however, the cultivation of the 
soil has become more general, and the variety and quantity of its productions so 
valuable that new settlers are going into that county and taking advantage of its 
great opportunities by bringing a portion of the soil under cultivation. In the 
extension of the G., H. & S. A. Railway, from San Antonio to El Paso, that county 
will be supplied with superior transportation facilities. Bandera is a growing 
town, and is the county seat. It is situated on the Medina river in the eastern 
portion of the county. Charles Montague, Jr., is the county clerk. 

BASTROP COUNTY. 

Upon the banks of the Colorado river, and on the line of the Houston & Texas 
■Central Railway, in longitude 20 degrees west, and latitude 30 degrees north, is 
situated Bastrop county. Near its southern border is the line of the G., H. & S. 
A. Railroad, and its area in square miles is 827. It is watered by the Colorado 
river and its affluents ; notable among them are Walnut, Alum, Piney, Pine, Oak, 
Peach, Wilbarger, and Sandy and Mahars creeks. In the southeastern part of the 
county is Shippo Lake, a splendid body of clear water, five miles long and from 
one-fourth to one and one-half miles wide, abounding with fine fish and surrounded 
with a large variety of game. About one-third of the county is prairie, and the soil 
is very rich and productive, the principal crops being cotton, corn and many of 
the smaller grains. Vegetables and fruits can be cultivated with great success, 
but one of the chief industries is stock raising, while the timbered section, con- 
sisting of about two-thirds of the county, supplies a large and prosperous lumber 
interest. Among the kinds of timber may be found pine, cedar, post oak, live 
oak, walnut, pecan and elm. The Bastrop Pine-Cedar Mills furnish a large 
st'Ction of country with lumber. Lignite coal is found in abundance, and to 
some extent is utilized. It is proper to say that the timbered section is very val- 
uable, and the quality of. lumber superior. The price of land in this county 
ranges from $2 to $20 per acre. The population numbers about 18,000, one-fourth 
of whom are colored ; and tlie assessed valuation of real and personal property 
in 1876 was $2,172,447. The principal towns are Bastrop, the county seat, with a 
population of 1,716 ; Elgin, on the western branch of the H. & T. C. R. R., with 
a population of 750 ; Ulc Dade, on the same line of road, population 600 ; Paige 
Station, on the same line of road, population 250 ; and Red Rock, with a popu- 
lation of 250. The value of lots in Elgin ranges from $50 to $500 ; in Ulc Dade, 
from $20 to $300 ; and in Red Rock the value of lots is nominal. 
The following statement shows the live stock interest of the county : 
Number of Horses 6,981 Average Value, $40 Each. 



Mules 2,197. 

Milch Cows. 6,897. 
Other Cattle. 27,805. 

Swine 29,384. 

Sheep 2,959. 



30 

10 
4 



1.25 " 



50 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



There are in the county twenty-five churches ; seventeen granges, with 417 
members; forty-five schools; five Masonic lodges and two chapters; and two 
lodges of I. O. O. F. There is also one cotton mill in successful operation, with 
twenty-five looms; one cotton gin, one grist mill, and the Bastrop Lone Star 
Factory. This county is one of the most prosperous in the State, and its inhab- 
itants are industrious, intelligent and hospitable. The clerk of the County Court 
is Mr. J. M. Finney, to whom we are under obligation for many of the foregoing 
facts. 

BEXAR COUNTY. 

Originally Bexar county embraced an area larger than the State of New York, 
but from time to time this territory has been carved into a large number of other 
counties, until the present area of the county has been reduced to 1,456 square 
miles. It is situated in Western Texas, between the 29th and 30th degrees of 
latitude north, and between the 21st and 22d degrees of longitude west from 
"Washington. Its topography is a grand undulating prairie, a portion of 
which is timbered with such varieties as are usual in that section of the State. 
The soils are extremely rich and fertile, and range in depth from three to fifteen 
and twenty feet. Many sections have been under cultivation for a period of over 
half a century without being f rtilized, and with no perceptible diminution of 
strength or quantity of products. 




Mission op San Jose, San Antonio, 1720. 

The products are in great variety, consisting of cotton, sugar cane, sorghum, 
corn, and all of the smaller grains, tobacco, rice, millet, the castor bean, and 
every variety of vegetables in abundance, all kinds of fruits, including figs and 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 51 

grapes, and the finest grasses to be found in Texas. The Hungarian and clover 
grasses are of luxuriant growth and very nutritious. This county is watered by 
the Cibolo, San Pedro, San Antonio, and Medina rivers ; the Leon, Medio, Cola- 
bras, Cottonwood, Balcones, Salado and Geronimo creeks, and a large number of 
springs which flow from the base of limestone and sandstone formations, includ- 
ing the famous San Pedro and San Antonio springs, a description of which may 
be found in another chapter. The altitude of that county above the Gulf, its 
supply of clear and running water, the cooling breezes from the south, the delight- 
ful and exhilarating climate, and its freedom from low bottom lands, render it 
the most healthy in the State, and, indeed, in the country. No case of pulmo- 
nary consumption ever originated in this county, and for invalids it is the finest 
winter resort in America. As the grasses and water are abundant, it is a magnifi- 
cent grazing country, and stock thrive and fatten the year through. San Antonio 
is the county seat, a full description of which is published in another chapter, 
together with the rain-fall, mean temperature, and other interesting data. The 
present terminal point of the G., H. & S. A. Railway is at San Antonio. The 
clerk of that county is Mr. Samuel S. Smith, who has held the position for more 
than a quarter of a centuiy. 

BLANCO COUNTY. 

In the central portion of Southern Texas is situated Blanco county, between 
the 21st and 22d degrees of longitude west, and the 30th and 31st degrees of 
latitude north. It is upon the table lands that stretch from San Antonio away to 
the north of Texas, and west to the mountains. The climate is charming and 
healthy. The soil is rich, and produces corn and the smaller grains in great 
quantities ; grapes, fruits and vegetables are sure crops. It has an area of 900 
square miles, one-fourth of which is prairie and three-fourths timbered, consisting 
of post oak, black-jack, elm, cottonwood, Spanish oak, walnut, hackberry, pecan, 
hickory, wild china, and live oak ; the two latter varieties predominating. The 
timber has a vigorous growth and is of fine quality. Big and little Blanco, and 
Perdinallis rivers, with numerous tributaries ; Cypress creek with a large num- 
ber of smaller streams, and innumerable springs, afl:brd the county an ample 
supply of water. The towns are Blanco, with a population of 400, which is the 
county seat, and Round Mountain, with 150 population. The value of town lots in 
Blanco ranges from $50 to $100, and in the latter town, from $15 to $25. In this 
county are found a variety of ores, among them iron, lead, silver, copper, and 
bismuth. There are also large quantities of red and white marble, which, for 
building purposes, are hardly excelled. The average price of land is about $3 
per acre. The total assessed valuation of real and personal property is $704,241. 
In the county there are 5,700 horses and mules, valued at $20 each ; 17,500 cattle 
valued at $7 per head; 15,000 sheep, valued at $3 per head; and 4,500 hogs, 
valued at $2 each. The grasses in Blanco county are very fine and nutritious. 
Public schools number about 20, and there are churches in difterent parts of the 
county. The population, estimated, is about 1,600. W. McCarty, Esq., is clerk 
of the Coxmty Court, and has given us much of the above information. 



52 SOUTILEEN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

BOSQUE COUNTY. 

In the central portion of Texas, upon the line of the 32d parallel of latitude, 

and between the 20th and 21st degrees of longitude west from Washington, is 
situated Bosque county. It has an area of about 950 square miles, and is about 
equally divided between prairie and timber. The timber is of the usual variety 
in that section of the State, and has a rugged growth, especially along the river 
bottom lands. The Brazos river flows along the eastern and northern boundary 
of the county, and with its tributaries, and numerous other streams and springs, 
the county is splendidly watered. The soils are of the stiflF black, and black 
sandy loam ; very fertile and productive. The products of corn, cotton, vegetar 
bles, fruits and smaller grains are abundant, and the grasses aflTord a bountiful 
support for stock of all kinds. i 

Meridian is the county seat and a growing town, and is situated a little north 
of the center of the county. There are other flourishing towns in the county, 
and as the population is largely made up by immigration from the older States, 
it is progressive and intelligent. Its elevation above the Gulf is about 1,600 feet, 
and the climate is all that could be desired. The rain-fall is ample, the farming 
seasons long, and the temperature uniform. Mr. F. M. Collier is the county 
clerk. 

BRAZORIA COUNTY. 

All of the coast lands of Texas, from the Sabine to the Rio Grande, have a 
similar conformation, climate and productions. Of course Brazoria is no excep- 
tion to this general rule, although it may have a larger proportion of timber than 
some of the other Gulf counties. It has an area of 1,260 square miles, and is 
divided into prairie and timber. The quality of the prairie soil is good, and it 
yields large crops of cotton, potatoes, corn and every variety of vegetables. The 
timbered section of the county is some less than one-third, and while the timber 
is light it embraces a satisfactory variety, viz.: live, pin, white and Spanish oaks, 
elm, ash, hackberry, pecan, cypress, cedar, etc. It is one of the finest sugar- 
producing counties in Texas. 

This county borders upon the Gulf, and is in latitude 29 degrees north, and 
between 18 degrees and 19 degrees of longitude west. It is well watered with 
the Brazoria and St. Bernard rivers. Oyster creek and numerous little lakes, 
which abound with fine fish. The population is only about 8,000, and like the 
other Gulf counties immigration does not very rapidly augment the number of 
their people. Brazoria is the county seat, and Columbia is a flourishing town of 
some importance. Lots in these towns are valued at from $50 to $500, according 
to location, etc. There are five other towns in the county, viz.: Sandy Point, 
Chenango, Liverpool, Quintana, and Velasco. In the upper part of the county 
at what is called Damns Mound, rising about fifty feet above the surrounding 
prairie country, are sour springs flowing from a limestone formation and strongly 
impregnated with sulphur. The water is claimed to possess excellent curative 
qualities. 

The number of horses and mules in the county is estimated to be about 10,000, 
and valued at $100,000; cattle, 40,000, valued at $250,000; sheep, 2,000, valued at 
84,000; and hogs, 7,500, valued at $15,000. The total assessed valuition of the 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 53 

oounty is about two millions of dollars. In the county there are also two Masonic 
lodges ; five granges, only one of which is at present working ; twenty churches, 
of various denominations, sixteen public schools, and one temperance organ- 
ization. 

The climate of Brazoria county is very healthy and delightful, and the people 
are industrious and hospitable. For many of the foregoing facts we are indebted 
to Andrew J. Burke, Jr., Esq., attorney at law, at Columbia. William H. Sharp 
is the county clerk, with his office at Brazoria. 

BRAZOS COUNTY. 

In nearly the center of the great cotton-producing region of Texas, just south 
of the 31st degree of latitude, and between the 19th and 30th degrees of longitude 
west from Washington, is situated Brazos county. The Brazos river extends a 
distance of about sixty miles along its southern and western boundary ; and upon 
its eastern border flows the Navasota river. With many creek tributaries these 
rivers furnish an ample water supply, while good well water is easily obtainable. 
The area of the county is about 350,000 acres ; and is divided into timbered and 
prairie lands. About 40,000 acres are at present under cultivation, and yield 
immense crops. The timber consists of pin oak, pecan, ash, elm, cottonwood and 
other varieties along the bottom lands, and of black-jack, hickory and post oak 
upon the upland. 

The physical character of the county is a grand undulating prairie excepting 
the bottom lands along the river courses. The richness and fertility of the Brazos 
bottoms have become famous, and their productions are not excelled in any part 
of the world. The alluvial deposits range from four to twenty feet in depth and 
will bear continuous cultivation, without being fertilized, for generations. The 
yield of corn is from 40 to 65 bushels per acre, while the cotton product reaches 
from l,r)00 to 2,500 pounds in the seed. The soils upon the uplands are generally 
of a sandy loam, upon a foundation of yellow or red clay, are easily cultivated 
and yield abundantly. They are adapted to the cereal crops, vegetables of all 
kinds and fruits in great variety. The price of lands ranges from $1 to $20 per 
acre, according to quality, improvements and location. 

The county is admirably supplied with transportation facilities ; the Houston 
& Texas Central Railway traversing its center from northwest to southeast. 
Bryan is a thriving and growing town, situated in the central portion of the 
county, and upon the line of railway mentioned. It is the county seat, and 150 
miles north from Galveston, to which market it ships about 20,000 bales of cotton 
annually. The town is well provided with schools and churches. The church 
organizations are divided among the Methodists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Pres- 
byterians, Christians and Catholics, each of which has a fine church edifice, with 
the exception of the Christians, who are now contemplating to build one. The 
Jews have also a place of worship. In addition, there are alodge and chapter of 
Masons, two Odd Fellows' lodges, a temperance organization and several literar}' 
societies. Bryan is also quite a manufacturing center, having in successful 
operation a grist mill, a cotton-seed oil mill, a chair factory, a carriage and wagon 
factory, a gin and mill manufactory and two planing mills. Twenty miles south 
of Bryan, on the line of railway, is the town of Millican. It is situated- upon the 



54 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

ridge dividing the Navasota and Brazos rivers, and surrounded by the most fertile 
farming lands to be found in that section of country. It is a town of considera- 
ble importance, having three churches, schools, Masonic and Odd Fellows' 
lodges, and temperance organizations. 

The climate of Brazos county is salubrious and healthy, the temperature uni- 
form, the rain-fall abundant, and its altitude above the Gulf renders it delightful. 
Tlie people are progressive and industrious, and cordially welcome the immigrant 
to their midst. Mr. Hammett Hardy is the county clerk. 

BROWN COUNTY. 

Just south of the 33d parallel of latitude, and upon the 22d degree of longitude 
west from Washington, Is situated Brown county. The Colorado river flows 
along its southern border, into which the Pecan, Brown and other creeks empty. 
It contains an area of about 950 square miles, and is upon the high table lands of 
Central Texas. The northern and eastern portions of the county are hilly and moun- 
tainous, while the southern portion is an undulating prairie, finely adapted to 
stock raising. There is sufficient timber for fencing and other domestic pur- 
poses. The soil is fertile, and the grasses of excellent growth and quality. The 
crops embrace all of the cereals, a great variety of vegetables, and in many sec- 
tions fruits and grapes are successfully cultivated. It is a fine section for sheep 
raising, and this industry could be made very profitable. The county seat is 
Browuwood, situated nearly in the center of the county, and is a growing town. 
The elevation of Brown county above the Gulf renders the climate strongly ex- 
hilarating and healthy. The summer seasons are uniform in temperature and 
sufficiently long for the successful cultivation of a large variety of crops. The 
rain-fall is of fair average, and as the tide of immigration flows into that section 
of the State, Brown county will attract more and more the attention of those 
seeking new homes in the Southwest. Mr. Henry Ford is the county clerk. 

BURLESON COUNTY. 

This county is situated north of Washington and Lee counties, between the 
19th and 20th degrees of longitude west, and the 30th and 31st degrees of latitude 
north. The climate is delightful, and all that could be desired for health and 
comfort. The Brazos river forms its northeastern boundary, and the Yequa river its 
southern and southwestern border. It has an area of 800 square miles, and a 
population of about 7,000. The county was organized in 1846, and was originally 
a portion of Washington county. . It was named in honor of Gen. E. Burleson, 
who was distinguished in the Indian and Mexican wars. The surface of this 
county is gently undulating, and is one-fourth prairie and three-fourths timber. 
The soil of the prairie is rich and fertile, consisting of sandy loam, black and 
Brazos bottom lands. Cotton is the chief crop ; but corn, rye, oats, barley and 
wheat are extensively grown. Potatoes and all garden vegetables are produced in 
abundance. The average yield of cotton is one bale on the bottom lands, and 
from one-half to three-fourths of a bale on the uplands. Coi-n ranges from 
twenty-five to sixty bushels per acre, and millet is a good crop. The county 
produces a large variety of fruit which is easily and successfully cultivated. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 55 

The price of unimproved lands is from one to five dollars per acre, and the value 
of lands under cultivation ranges from five to twenty dollars per acre. The Texas 
Central Railway is upon the eastern boundary of the county, and the Interna- 
tional & Great Northern Railroad traverses the northern section of the county. 
The Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railway is projected through this county. It also 
ofters great inducements to stock raisers, and the markets are available and con- 
venient. The county has a good system of public schools which are well sup- 
ported and prosperous. Churches are also well attended and supported. Cald- 
well is the county seat, and Mr. Thomas M. Hunt is the county clerk. 

BURNET COUNTY. 

The county of Burnet was created and organized in 1853, and was named in 
honor of David G. Burnet, the first President of the Republic of Texas. It is 
situated on the 31st parallel of latitude north, and on the 21st degree of longi- 
tude west from Washington. It contains an area of 976 square miles, and a 
population estimated above 5,000. The physical character of the county is 
broken into hills, mountains, valleys and prairie. The soils are of great variety, 
ranging from the black stiff to the deep sandy loam, with red clay foundations. 
About one-half of the county is timbered, consisting of post oak, elm, pecan, 
cedar, wild cherry, hackberry and walnut. The cedar is chiefly found in the 
southern and western portions of the county ; while the walnut and the pecan 
are along the streams. There is an abundance of water which is supplied from 
the San Gabriel river and its many tributaries ; together with Sulphur Fork of 
Lampasas creek, Rocky creek. South San Gabriel, Hickory and Morgan creeks. 
The productions are in large variety, embracing all of the cereals, vegetables, 
sorghum, melons, Irish and sweet potatoes, cotton and many kinds of fruits and 
grapes. The Colorado river flows through the southern part of the county, and 
has a fall of 100 feet at Marble Falls, aflbrding a water-power of great value. 
There are also considerable mineral deposits in the county, principally iron ore 
of fine quality, and traces of silver, gold, lead and coal. There can be found an 
abundance of lime and sand rock, and large quantities of marble of every variety 
of color. A good portion of the county is under cultivation, and such lands can 
be bought for from $3 to $10 per acre, while the unimproved lands are held at from 
50 cents to $3 per acre. The elevation above the Gulf is 1,650 feet, and the average 
rain-fall from twenty to forty inches. There are about fifty schools in the county; 
churches in all of the settled portions, which are well supported ; and the peoijle 
are moral and industrious. Burnet is a thriving town in the northern central 
part of the county and is the county seat. Mr. D. L. Luce is the county clerk. 

CALDWELL COUNTY. 

The charming valley of the San Marcos river is renowned in song and story. 
Its rich and fertile soil, its stately cedars and towering pines, its bloom and 
beauty and fragrant summer breeze, all combine to render it one of the most 
attractive sections in the State of Texas. 

Upon the north and northeastern bank of this delightful stream, between the 
20th and 31st degrees of longitude west, and in latitude 30 degrees north, is 



56 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

Caldwell county. It has an area of 522 square miles, about two-thirds of which 
is timbered, and one-third prairie land, in the northwest and southwest portions 
of the county. The timber consists of post oak, elm, walnut, ash, hickory, mes- 
quite, etc. The prairie lands are very rich, and produce abundantly of cotton, 
corn, vegetables, many of the cereals, fruits, grapes, etc. The acreage is 281,012, 
and is assessed for $886,237. The principal towns are as follows : Lockhart, with 
a population of about 1,000, is the county seat; Luling, with about 650 inhabi- 
tants, and Prairie Lea, with 100 population. The total assessed value of town 
lots is $124,827. The total population of the county is estimated at 10,000. Total 
assessed valuation of real and personal property is $1,709,907 ; and in the previous 
year the valuation was $1,387,028, showing an increase in one year of $322,879. 
This gratifying increase was owing to a large immigration to this county because 
of the completion of the G., H. & S. A. Railway to the city of San Antonio, and 
the consequent improvement of new lands. In Caldwell county there are 5,950 
horses and mules, valued at $124,616; cattle, 18,115, valued at $108,127; and hogs, 
7,966, valued at $9,947. There are also 18 churches of the different denomina^ 
tions, 33 public schools, 3 Masonic lodges, one I. O. O. F., and 13 granges. 

The county is splendidly watered. Upon the south and west is the San Mar- 
cos river. Plum creek, with West and Clear Fork as tributaries. Turney's creek, 
and numerous smaller streams traverse different sections of the county, and afford 
it plenty of pure and healthful water. 

The springs in this county are celebrated for their medicinal qualities, and 
are visited by thousands who are seeking health. " Burditt's Sour Wells " are 
situated six miles south of Lockhart, and eight miles west from Luling on the 
"Sunset Route." Cardwell's Spring is on the West Fork creek, seven miles 
south of Lockhart, and about the same distance from Luling. As a winter resort 
these springs present imusual attractions, and the exceptional health of the 
surrounding country, together with its charming scenery and delightful climate, 
far excel the favorite watering places upon the southern Atlantic coast. 

In Caldwell county there have been found traces of silver ore, and southeast 
from Lockhart an abundance of iron, while in other parts of the county veins 
of coal have been discovered, all of which may be more fully utilized as 
the county becomes more thickly settled. We are indebted to Mr. S. J. P. 
McDowell, county clerk, for the interesting facts connected with this county. 

CALHOUN COUNTY. 

The location of this county is upon the Gulf of Mexico, and between Mata- 
gorda and San Antonio bays. It is between the 19th and 20tli degrees of longitude 
west, and the 28th and 29th degrees of latitude north. It contains 650 square 
miles, about seven-eighths of which is prairie and one-eighth timber. The climate 
is warm and genial, and tempered with the breezes from the Gulf. The mean 
temperature is about 71 degrees and the rain-fall about 26 inches. The principal 
towns are ludianola, with a population of 1,500 ; Lavaca, with a population of 700 ; 
Laluria, with 120 inhabitants; La Salle, 120; and Long Mott, with a population 
of 200. The valuations of building lots in these towns are as follows: Indianola, 
$50; Lavaca, $10; La Salle, $25; Laluria, $5. The average price of lauds 
throughout the county is about $1.50 per acre, and they are mostly devoted to 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 57 

Stock raising. The county has a population of 2,500, and an assessed valuation 
of real and personal property of $700,000. It has seven public schools, live 
churches, two Masonic and one Odd Fellows lodges. The rivers traversing the 
county are the Guadalupe, Navidad and Carancohua. There is also a cousiderti- 
ble lake called Green Lake, and the Placido springs. The number of horses and 
mules in the county is 1,907, and valued at $24,845. The number of cattle is 
29,400, and valued at $156,615. The number of sheep 4,713, and valued at $7,873. 
Hogs, 459, value, $772. 

The county has no mineral resources, and its location upon the Gulf adapts it 
to the great stock producing interests of the Southwest. Upon the completion of 
the railroad now already completed to Cuero, its inhabitants will find a market 
at San Antonio, as they have already an outlet by the way of the Gulf and tlie 
Morgan line of steamers. The few facts connected with the productions and 
capacities of this county were furnished by Mr. F. J. Deck, clerk of the County 
Court, at Indianola, and by F. C. Rohre, Esq., assessor of the county. 

CAMERON COUNTY. 

This is the extreme southern county in Texas, bordering upon the Gulf, and 
is situated between the 26th and 27th degrees of latitude north, and between the 20tli 
and 21st degrees of longitude west from Washington. It has an area of about 
3,450 square miles, and a sparse population. In many places the soil is rich and 
productive, the chief crops being corn, cotton and sugar-cane, with a variety of 
vegetables. The timber is of the mesquite variety, with a moderate percentage 
of otlier kinds. The prairie lands are devoted to stock raising, and this is the 
principal industry of the county. The Rio Grande river runs along its southern 
border, and forms the dividing line with Mexico. Brownsville is the county scat, 
and is in the extreme southern part of the county. Fort Brown is at this point, a 
description of which may be found in the chapter upon Militaiy Posts, and in 
■which are mentioned the rain-fall and temperature of the county. Mr. Adolphus 
Glaweck is the county clerk. 

CAMP COUNTY. 

Camp county was formerly a part of Upshur county, from which it was 
detached, and organized in 1874. It contains one hundred and eighty-six square 
miles, about one-eighth of which is under cultivation, the remainder with a flne 
growth of timber of the various kinds, including pine, oak, ash, hickory, walnut, 
etc. It is the second county west from the eastern line of the State, about forty 
miles west of the Texas & Pacific Railroad running from Texarkana to Marshall, 
and about thirty-five miles north from the main line of the same road running 
from Shreveport to Fort Worth. The county is well watered, and the soil — a dark 
sandy loam — is extremely productive, and well adapted to the cultivation of 
cotton, cane, corn, and all descriptions of small grain. The different varieties 
of fruits also do well here. The eastern portion of the county is broken, and 
among its hills are numerous inexhaustible beds of fine iron ore. It being about 
400 feet above the level of the sea, the air is joure and bracing, and the climate is 
unusually healthy. The county has a population of 6,500, while Pittsburgh, the 



58 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

county seat, contains about 1,000 inhabitants, three fine churches, four schools, 
one Masonic lodge and one grange. There are schools and churches in nearly 
every neighborhood in the county, and the citizens as a rule, are refined, ener- 
getic and industrious. A railroad is graded through the county north and south, 
and when completed it will add much toward developing its agricultural and 
mineral resources. A. 8. Huly is the county clerk. 

CHAMBERS COUNTY. 

This county is situated between the 29th and 30th degrees of latitude north, 
and the 17th and 18th degrees of longitude west, and is bounded by Galveston 
Bay, and its tributary. East Bay, upon the south, and has also a border of five 
miles upon the Gulf of Mexico. Like all of the coast counties of Texas, its 
elimate is mild and delightful, and like the summer, its sea breezes are perpetual. 
The mean temperature is about 70 degrees, and the average rain-fall about 40 
inches. The soil is partly of the black-sticky and partly of sand-loam. It is 
covered with a good quality of grass, and suflicient timber for domestic purposes, 
and for the shelter of stock. This county was organized in 1858 by a division of 
Lil)erty county, and was named in honor of Gen. T. J. Chambers. It has an area 
of 990 square miles, only a small portion of which is in cultivation, it being 
almost exclusively devoted to stock raising. Hence, immigration has thus far 
been limited, although all kinds of garden vegetables can be produced in abund- 
ance, and with little labor. A ready and never failing market for these crops 
can be found at Galveston at all seasons of the year. The soil is also adapted to 
the production of cotton, sugar cane, and fruit of every variety. The county is 
well watered, Cedar Bayou flowing along the west border, and Old river through 
the center ; East Bay Bayou, Double Bayou and Oyster Bayou flow through the 
eastern portion, while there are several smaller streams traversing difi"erent 
sections of the county, all of which afi"ord a great variety of fish, among them 
the red fish trout, sheep-head and flounders. In the bayous are inexhaustible 
quantities of large oysters. During the winter season there is an abundant sup- 
ply of water fowl. It is carefully estimated that there are 50,000 cattle in this 
county, valued at 1275,000 ; 3,000 horses, valued at $45,000; 2,500 sheep, valued 
at $1.50 per head. The cultivated lands average from $3 to $20 per acre, and the 
unimproved lands from 25 cents to $5 per acre. The population numbers about 
2,000, and the people are supplied with several public schools, churches, etc., 
such as are usual in sparsely settled counties. As an evidence of the morality of 
the community it may be stated that the highest number of indictments ever 
found at any one term of the County Court was eight. The county seat is at 
Wallisville, and we are indebted to Mr. Hugh Jackson, clerk of the court of that 
county, for many of the foregoing facts. 

CHEROKEE COUNTY. 

The organization of Cherokee county was perfected by an act of the Legisla- 
ture, on the 11th of February, 1846. It is located on the 18th degree of longitude 
west from "Washington, and on the 32d degree of latitude north. It has an area 
of 98G square miles, and a population of about 13,000, one-fifth only of whom are 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 59 

colored, and about evenly distributed throughout the county. The topography of 
the county is hilly, and in its northern section somewhat mountainous. It lies 
in a timbered region, although there are large portions of it arable, rich and 
fertile. The limber consists of the usual varieties to be found in Texas; among 
them white, post and red oak, hickory, black-jack, walnut, pine, cypress, sycamore, 
elm, holly and mulberry predominate. The timber is in sufficient quantities for 
building, fencing and other domestic purposes. The southern portion of the 
county is the best timbered, and pine lumber can be bought for $10 per thousand 
feet. The soil is also in great variety, including the chocolate, the gray and 
black sandy loam, the black stiff bottom lands, and the red soil. It is very rich, 
fertile and easily cultivated, and the larger part of it very productive. The 
px-incipal crops are cotton and corn, while wheat, rye, oats and the smaller grains 
are now being successfully raised. As a fruit region, Cherokee county is second 
to but few in the State. There is also a generous yield of sorghum, sugar cane, 
tobacco, and all kinds of vegetables. Grapes are an abundant crop. The 
county is well watered with streams that flow through it, and with numerous 
springs of clear freestone water. Within the vicinity of Rusk, the county seat, 
there are several mineral and chalybeate springs, which are possessed of excellent 
medicinal qualities. The climate is mild and delightful, the summers long and 
■winters short, while the general uniformity of the weather is largely productive 
of health. The rain-fall is of good average, and hardly during a generation does 
vegetation suffer from a drouth. While in the southern portion of the county 
there are numbers of lumber mills, in the northern section rich mines of iron 
ore abound, and several furnaces are in operation. The grasses are prolific and 
nutritious, thereby aflbrding an excellent pasturage for all kinds of stock. The 
vmimproved lands, capable of being made to produce from 30 to 50 bushels of 
corn, one bale of cotton, or 4,500 pounds of tobacco, jDer acre, can be bought at 
from $2.50 to $5, and upon the most favorable terms. The I. & G. N. Railway 
traverses the northern portion of the county, and Jacksonville is the chief rail- 
way station. It is about 15 miles above Rusk, which is at present connected with 
it by a wooden tramway. There are several other flourishing towns in the 
county, and all of them are well supplied with schools, churches. Masonic and 
Odd Fellows' lodges, which are well supported. The inhabitants are industrious, 
cultivated and cordial, and the many advantages of the county are great induce- 
ments to those looking for new homes in Texas. Mr. W. L. Byod is the county 
clerk, and furnished many of the material facts connected with this county. 

COLEMAN COUNTY. 

This county is situated west of Brown county, the Colorado river forming its 
southern boundary, and in latitude 32 degrees north, and lon-iitude between the 
21st and 22d degrees west from Washington. Urania, Dodcls, Home and Clear 
creeks are tributaries of the Colorado river, and water the southern portion of 
the county, which is a high, rolling prairie, while the northern section is broken 
and mountainous, and abounds in creeks and springs. The soils are black and 
sandy loams and very productive, the crops being corn, wheat, rye, oats, cotton, 
and all of the vegetables. There is plenty of timber for fencing and building 
purposes. The grasses are excellent, and the coxinty is finely adapted to stock 



60 SOUTHEKN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUTDB. 

raising. It is specially adapted to sheep raising, and this industry is rapidly ex- 
panding and becoming one of great profit. The elevation of the county above 
the Gulf is about 2,200 feet, and the climate is salubrious and healthful. The 
rain-fall has a good average, and the temperature a range from 30 to 90 degrees. 
Coleman, a thriving town, is the county seat, and Mr. L. C. Williamson is the 
county clerk. 

COLORADO COUNTY. 

This county is bounded on the north and east by Fayette and Austin counties, 
and on the south and west by Wharton and Lavaca counties, the Colorado river 
traversing its centre from northwest to southeast. It has an area of nine hundred 
and five square miles, its south line being about sixty-four miles from Matagorda 
on the Gulf coast. The Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Road traverses the 
county diagonally from southeast to northwest, which afibrds it most excellent 
transportation facilities. 

On the line of the above named road, on the west bank of the Colorado river, 
is situated the delightful, growing city of Columbus, the county seat of Colorado 
county. Here one sees all of the taste and enterprise displayed in beautifying the 
town usually witnessed in Northern towns and cities. Along the streets and 
public walks are rows of beautiful shade trees of diflerent varieties, while the 
public buildings, business houses and dwellings are most attractive. Columbus 
has a population of nearly or quite 4,500, while that of the county is about 21,000, 
about one-third of which are blacks. 

As an index to the prosperity of the county, it is only necessary to state that 
it is entirely free from debt, with an assessed valuation of property of thre<; 
and a quarter million dollars. The citizens of the county take a lively interest 
in its educational and religious advantages, and school houses and churches are 
multiplying rapidly. The white population of Columbus have four fine churches,, 
and the blacks three. We also noticed a fine four-story brick college building, 
located in one of the most delightful portions of the city. The people of Colorado 
county fully appreciate the fact that free schools and churches are the sub-structures 
on which to erect that moral, religious and law abiding structure, so necessary 
to the advancement and development of all civilized communities. They not 
only have ample facilities for educating their own sons and daughters, but 
they are prepared to accommodate those from other localities less favored with 
college advantages. 

The health of this county, like most other counties contiguous to the Gulf, is ex- 
cellent. Being always favored with a Gulf breeze, the summer days are relieved 
of their oppressiveness, while the nights are cool and invigorating. Shattered 
constitutions are here restored, and the wan cheek of many a consumptive 
patient regains a healthy glow. 

The face of the country throughout the county is undulating, with a gradual 
decrease toward the south, the rivers and creeks running gulf-ward, affording 
ample drainage, hence pools of stagnant water are not usual to this section. 
Although the county is fully three-fourths prairie, there is an abundance of 
timber for building, fuel and fencing purposes, consisting of post oak, water oak, 
burr oak, live oak, black-jack, hickory, pecan, cypress, elm, ash, walnut, etc. 
The bottom lands in this county are admirably adapted to the cultivation of 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 



61 



cotton, corn and cane, while the uplands produce all descriptions of grain to a 
most bountiful extent. Besides the Colorado river, the county is watered by the 
Navidad river, and Harvey's, Cummins, Skull, and Sandy creeks. 

Unimproved lands in this county, a large amount of which are owned by non- 
resident speculators, ar« worth from one to twelve dollars per acre according to 
location and quality, while cultivated farms range at from fifteen to forty dollars 
per acre, those contiguous to Columbus selling at outside figures. Being nearly 
equi-distant from Houston, San Antonio and Austin, and in the center of one of 
the richest belts of country in the State, the prospective outlook for Columbus 
is most flattering. 

COMAL COUNTY. ^ 




Ferkv, Comal Kiver. 



The situation of this county is immediately north of Bexar county, in longi- 
tude 21 degrees west, and latitude 30 degrees north. It is upon an elevated plain, 
and at the beginning of the vast section of high table lands that stretch away to 
the north and west of Texas. The climate is delightful and tempered with the 
genial breezes from the Gulf. The altitude of the county above the sea level is 
about 750 feet; the southern portion is undulating with occasional hills, while the 
surface of the northern section is made up of extended table lands and moderate 
valleys. The soil is a black loam and very rich, especially along the valleys. 



62 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

It has an area of 575 square miles, which is divided as follows : one-third timber 
and two-thirds prairie. 

The products are in great variety, and all kinds of cereals, vegetables, fruits, 
etc., are produced in abundance, while a large section of the county is devoted 
to stock raising. The timbered portion is covered with live oak, post oak, mes- 
quite, etc. 

The rivers flowing through this county are the Guadalupe, Cibolo, Blanco 
and the beautiful Comal. They have abundant quantities of clear water both 
for domestic and milling purposes. The Comal and Waco springs are the finest 
in the South, and attract wide attention. The health of this county is greatly 
owing to its excellent waters. 

At the confluence of the Comal and Guadalupe rivers is situated the city of 
New Braunfels, with a population of 2,500. It is mostly peopled with Germans 
who are industrious and progressive. At this point there is a splendid water 
privilege, with a fall of fifteen feet and a never failing supply of water. It is but 
partially utilized with one flouring mill, while its capacity is ample for several 
mills and manufactories. 

The population of this county is about 5,600 ; the assessed valuation of its 
city and town lots is $294,380, and of its acreage, $523,944; while the total 
assessed valuation of its real and personal property amounted, in 1877, to 
$1,;230,940. In the county there are 4,152 horses, valued at $75,225 ; cattle, 
12,972, valued at $68,784; sheep, 1,518, valued at $1,500; and 862 hogs, valued at 
$aG5. There are also six churches and nineteen public schools. Comal is one 
of the finest counties in Western Texas, and its population is rapidly increasing. 
Mr. H. E. Fischer is the county clerk, and to him we acknowledge obligations 
for many of the foregoing statistics. 

COMANCHE COUNTY. • 

The organization of this county was perfected in 1857. It contains 1,050 
square miles, and is situated on the line of the 82d parallel of latitude, and 
between the 21st and 22d degrees of longitude west from Washington. The 
prairie and timbered lands are about equally divided in this county. The timber 
consists of post oak, pecan, cottonwood, mesquite and other varieties. It is in 
quantities to supply domestic wants. The soils are black loam, in the bottom 
lands, and chocolate, black and white sandy upon the uplands. They are easily cul- 
tivated and very productive. The county is finely adapted to either stock raising 
or farming. The grasses are of luxuriant growth, and the supply is abundant 
for stock either summer or winter. The products are chiefly wheat, rye, oats> 
corn, sugar cane, barley, and all kinds of vegetables. The average yield of corn 
is twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre ; oats, fifty to sixty bushels ; wheat, fif- 
teen to twenty bushels ; and cotton from one-half to a full bale per acre. It is 
also a good fruit country, although but little attention has thus far been devoted 
to that product. The county is well watered, the south and north forks of the 
Leon river traversing its entire length, and with numerous springs and tributary 
creeks, there is an abundant supply. The amount of land under cultivation is 
about 50,000 acres, and the price of that which is improved ranges from $3 to 
$20 per acre, while the unimproved is valued at from $1 to $3 per acre. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 63 

Purchases can be made upon favorable terms either for small amounts or 
in large bodies. There is plenty of good building stone in the county, 
and considerable coal and copper. The mean temperature is less than 70 
degrees; the elevation about 2,000 feet ; the rain-fall is a full average with adjoin- 
ing counties; the climate is delightful and healthy; the people are industrious, 
and immigrants are cordially welcomed. Mr. J. D. Bonner is the county clerk. 

CONCHO COUNTY. 

This county is situated east of Tom Green and north of Menard counties, 
between the 81st and 32d degrees of latitude, and the 22d and 23d degrees of 
lougitude west from Washington. It has a high altitude, about 2,100 feet, and 
the surface is a grand rolling prairie, only one-tifth of which is timbered, consist- 
ing of live oak, hickory, pecan and walnut. It took its name from the Concho 
river, which traverses its northern section, and which, with its branches, afford 
a fair supply of water. In the southern part of the county are the celebrated 
Kickapoo springs. 

The county has an area of 900 square miles, and, as yet, a very sparse popula- 
tion. The soils are of a red loam, and produce fine grasses for the support of 
stock. Sheep raising is the chief industry, and is found to be quite successful. 
There are several good water privileges on the Kickapoo creek and Concho river, 
which could be utilized to advantage. There is fine sandstone and limestone 
throughout the county for building and fencing purposes. Land ranges in price 
from 50 cents to $1.50 per acre. The assessed valuation of the county is about 
1300,000. 

The El Paso stage and mail route traverses the county, and at no distant day 
this section of the State will be supplied with the facilities of railroad trans- 
portation. The rain-fall and temperature are noted in the chapter on Military 
Posts. 

COOKE COUNTY. 

This county is situated between the thirty-third and thirty-fourth degrees of 
latitude, and between the ninety-seventh and ninty-eighth degrees of longitude, 
being one of the northern counties of the State, and contains a population of 
13,000. Gainesville, a thriving and rapidly growing town of 1,800 inhabitants, 
located on a beautiful plateau, between Elm and Pecan creeks, is the county seat, 
and being about the center of the county it affords a convenient market for all 
sections of the county. The inhabitants are chiefly from the Eastern and Middle 
States, and as a rule they are industrious and enterprising, and through their 
industry and judicious system of business the varied resources of the county are 
being rapidly develoi^ed. The religious and educational advantages of the 
county are excellent, there being a large number of churches and school houses, 
with many others springing up all through the county. There is one Masonic 
lodge, one grange and one temperance organization in the county. The supply 
of pure living water is abundant. Three branches of the Trinity river flow 
through the entire county, from north to south, while numerous small creeks of 
clear water traverse the county in different directions. There are also a large 
number of springs, producing the very best drinking water. In most instances 



64 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUTDE. 

an adequate supply of well water can be obtained at a depth of from fifteen to 
thirty-five feet. Few counties in Texas ofier larger agricultural or sanitary 
inducements to immigrants than does Cooke county. Gainesville is in a due west 
direction from Sherman, distance about forty miles, and about sixty-five miles in 
a southwesterly direction from Denison. The uncompleted branch of the Texas 
& Pacific Road, running from Sherman to Fort Worth, touches the southeast 
corner of this county. The Red river forms the boundary line between it and 
the Indian Territory to the north, along which stream, as also along the various 
other water courses that traver.se the county, there is an abundance of timber, 
embracing the different varieties usually found in that latitude. In brief, there 
is no want of timber for fencing and building purposes. There is also an 
abundance of fine magnesian limestone, gray and red sandstone in different parts 
of the county. The county is about four-fifths prairie, with a variety of soil, all 
admirably adapted to grain and cotton growing. These lands can be bought 
for from two to five dollars per acre, according to location as to railroads and 
markets. Improved farms are selling at from ten to twenty-five dollars per acre, 
while improved farms are leased at from three to four dollars per acre, or for 
one-fourth of the crops, the lessee furnishing everything. The climate is all that 
could be desired ; there is neither extreme heat nor cold to be encountered, the 
temperature In summer usually ranging from 80 to 90 degrees, and from 20 to 
35 degrees in winter. E. F. Bunch is the county clerk. 

CORYELL COUNTY. 

Between the 31st and 32d degrees of latitude north, and the 20th and 21st 
degrees of longitude west from Washington, is situated Coryell county. It 
contains an area of 900 square miles, about two-thirds of which is tillable, and 
the balance adapted to stock ranges. The county is finely watered ; the Leon 
and Cow House rivers, with numerous branches, running through it from north- 
west to southeast, with a great number of springs, and opportunities to obtain 
good well water at from ten to forty feet in depth in any part of the county. 
The surface of the county is undulating, two ranges of hills extending through 
the county, which, in many places, are from 100 to 200 feet in height, afford- 
ing ample drainage. A portion of the county is lightly timbered, but suffi- 
ciently so for the purposes of fencing and domestic uses. The soils range from a 
rich black prairie to productive bottom lands ; and yield large crops of cotton, 
corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and all kinds of vegetables, and considerable fruit and 
grapes in abundance. The grasses are plentiful and nutritious, aflbrding support 
for stock at all seasons of the year. Along the streams there are advantageous 
opportunities for small farmers to cultivate from 20 to 100 acres of laud, and in 
addition have a stock range that will yield substantial profits. The climate is 
desirable, being uniform in temperature, healthy and invigorating from the Gulf 
breeze. It has an elevation of about 900 feet, and the rain-fall has a good aver- 
age. Gatesville is the county seat, and is beautifully situated on the Leon river, 
near the center of the county, and has an enterprising population of about 800. 
It is forty miles west from Waco, and has excellent schools, several churches, 
and other advantages usual to towns of that magnitude. Coryell City, Jones- 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 65 

boro and Eagle Springs are smaller towns In other sections of the county, all of 
which have good educational advantages, and are rapidly growing. As an evi- 
dence of the agricultural capabilities and opportunities of Coryell county it may 
be safely stated that its population has increased threefold since 1870 ; and is 
composed of immigrants from all of the older States and largely from the Southern 
States. The people are intelligent and progressive, and cordially welcome tlie 
new comer who seeks a home among them. "With the exception of a small 
balance on the new court house, which cost $25,000, the county is out of del)t, 
and for the year 1878 the taxes will not exceed twenty-five cents on $100 assessment. 
The prices of improved lands range from $8 to $20 per acre, and unimproved 
from $1 to $10 per acre. They can be bought on easy and favorable terms. Mr. 
M. L. Allen is the county clerk. 

CROCKETT COUNTY. 

This is one of the vast unorganized counties of Western Texas, and took its 
name from David Crockett. It is situated south of the 31st degree of latitude, 
and between the 23d and 25th degrees of longitude west from Washington. The 
Rio Pecos river flows along its western boundary, and with its tributary creeks 
and other small streams that section of the county is fairly watered. The sur- 
face of the countj' is undulating, and in some sections hilly and mountainous. 
The soils are of a black sandy quality, and along the streams quite fertile. 
Hardly any of the 16,000 square miles of this county are under cultivation. 
There is little if any timber, and its principal value will be for grazing purposes. 
There is found plenty of lime and sandstone, which will supply the need for 
building and fencing. The altitude above the Gulf will average 2,000 feet, and 
the climate is delightful, dry and healthy. The mean temperature is about 60 
-degrees, and the rain-fall will not average over 16 inches. 

DE WITT COUNTY. 

On the 29th degree of latitude north, and the 20th degree of longitude west 
from Washington, is situated De Witt county, and contains an area of 900 
square miles. It is partially timbered with oak, pecan and other varieties. 
The soils are very productive along the prairie bottoms, and so luxuriant is 
vegetation that the uplands are preferred for farming. Corn and cattle were 
formerly the chief production, but of late years wheat, oats and all of the smaller 
grains have been successfully cultivated. Vegetables in great variety, and 
many kinds of fruit are produced. The Guadalupe river and many creeks and 
springs furnish a supply of water, whilj well water is easily attainable at a 
moderate depth. 

This county is adapted to stock raising, and its citizens are taking great care 
in improving their stock by an infusion of the blooded breeds among the natives. 
The sheep stock has been greatly improved in this way, and that industry is 
becoming the most valuable and important in the county. It is estimated that 
the wool clip and increase of stock pays, at least, a net profit of 3o per cent. 
The Colorado grasses have a wonderful growth, and the stock is soft and very 
.nutritious. It is much sought after, and when harvested commands from $18 to 
5 



66 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

|20 per ton at the Gulf town of Indianola. Hogs thrive and fatten upon the- 
abundant mast that is found upon the bottom lands, and that industry pays liber- 
ally because of the nominal cost of raising them. 

Cuero is, perhaps, the most important town in the county, it being the terminus 
of the Gulf, "Western Texas & Pacific Railway. By this means of transportation 
the county is supplied with plenty of pine lumber for fencing and building 
purposes, at a moderate cost, and a market for its surplus products. Clinton is 
a thriving town and is the county seat. The people are industrious and hospita- 
ble. They support schools and churches, and are prosperous. The climate is 
healthy and delightful. The temperature is uniform and tempered by the trade 
winds from the Gulf. The rain-fall is a full average of that section of the State, 
and the elevation of the county above the level of the Gulf is sufficient to secure 
good drainage. It is rapidly increasing in population, and developing in a like 
ratio its agricultural resources. Robert Thomas is the county clerk 

DIMMIT COUNTY. 

This is another of the southwestern counties that almost touch the sandy 
banks of the Rio Grande. It is in latitude 28 degrees 30 minutes north ; and east 
of the 23d degree of longitude west. It has an area of about 900 square miles, 
and its northeastern section is traversed by the Nueces river and tributaries. 
Upon its northern border are Espantosa and Forked lakes. The county is fairly 
watered for that section of the State, and along its streams and surrounding its 
lakes can be found a moderate growth of timber. Much of this land is quite 
productive and yields average crops. Stock raising has been its chief industry, 
and as immigration shall flow into it there will be a decided improvement both 
in production and the arts that follow civilization. The climate is warm, but not 
unhealthy, the temperature being toned by a prevailing sea breeze. The rain- 
fall is moderate, and the elevation above the Galf only gradual. 

DUVAL COUNTY. 

This county contains an area of about 1,600 square miles, and is situated 
directly west of Nueces county, on and south of the 23d degree of latitude, 
and between the 21st and 22d of longitude west from Washington. The surface 
of the country is almost an unbroken prairie, with a fair growth of light timber 
along the bottom land. It is watered by several creeks, and well water can be 
obtained in almost any section of the county. The soil is productive, the princi- 
pal crops being corn and cotton, while of late years the farmer has been directing 
attention to the production of wheat and other small grains. The chief industry, 
however, is stock raising, and this is made to be profitable because of the abun- 
dant grass crops and the genial climate. Like other counties in this part of the 
State, the rain-fall is moderate, and the temperature is invigorated with a Gulf 
breeze. Lands can be purchased at moderate prices and upon favorable terms. 

EDWARDS COUNTY. 

The western boundary of this county joins Crockett, and it is upon the 30tli 
degree of latitude north, and between the 22d and 23d degrees of longitude: 



COTJNTIES OP TEXAS. 07 

west. The south fork of the Llano river penetrates its northern section, and 
branches of the Nueces river its southern portion. The county contains about 
1,000 square miles of excellent land, which is wholly undeveloped. It is adapted 
to a large variety of productions, and at some future time will become one of the 
most prosperous of "Western Texas counties. It has an elevation of about 800 
feet, and a healthful and charming climate. The rain-fall is fair, and the county 
abounds in springs and creeks. The lands are at present held at nominal prices, 
and oti'er a good investment. 

EL PASO. 

In 1620 the Jesuits settled in the valley of El Paso, which extends a distance 
of 140 miles, and has an average width of about six miles. Along this valley 
the soils are alluvial, very rich and productive. The county of El Paso is yet 
without a civil organization, but was surveyed and bounded in 1850 by Major 
R. S. Neighbors. On the west and south the county is bordered by the Rio 
Grande river, for a distance of over 100 miles, and on the southeast by Presidio 
and Tom Green counties. Its northern boundary is the 33d degree of latitude, 
and divides it from New Mexico. The elevation of this county above the Gulf 
level is nearly 4,000 feet, and the surface of the country is broken and mountain- 
ous in many sections. Excepting in the valley, there are no productions of 
consequence without irrigation. The climate is dry and delightful, the rain-fall 
is slight and the temperature even. The population are Mexicans and number 
about 4,000, all of whom are settled along and in the valley country. The exten- 
sion of railway facilities to El Paso, and thence to the Pacific coast, will do 
much toward changing the character of the inhabitants, and much toward devel- 
oping the rich land in El Paso valley. 

ENCINA COUNTY. 

This is one of the dry undeveloped counties of Southwestern Texas. It con- 
tains an area of about 1,000 square miles, and is situated on the 22d degree of 
longitude west, and between the 27th and 28th degrees of latitude north, mostly 
south of the latter. The surface of the county is level, the soil is comparatively 
light, the productions are fair, and upon its northern border it is watered by numer- 
ous branches of the Nueces river. There are also several creeks in its southern 
section that flow into the Rio Grande river. Along the streams there is a mod- 
erate growth of timber, which is enough to supply a domestic want. Stock 
raising is the chief industry. The temperature will average over 70 degrees and 
yet it is moderated by a pleasant breeze from the Gulf. The rain-fall has a low 
average, and the elevation of the county above the sea level is but gradual. The 
contemplated railway from San Antonio to Laredo is surveyed through the 
northwestern section of this county. 

ERATH COUNTY. 

This county lies just north of the 32d parallel of latitude, and on the line of 
the 21st degree of longitude west from Washington. It is in the northern central 
portion of Texas, and contains 950 square miles, and a population of about 15,000. 



68 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

The surface of the county is of a rolling character, about equally divided between 
timber and prairie. The timber is of the variety and character usually found iij 
this portion of Texas, and in quantity is ample for fencing and domestic uses. 
The county is well watered by numerous creeks and streams, while in every sec- 
tion good well water is obtainable at a moderate depth. The soils are of a 
black waxy, post oak and black sandy. It is very rich and fertile, and after the 
first " breaking up " is easily tilled. It will bear cultivation for a long series of 
years without the need of fertilizing, and the crops will increase in quantity. 
The chief productions are corn, cotton, wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, every 
variety of vegetables, fruits and grapes. It is also a splendid grazing country, 
and stock raising is a profitable industry. The grasses grow luxuriantly, and are 
sweet and nutritious. The elevation of the county is about 2,000 feet above the 
level of the Gulf, the southern breeze tempers the atmosphere, and renders the 
climate exhilarating and delightful. The mean temperature is about 67 degrees, 
and the rain-fall will average about 33 inches. It has an assessed valuation of 
about $2,000,000. The schools and churches are well supported, and the inhabi- 
tants thrifty, law abiding and intelligent. The population is rapidly increasing, 
and the immigrant finds a hospitable and cordial welcome. Stephenville is an 
enterprising and important town, with a population of 1,200. It is situated in 
the central portion of the county, and is the county seat. Its inhabitants are 
equal in intelligence and cultivation to those of any other town in the country. 
They are also peaceable, temperate, and rigidly maintain the laws. Mr. John S. 
Hyatt is the county clerk. 

FALLS COUNTY. 

This county is located in the central portion of the State between the 31st and 
32d degrees of latitude north, and the 20th degree of longitude west from Wash- 
ington, about 220 miles from the Gulf. It has an area of 900 square miles and 
a population of 14,500. Marlin, the county seat, is situated near the center of 
the county, on the line of the Waco & Northwestern Railway, a branch of the 
Houston & Texas Central, and has a thriving population of about 1,500. The 
Brazos river runs through the county from north to south, dividing it into nearly 
two equal parts, and furnishing a belt of bottom lands which are unsurpassed in 
richness and fertility by any other lands in the United States; the belt varying 
from three to six miles in width. The other sections of this county are of high 
and healthful rolling prairie. The soil ranges from a black sandy to a black 
sticky in quality, and is of great fertility, yielding, in an uncultivated condition, 
a luxuriant pasturage for all kinds of stock, and when cultivated immense crops 
of corn, cotton, wheat, all of the smaller grains, vegetables in large quantities, 
9,nd fruit in abundance. Its geographical position and uniform climate ofier equal 
advantages for the growth of cotton and the cereal crops. In addition, the 
county has been exempt from the damages of the cotton worm, which is so de- 
structive in the more southerly sections of the country. Nearly one-fourth of 
the county is well timbered, consisting of ^30St oak, pin oak, hackberry, hickory, 
ash, cedar, elm and cottonwood. In almost every community there is a free 
school, and others are constantly being organized under the liberal provisions of 
the school law existing in the State. In the town of Marlin there are several 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 69 

churches representing the Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists and Catholics. 
The morals of the people are excellent ; they are industrious and intelligent ; and 
altogether the county of Falls offers many inducements to the immigrant, where 
he can secure for himself and family the comforts of a good home and find 
hospitable and kind neighbors. M. H. Curry is the county clerk. , 

FAYETTE COUNTY. 

This county was organized in January, 1838, and has an area of 975 square 
miles. It is located in longitude 20 degrees west, and latitude 30 degrees north, 
upon the line of the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway. The 
rain-fall is about 30 inches, and the mean temperature about 69 degrees. The 
Colorado river passes through the county from northwest to southeast, and there 
are also twenty creeks traversing different portions of the county, which afford 
an ample and inexhaustible supply of water for stock and domestic purposes. 
The names of the several creeks are suggestive of the country and its products, 
and are known as follows : Peach, Live Oak, Pin Oak, Buckner, Bartow, Cedar, 
East and West Navidad, Mulberry, Rocky, Middle, Williams, Criswell, Rabbs, 
Jones, Cedar No. 3, Clear, High Hill, Cummins, Owl, and Haw creeks. There 
are two lakes: Primms and Crownover. The surface of the county is rolling, 
and is about equally divided between prairie and timber land. The timber is 
principally post oak, although there is a limited variety of other kinds. The 
quality of the soil is black and sandy loam, and what is known as "waxy." It 
is veiy rich and productive, and bears the highest cultivation. About one-half 
of the county is tillable prairie, one-fourth tillable timber, and one-fourth first-class 
timber land. The land under cultivation ranges in value from $5 to $35 per 
acre, and the uncultivated land from $1 to $15 per acre. In addition to the G., 
H. & S. A. Railroad, there is in operation through this county the H. & T. Cen- 
tral Railway ; and the proposed Western Narrow Gauge and Hurley's Narrow 
Gauge will be constructed at no distant period. These excellent facilities for 
transportation add considerable to the value of the land, and render this coimty 
one of the most desirable in the State. The climate is mild and healthy. The 
principal agricultural products are cotton and corn, which yield excellent crops, 
the cotton averaging over one-half bale to the acre, and corn 30 bushels to the 
acre. The stock-raising interests of this county are important, as shown by the 
following table : 



Number of Cattle, 34,194; 

" Sheep, 4,136; 

" Hogs, 19,144; 

" Goats, 132; 

" Mules, 3,865; 

" Horses, 7,731; 

The assessed valuation of real and personal property for 1877 was $5,195,475. 
The county has an intelligent and enterprising population of nearly 30,000. 
There are in the county 50 churches, 98 schools, 6 Masonic lodges, 2 I. O. O. F. 
lodges, 1 Knights of Honor, and about 20 Granger lodges. There are also 
thirteen villages, viz : La Grange, county seat, population, 3,000 ; Fayetteville, 



valued at $ 8.00 each. 

1.50 " 

1.50 " 

1.00 " 

" 50.00 " 

" 30.00 " 



70 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

population, 250; Ehlinger, population, 100; Round Top, population, 200; War- 
renton, population, 150 ; Ledbetter, population, 150 ; Rutersville, population, 100 ; 
Winchester, population, 250; Cistern, population, 150; Flatonia, population, 800; 
New Prague, population, 150 ; Schulenburg, population, 1,000 ; and High Hill, 
popul,ation, 150. This county is attracting a large immigration because of the 
richness of its soil, its genial and healthful climate, its many streams of pure 
water, its opportunities for marketing its productions, and the excellent and pro- 
gressive character of its industrious inhabitants. We are under obligations to 
Thomas Q. Mullen, Esq., clerk of the County Court of the county, who resides 
at La Grange, for many of the important facts connected with the description of 
Fayette county. 

FORT BEND COUNTY. 

This county is north of Brazoria county and south of Harris county, in longitude 
18 and 19 degrees west, and in latitude 29 and 30 degrees north. It is only one 
county removed from the Gulf coast, and its general topography and climate 
corresponds with that of Brazoria county. In 1870 it had a population of 7,114, 
which has been greatly increased, and a fair proportion of its lands brought un- 
der cultivation. The Brazos river traverses a " crooked way " through this county, 
and its rich alluvial bottom lands are nearly six miles wide and from ten to twelve 
feet in depth. Oyster creek is also one of the noted streams in this county, and the 
lands adjoining it are exceedingly fertile, and produce large crops of sugar cane 
and cotton. The timbered sections of the county are along the river bottoms, and 
are heavily covered with oak, elm, pecan, ash, mulberry, Cottonwood, etc. Away 
from the river valleys is an extensive prairie country, the lands of which are 
of a light sandy loam, easily cultivated and fairly productive. The grasses are 
fine and very nutritious, the stock finding ample sustenance both summer and 
winter, while the timber along the river afl:brds shelter and protection from the 
occasional " northers." Fort Bend is a good average of the southern counties of 
Texas, and its inhabitants are intelligent and industrious. Richmond is the 
county seat, and H. S. Somerville the county clerk. 

FREESTONE COUNTY. 

Freestone county is situated on the Austin branch of the International & 
Great Northern Railway, on the west of the Trinity river. It is in latitude 31i/^ 
degrees, and contains a little over 900 square miles. This county is not as well 
watered as could be desired, nor is it as well adapted to agricultural pursuits as 
many of its sister counties. Situated on the dividing ridge between the Brazos 
and Trinity rivers, the face of the country, although generally level, is suffi- 
cently undulating to prevent accumulations of surface water. The population of 
the county numbers about 12,500, one-third of which are blacks. As relates to 
educational and religious advantages the county will compare favorably with any 
other of a like population in the State, there being some twenty churches of the 
diflerent denominations, with a like number of school houses. Fairfield, a thriv- 
ing town, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, about thirty- 
five miles southwest from Palestine, one of the best market centers in that part of 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 71 

the State. The land is largely of a light sandy loam, which for years past has 
been devoted to the growing of cotton and corn, although small grains have met 
with good results in some portions of the county. About one-fourth of the 
county is prairie, the remaining three-fourths being timbered with the usual 
varieties, including pine and cypress. There are a large number of cotton gins, 
and also an adequate number of flouring and sawmills in the county. The average 
price of unimproved land is about $3 per acre, or from $1.50 to $6; while im- 
proved farms range at from |3 to $15 per acre. F. W. Sims is the county clerk. 

FRIO COUNTY. 

This county is southeast from San Antonio, in longitude 23 degrees west from 
Washington, and latitude 29 degrees north. It has an area of 1,050 square miles, 
and is largely composed of dry, undulating prairie lands. The soils are fertile and 
very productive under a system of irrigation, but without it farming is a doubt- 
ful experiment. However, there are a few clear and beautiful mountain streams 
flowing through the county, and along the valleys the products are varied and 
abundant. 

The Rio Frio river courses southeasterly in the coimty ; wiiile the Leona 
river traverses its southwestern section, forming a junction with the Rio Frio in 
the southern portion of the county. In addition, there are the Seco, Hondo, 
Black, Francisco, Deer, Todos, Santos, and Tehuacana creeks, all of which are 
small, clear streams, and furnish a good supply of water. As in this coimty the 
rain-fall is nominal, irrigation becomes necessary, and the expenditure of money 
for that purpose is justified, because of the excellent and productive quality of 
the land, the charming and healthful climate and uniform temperature. Along 
the streams there is some timber which supplies in a degree domestic wants. 
There is already organized and in operation in this county, the " Leona Irrigation 
and Manufacturing Canal Company." The company have a tract of 35,000 acres 
of land, which is of a deep black sandy soil, and under irrigation will produce 
wheat, rye, oats, corn, sugar cane, vegetables, fruits, etc. It also furnishes oppor- 
tunities for stock raising, which industry is very successfully prosecuted. 

Frio City is the county seat, and is situated on the banks of its namesake 
stream. It is a beautiful, thriving town, and its advantages are rapidly increas- 
ing. John B. McMahan is the county clerk. 

GALVESTON COUNTY. 

The Island of Galveston is situated on the Gulf of Mexico, between the 29th 
and 30th parallels of latitude north; and on the 18th degree of longitude west 
from Washington. It is about thirty-two miles long, with an average width of 
from two to five miles. The soil is sandy and barren, and except within and 
about the city of Galveston, there are no productions of any consequence. Its 
elevation above the sea is from two to ten feet, and the trade winds from the Gulf 
render the warm climate invigorating. As the city is practically all that there 
is of general interest attaching to that county, the reader is referred to its descrip- 
tion on another page. Charles T. McMahan is the county clerk. 



72 SOUTHERK AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

GILLESPIE COUNTY. 

In the 22d degree of longitude west from Washington, and between the 30th 
and 31st degrees of kxtitude north, is situated Gillespie county. It contains 
an area of about 1,000 square miles, and as yet has a sparse population which is 
gradually increasing. The surface is high and rolling, and in the northeastern 
section there are abrupt hills, among them Mount Hudson. The county is 
watered by numerous streams, creeks and springs, and along the valleys there is 
a variety of timber, in quantities for fencing and for supplying other domestic 
wants. A large portion of the county is prairie, and sustains fine grasses for 
grazing. The soils are generally of a sandy loam, and in many sections very 
productive. The crops consist of wheat, corn, rye, oats, cotton, vegetables in 
great variety, including Irish and sweet potatoes, grapes, plums, and fruits to a 
limited extent. Although fruits have not as yet been generally cultivated, the soil 
and climate are both adapted to their successful culture. This county lies 
directly west from Austin, a distance of about sixty miles, and has a temperature 
averaging about 68 degrees, and an average rain-fall of about 34 inches. Its 
elevation above the Gulf is about 800 feet, and the climate is healthy and delight- 
ful, being tempered with the southern winds. It is a fine stock-raising region ; 
the people are intelligent and thrifty, and cordially welcome the industrious 
immigrant. Lands can be purchased at low prices, and upon the most favorable 
terms. Fredericksburg is a prosperous town situated just east of the center of 
the county, and is the county seat. Mr. H. Bierschroal is the county clerk. 

GOLIAD COUNTY. 

This county is situated in Southern Texas, between the 20th and 21st degrees 
of longitude west, and the 28th and 29th parallels of latitude north. It is one of 
the old counties, having been organized in 1841, and has an area of about 600,000 
acres. Its history is connected with the heroic events of Texan independence, 
but our purpose is only a description of its agricultural capabilities. The surface 
of the county is undulating prairie, about one-fourth of which is lightly tim- 
bered, consisting chiefly of oak and pecan. The sale of pecans is a very- 
profitable industry, the price being from $2 to $5 per bushel. The elevation from 
the Gulf is gradual, and while the eastern section is well watered and timbered, the- 
western section is principally prairie, having a rich and fertile soil. Along the 
streams, and especially the valley of the San Antonio river, the soil is of an ash 
loam and its productions are abundant. The San Antonio river flows through 
the county from northwest to southeast and has many creek branches. The Per- 
dido, Menahuilla and Colctto creeks furnish a good supply of water. The pro- 
ducts are of the variety usual in that section of the State, and the crops large and 
profitable. Especially is Goliad county adapted to fruit and grape culture.. 
The grapes are an extraordinary crop, and grow spontaneously, They make 
an excellent quality of claret wine, and this iadustry is increasing. Goliad is 
the county seat, situated on the east bank of the San Antonio river, near the cen- 
ter of the county, and has a population of about 2,000. Upon the opposite side 
of the river from that town is the old mission of La Bahia. It was the scene of 
the slaughter of Col. Fannin and his brave men in 1836. The population of the- 



COUNTIES OF TJJXAS. 73 

county is over 5,000; and the schools and churches are well maintained. Im- 
proved lands are worth from $1 to $5 per acre along the river courses, while prairie 
lands are selling at from 50 cents to $1. Rentals can be had on favorable terms. 
The climate is delightful and healthy, and a Gulf breeze tempers the atmosphere. 

GONZALES COUNTY. 

This ranks among the finest agricultural counties in the State, and with a 
population of 16,000, which is rapidly increasing, its immediate future looks 
most promising. Gonzales county is a little less than sixty miles in length, and 
about twenty-five miles in width, and contains 1,100 square miles. There is quite 
a diversity of soil and scenery in so vast a body of land, hence we shall not 
attempt to give more than a general outline of their characteristics. 

There are few coimties in the State that are better watered. The Guadalupe 
and San Marcos rivers, Peach, Plum and Sandies creeks, and numerous branches 
and rivulets flow through it, which aS'ord an abundant supply of good water. 
There are also several fine lakes that never fail, even in the dryest seasons. In 
all portions of the county a liberal quantity of well water is found by digging 
from twenty to ninety feet. Most of the wells and springs and both rivers con- 
tain live water, cool, healthy and very palatable after a short use of it. Some of 
the wells and springs are sulphur, and some sour; but even in the neighborhood 
of these there is generally found plenty of lime water and occasionally free- 
stone. There is a greater percentage of fine productive land in this county than 
in most in the State. 

The land upon the rivers and large creeks is generally a rich alluvial soil, 
covered with a fine growth of black walnut, burr and Spanish oak, hackberry, 
mulberry, pecan, cottonwood, elm, ash, willow, sycamore, alder, etc., and a dense 
imdergrowth of black and red haw, buckeye, wild China and plum, dogwood 
and dogberry, and other small vines. The mustang grape vines twine about 
almost every tree, and swing in graceful festoons from their boughs. Most of 
the vines in summer are heavily laden with rich clusters of grapes. The winter 
grape is also found in abundance. 

Bordering on these rich bottoms we find a little higher ground, consisting of 
level prairie laud. Here Nature has lavishly endowed the soil with extraordinary 
richness and fertility. These prairies, in a natural state, are indeed lovely to 
contemplate, being covered with a fine growth of native grasses, some green in 
winter and others in spring and summer, thus aflfording constant pasturage. 
Touching on these prairies are found the uplands. They are well timbered with 
post oak, live oak, black-jack, hickory, and grape vines. Now and then in passing 
through the uplands we strike undulating prairies, with rich, black, sticky soil, 
covered with mesquite grass and mcsquite timber. This being the most durable 
timber, is unequaled for fence posts. There are three well defined varieties of 
soil on these uplands. First, a stiff black soil about two feet deep, with almost 
no sand, which becomes in a dry spell very hard and cracks open. Second, a loose 
jet black prairie soil, very productive, about from one to four feet deep, and very 
easy of cultivation. Third, a deep sandy soil of various shades of color, some 
red, some white and some black; the black is the most valuable, and the white 
the least so. Nearly everything that can be raised in the Southern States will 
grow here. 



74 SOUTHEUN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

The lands in this county vary in price from one and a half to five dollars per 
acre for unimproved, and the improved lands are sold with regard to the value 
of the improvements. Corn, cotton, oats, rye, wheat, millet, tobacco, sorghum, 
ribbon cane, melons, peas, beans, and all kinds of garden vegetables, can be 
raised in abundance. The yield of corn is from twenty-five to fifty bushels per 
acre, oats from fifty to eighty bushels, wheat from fifteen to twenty-five bushels, 
cotton from one-fourth to one bale per acre, and the yield of melons, Irish and 
sweet potatoes and sorghum, is immense. Peaches, all kinds of grapes, plums, 
pears, figs, apples, and apricots, grow here ; but this is indeed the home of the 
peach, pear and fig. Peaches raised here will compare favorably with any ever 
seen in New Jersey or Delaware. The grass is usually sufficient to support the 
horses, cattle and sheep, and generally we have an abundant supply of post oak, 
pin oak and black-jack, mast or pecans that are amply sufficient to fatten the 
hogs. This is certainly the home for the poor man to live independently, or the 
place for the capitalist to increase his wealth. There are few healthier sjDOts on 
the globe. It is a rare thing to meet with a sallow, chili-stricken individual in 
this part of the country, unless he is " fresh from the States." The climate is 
mild and pleasant, the thermometer rarely getting higher than 96 degrees or 
lower than 25 degrees. During most of the summer, soft, healthy gulf breezes 
render the country pleasant, and the winters are generally mild. An enormous 
<;rop of corn has been raised this year, and corn is expected to be worth about 
twenty-five cents per bushel. Heavy crops of wheat have also been produced 
this year. 

Gonzales, the county seat, is situated on the Guadalupe river, about a mile 
below the mo.uth of the San Marcos river. It has about 2,000 inhabitants, a fine 
stone court house, three very neat church buildings, a large college building, 
with excellent teachers, and many fine stores, residences, hotels, etc. The Gal- 
veston, Harrisburg«& San Antonio R. R. passes through the northern portion of the 
county. The nearest railway station, Harwood, is about twelve miles from the 
town of Gonzales. Waelder, another station on this road, is about eighteen 
miles from Gonzales, and Cuero, the terminus of the Gulf, West Texas & Pacific 
R. R., is about thirty miles distant. These railroad towns are at good striking 
distances from all parts of the county. Lumber can be produced in any amount 
at reasonable prices, at any of these stations, and buildii.g can be done cheaply. 
We have tried to give an impartial condensed description of this county, and we 
ask the immigrant what more he could desire. First, we have rich marvel ously 
productive land, that can be bought cheap, either for cash or on time ; second, 
we have health ; third, a good class of inhabitants, fine schools in all parts of the 
county, and good churches ; fourth, markets are near ; fifth, we never have any 
famine or strikes. A man is just as secure here in person or property no matter 
what his politics, religion, color or condition may be, as in any Northern State. 
If you wish to rent land here, everything necessary to make the crop will be 
furnished you and you get one-half of what you make, or you furnish everything 
and give the land owner one-third and one-fourth of what you make, or $3.00 
per acre money rent. If you wish to buy land, you can get the best in this 
county at from $1.50 to $5.00 per acre. If you wish your children to grow up 
healthy and independent, this is the place. We invite you to come in all sin- 



COUNTIKS OF TEXAS. 75 

■cerity. Come and help us develop the mighty resources of this God-favored 
«pot. We do not claim that you can make money here without work, for the 
primitive curse, "In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread all the days of 
thy life," will follow you here, but we do claim that a man's labor is as richly 
rewarded by mother Nature here as in any place in America. 

GRAYSON COUNTY. 

The northern border of this county is the beautiful Indian Territory, and it 
embraces both the " Gate City " of Denison, and the rapidly expanding city of 
Sherman. Its situation is between the 19th and 20 degrees of longitude west 
from Washington, and is south of the 34th parallel of latitude. It contains an 
area of about 950 square miles, and has a population of over 35,000, increasing 
from 14,000 in 1870 to this amount, which is a sure and flattering indication of 
its rare advantages. The surface of the county is level, and the soil is chiefly of 
the black waxy, which is from five to twenty feet in depth, and will sustain cul- 
tivation for a century without exhaustion. In many sections of the county the 
character of the soil is various, but all of it is very fertile and productive. Gray- 
son county is emphatically in the center of the great wheat and grain producing 
region of the Southwest, and although the crops are enormous in quantity and 
superior in quality, not yet one-third of its rich soil is under cultivation. 
Numerous clear streams and springs aff"ord an ample water supply, while at a 
depth of from 20 to 50 feet in every section of the county an abundance of whole- 
some well water can be obtained. In addition to the cereals, tobacco, cotton, all 
kinds of vegetables and fruits are successfully and profitably cultivated. There 
are no swampy lands, and hence the health of the county is good, being com- 
paratively free from malaria. Its elevation above the Gulf is about 1,700 feet, 
and the climate partakes of the lovely character that renders the Indian Territory 
famous. The temperature hardly exceeds an average of 63 degrees, and the rain- 
fall is a full average of that section of the State. The inhabitants are progres- 
sive and hospitable, ready and open-handed to welcome the industrious immigrant, 
schools and churches abound in every section, and unoccupied lands can be 
bought at nominal prices, and upon easy terms. In another chapter the cities of 
Denison and Sherman are described, the latter being the county seat. Mr. G. 
A. Dickerman is the county clerk. The county of Grayson has rare advantages 
for transportation, the M., K. & T., the H. & T. Central, and the Texas & Pacific 
Railways traversing it, and forming a junction near its center, at the city of 
Sherman. 

GREGG COUNTY. 

The situation of Gregg county is in the northeastern portion of the State, 
between the 17th and 18th degrees of longitude west from Washington, and be- 
tween the 32d and 33d degrees of latitude north. It has an area of about 300 
square miles, and a population of 9,000. The surface of the country is rolling, 
and splendidly timbered, especially along the valley of the Sabine river. Pine and 
oak are in abundance, while hickory, cherry, birch, sweet gum, walnut, white oak, 
ash and many other varieties aftbrd an ample supply for the purposes of manufac- 
ture and husbandry. There are about thirty steam saw mills constantly in opera- 



76 SOUTHEU.V AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

tion, principally devoted to the cutting of pine lumber for the market. The soil 
throughout the county is generally fertile and productive, the principal crops 
being cotton and corn, the cereals and ribbon cane ; vegetables and all of the 
esculent roots produce abundantly, while tobacco and fruits, in considerable vari- 
ety, are raised with success. This county is finely watered, and in some sections 
are to be found valuable mineral springs. Its mineral productions are iron ore, 
and an abundant supply of cannel coal. The stock ranges are not so extensive as 
in several other sections of the State, but they are good, especially in summer for 
cattle and in winter along the streams for hogs. The lands vary in price, accord- 
ing to quality and location, from $1 to $10 per acre for unimproved, and can be 
purchased upon most favorable terms. Schools and churches are well supported 
in Gregg county, and the people are intelligent and enterprising. The climate is 
mild and healthful, and the average rain-fall is ample for agricultural purposes. 
Longview is the principal town in this county, having a population of about 
2,500. Its situation is at the junction of the I. & G. N. and Texas & Pacific 
Railways, while it is the terminal point of the Longview &' Sabine Valley Rail- 
way which is now being constructed. Among its other commercial industries is 
the average daily shipment of lumber to the West, which reaches about fifty 
car loads ; the annual value of that production reaching about $750,000. Its an- 
nual shipment of cottoa will aggregate from 18,000 to 20,000 bales. Kilgore, 
Summerfield, Peatown and Gladewater are other settled towns in the county^ 
which are rapidly growing. R. B. Levy is the county clerk. 

GRIMES COUNTY. 

In longitude 19 degrees west, and in latitude between the 30th and gist de- 
grees north, is situated Grimes county. It is included in the timber belt east of 
the Brazos river, and has a population of about 18,000. It is watered by the 
Brazos, Navasota, and local tributaries, and by numerous creeks and lakes. The 
Piedmont and Kellum's springs are both celebrated for their mineral and cura- 
tive qualities. About one-eiglith of the county is prairie and the remainder tim- 
bered with oak, pine, asb, elm, hickory, pecan, cedar, black-jack, hackberry, etc. 
Anderson is the county seat, with a population of about 800. Navasota has a 
population of 1,500; and Courtenay has 500 inhabitants. The smaller towns are 
lola. Retreat, Plantersville and Prairie Plains. The value of lots in towns and 
villages ranges from $20 to $500. The area of the county is 900 square miles. 
The value of land is from $1 to $20 per acre. In the towns and villages lots are 
valued from $25 to $500. In this county there are 12,000 horses and mules, valued 
at $300,000; cattle, 15,000, valued at $75,000; and swine, 20,000, valued at $40,000. 
There are also forty churches, sixty-two schools, five Masonic lodges, four I. O. 
O. F. lodges, and eight granges. This county is rapidly advancing in population^ 
and its material growth is in corresponding ratio. The total taxes for the y-ear 
1877 amounted to only $31,609.06, which is much less than a moderate sum for a 
county of this population, magnitude and wealth. J. L. Dickson, Esq., is the 
county clerk, and from him we are favored with the principal items regarding 
this county. 

Rain-fall during the last sixteen years in this county averages over 42 inches. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 



77 



GUADALUPE COUNTY. 

On the 21st degree of longitude west from "Washington, and between the 29th 
and 30th degrees of hititude north, is situated Guadulupe county. The beautiful 
San Marcos river forms its northeastern boundary, the clear and placid Cibolo 
runs through its western section, while the Guadalupe river traverses its central 
portion, forming one of tlie most charming and productive valleys in all of 
Texas. Tlie surface of this county is undulating and diversified, and the soil 
ranges from a rich black sandy loam or gallaceous quality of the mesquite lands, 
to a light sandy soil which is easily tilled and yet of great productive strength. 
Along the streams the sandy loams have a large per centage of humus, and are of 
great fertility. 




Church at Seguin. 

Springs and creeks abound in every section of this county, and it is therefore 
supplied with an abundance of water. Woodland and prairie about equally 
divide the county, which is comprised within an area of about 800 square miles 
and contains a thriving and intelligent population of over 10,000. Its elevation 
above the Gulf is 700 feet, the mean temperature averaging about 69 degrees, 
and the rain-fiill reaching 34 inches. The products are cotton, corn, oats, rye, 
wheat, a great variety of vegetables and fruits, and grapes in abundance. The 
average yield of cotton is from half to three-quarters of a bale per acre; corn, 
35 to 40 bushels ; wheat, 25 bushels; and oats, 50 bushels. The cotton product, 
as far back as 1873, was over 10,000 bales, but since then a less acreage has been 



78 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

cultivated, and the cereal crops have been greatly enlarged. In 1876 the v?heat 
crop alone exceeded 25,000 bushels, and the present season will probably exhibit 
an increase to 60,000 bushels. 

Timber is of moderate growth, but in sufficient quantities for fencing and 
domestic purposes. Along some portions of the Guadalupe river, there are 
sections of fine oak and black walnut timber. The unimproved lands range 
from $2 to $10 per acre, and the improved from $8 to $25 per acre, depending, of 
course, upon location and quality. 

Seguin the county seat, is a flourishing town of 2,000 inhabitants, situated 
upon the north bank of the Guadalupe river, on the line of the Galveston, 
Harisburg & San Antonio Railway, 35 miles east of San Anto lio. The town is 
built upon a beautiful plateau, interspersed with spreading live oaks, beneath 
which are many clear and sparkling springs. A tributary of the Guadalupe 
traverses the town, which is spanned by two neat bridges. The public buildings 
are large and comfortable, and there are several handsome private residences. 
There are ten church organizations and eight churches, two of which, the Epis- 
copalian and Presbyterian, are elegant and tasteful structures. The Guadalupe 
College and the Guadalupe High School are located here ; the former under the 
management of the Jesuit Fathers. The Episcopalians contemplate the erection 
of two colleges, one for males and the other for females, and when completed the 
educational advantages of Seguin will be largely increased. 

In and near Seguin there are three water mills and one steam mill. Two of 
the water mills furnish power for ginning cotton, flouring, sawing lumber, and 
gristing. The settlements upon the south bank of the river have access to the 
town over Miller's iron bridge, which spans the river, is 200 feet long, 50 feet 
high, and constructed at a cost of $20,000. At many points near Seguin on the 
Guadalupe river, there are some fine water privileges which ofl'er great inducements 
for the location of machinery for manufacturing purposes. "West of Seguih, 
four miles, and one mile below the railroad bridge, is a fall of 9% feet, and a 
natural race, where 200 horse power might be utilized to great advantage and 
profit, and at moderate cost. The surrounding country from Seguin is a fertile 
and well watered region, and besides its great agricultural capacities it off"ers rare 
inducements to stock raisers, which are being rapidly improved. 

The climate is delightful and healthy, and there is hardly a county in the country 
that combines so many advantages for those seeking new homes. C. L. Arbuckle,. 
Esq., is the county clerk. 

HAMILTON COUNTY. 

This county is situated in the central portion of the State, on the 21st degree 
of longitude, west from Washington; and between the 31st and 32 degrees of lat- 
itude. Its northeastern section is watered by the Leon river, and its numerous 
upper branches ; and the southwestern portion is supplied by Cowhouse, Lampa- 
sas, Ben and other creeks. The area of the coimty is about 950 square miles, and 
is an elevated rolling prairie. There is considerable timber along the margins of 
streams, consisting of pecan, mesquite, a variety of oak, and other kinds, suffi- 
cient in quantity for domestic uses. The soils are sandy and chocolate loams, with 
sections of the black and alluvial soils, which are rich and yield abundantly- 
\mder cultivation. 



COUNTLES OF TEXAS. 79* 

The productions are corn, wheat, rye, oats, cotton and a variety of vegetables. 
Fruits and grapes do well when cultivated, and, indeed, every kind of production 
is adapted to this county. The prairies yield abundantly of nutritious grasses 
and offer a wide range for stock, whicb is the chief industry and very profitable. 
The elevation of the county above the sea level is about 1,650 feet, and the tem- 
perature uniform, averaging about 65 degrees. The average rain-fall is about 34 
inches, and the climate is one of the most healthy and delightful in the State of 
Texas. 

The projected western branch of the Houston & Texas Central Railway 
traverses this county, and will open up excellent communication with various 
markets. Hamilton is a thriving town nearly in the center of the county, and is 
the county seat. 3Ir. I. H. Stein is the county clerk. 

HARDIN COUNTY. 

The situation of Hardin county is in the southeastern portion of the State 
of Texas, just north of the 30th parallel of latitude, and between the 17th and 
18th degrees of longitude west from Washington. The county has an area of 
about 900 square miles, and an estimated population of 1,500. It is com^jrised 
within the heavy timb; r belt of Eastern Texas, and only one-tenth of its area is 
prairie, which is the southwestern portion of the county. The larger portion of 
the timber is a fine cuality of yellow pine, which has a rank growth and is of 
great value. There is dso a great variety of oak timber, hickory, beech, walnut, 
holly, etc. All of these timbers have a great value because of the facilities for 
floating them to Beaumont, in Jefferson county, where there are a large number 
of saw mills in successful operation. The prairie lands have a fair average of 
production and in many sections are quite rich and fertile, producing one bale of 
cotton to the acre. The pine timbered lands have a foundation of chocolate clay 
with a covering of eighteen inches of mellow soil, which is easily cultivated and 
yields abundantly. The price of unimproved lands ranges from twenty-five cents 
to $3 per acre, while the improved lands have a greater value according to loca- 
tion and quality. The chief productions are corn, sugar cane, cotton, peas, both 
Irish and sweet potatoes, vegetables in great variety, and peaches, apples, figs, 
nectarine, pomegranate, pears, plums, and other varieties of fruits. The climate 
is enjoyable, and invigorated by the Gulf winds. There is an abundant supply of 
water from clear, swift running streams and creeks which flow into the Neches 
river, and are of sufficient volume to float the heaviest timber to the mills at 
Beaumont. The Neches river is the dividing line between Jasper and Hardin 
counties, forming the western boundary of the one, and the eastern bmndary of 
the other. As this river finds an outlet into Sabine Lake, it affords a direct con- 
nection with Sabine City and the Gulf of Mexico. One of the valuable and inter- 
esting features of Hardin county is " Sour Lake," widely celebrated for the 
medicinal quality of its waters, and visited by invalids from every section of the 
Union. This lake contains an area of about two acres, and in its immediate 
vicinity there are numerous wells, all of which yield mineral waters. There are 
twenty-seven diflerent qualities of these waters, which are used both for bathing 
and as a beverage. These wells yield an oil, in many instances, upon the sur- 
face of the water, which is used for the cure of cutaneous diseases, and is regard- 



80 SOUTHERN AITD WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

ed as a specific for all eruptive and humorous diflaculties. The lake is only seven 
miles distant from the line of the Texas & New Orleans Railway, and is therefore 
easily accessible. In some sections of the county there are strong indications of 
coal and oil deposits. As the Texas & New Orleans Railway runs within three 
or four miles of the southern boundary of Hardin county, it affords ample facili- 
ties for transporting the products to good markets, where they find a ready sale 
and good prices. 

The valuation of the county, as it appears upon the assessment books for 1877, 
is as follows : 

589,477 Acres of Land Valued at $331,787 

107 Vehicles " 4,450 

881 Horses " 20,778 

5,261 Cattle " 26,321 

3,673 Hogs " 5,393 

439 Sheep " 490 

Merchandise • • • " 4,390 

Miscellaneous Property " 35,260 

Cash on hand • . • 1,870 

Total $430,734 

There are several thriving towns in- the county, among which is Concord, a 
shipping point on Pine Island Bayou. Hardin is the county seat, and contains 
au intelligent population of about 150. Mr. John P. Work is the county clerk, 
to whom we are under obligation for many of the facts descriptive of Hardin 
county. 

HARRIS COUNTY. 

Upon the 30th parallel of latitude, and between the 18th and 19th degrees of 
longitude west from Washington, is the situation of Harris county. It contains 
a population of about 40,000, and an area of 1,882 square miles, which Is about 
three-fourths prairie, and the remainder covered with a heavy growth of timber, 
which stands along the margins of the streams in the eastern portion of the 
county. There is considerable variety of soil, but chiefly the black waxy and 
sandy loam. These soils are very rich and productive under cultivation, and can 
be tilled for a generation without deteriorating in strength and quality. The 
principal productions are cotton, corn, sugar cane, many of the cereals, a great 
variety of vegetables, and an abundance of fruit. 

As every portion of the county is contiguous to a good market, all of the crops 
can be readily sold and at good prices. The lands of Harris county when sub- 
jected to thorough cultivation, are among the most productive in the State, while 
the broad, undulating prairies in its western portion supply, in great abundance, 
the sweetest and most nutritious grasses for the support and fattening of stock. 
These prairie regions offer a wide range for cattle which support themselves the 
whole year through, and in addition the stock-raiser has the advantages of a 
superior market. The unimproved prairie lands range in price from $1 to 
$2.50 per acre ; while the timbered sections are valued at from $3 to $5 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 81 

per acre. Improved farming lands are becoming very valuable, because of their 
abundant productions ; which clearly demonstrates the available worth of 
improvements. 

Besides the city of Houston, there are several progressive towns in the county, 
among which we mention Pierce Junction, which is located southwest from 
Houston, at a distance of six miles. It is the original eastern terminus of the 
Oalveston, Harrisburg& Sau Antonio Kailway, which at that point is intersected 
by the International & Great Northern Railway, and is an important live-stock 
shipping point. 

The thriving town of Spring is located 23 miles north of Houston, on Spring 
creek, and at the verge of the great timber belt of Eastern Texas. It is an im- 
portant station for the shipment of lumber, and contains churches and schools, 
which are well supported. 

As there are eight railways traversing Harris county, and all centering in 
the city of Houston, the facilities for the transportation of products can hardly 
be equaled in the country. The inhabitants of this county are industrious and 
thriving, and they extend a cordial and hospitable welcome to the immigrant who 
comes to share their growing prosperity. As we have given a full description of 
the city of Houston, we refer to it for such facts as the temperature, climate, rain- 
fall, elevation above the sea, etc. Mr. R. D. Westcott is the county clerk. 

HARRISON COUNTY. 

The eastern boundary of Harrison county is the line of Louisiana, and the 
Texas & Pacific Railway traverses nearly its center from east to west. It is 
situated just west of the 17th degree of longitude, and between the 32d and 33d 
degrees of latitude, and contains an area of about 1,100 square miles. The sur- 
face is undulating, and heavily timbered with oak, walnut, black-jack, ash, 
hickory, and other varieties. This county has an ample supply of water. Upon 
the east is the beautiful Caddo Lake, on the north is Cypress Bayou, and in the 
south flows the Sabine river with many afliuents. Some sections of the county 
are hilly and thickly wooded, although not mountainous. The soil is in great 
variety, and fairly productive. The valley lands are very rich, and the crops are 
corn, cotton, all of the smaller grains, vegetables of every kind, and fruits and 
grapes in abundance. Tobacco is also an excellent crop and of fine quality. 
There are several springs in the county of considerable celebrity, notably among 
them the Iron Mountain Springs, about six miles from Marshall. They are 
attracting public attention and becoming a favorite resort for those in pursuit of 
health or pleasure. The population of the county is about 24,000, and it is made 
up of intelligent, thrifty people. Immigration is adding largely to the number 
of inhabitants, and lands can be purchased at moderate prices and upon favorable 
terms. The railroad facilities of the county are excellent. The Texas & Pacific 
connecting the east and the west, and furnishing communication to the north and 
St. Louis ; while another line extends to Shreveport, the principal shipping point 
upon the Red river. There is also a projected road to Mansfield, and a narrow 
gauge to extend to Sabine Pass. With all of these advantages the people of 
Harrison county are prosperous and contented. The aggregate assessment of 
6 



83 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GDIDE. 

real and personal property will reach about $3,000,000. The climate is healthy 
and salubrious, the mean temperature ranging from 63 to 67 degrees, the elevation 
above the Gulf being several hundred feet, and the rain-fall plentiful. Schools, 
and churches are in every part of the county, and vrell supported. Marshall, the 
chief tov^n and county seat, is situated at the junction of the railways that 
traverse the county. It is an important and prosperous city. Mr. J. L. Garrison 
is the county clerk. 

HAYS COUNTY. 

The organization of this county was perfected in 1848; it took its name from 
Col. Jack Hays, the famous Texan ranger. It is situated on the 30th parallel of 
latitude, and on the 21st degree of longitude west from Washington. The beau- 
tiful San Marcos river, with its many creek tributaries, waters the southern and 
eastern portions of the county ; while in every section there are springs and creeks 
aftbrding an ample water supply. 

San Marcos and Blanco rivers, Bear and Onion creeks, are the principal streams. 
The San Marcos springs from a mountain side in a volume sufficient to carry the 
machinery of a State, and its clear waters are the health-giving currents of that 
section of the country. "Jacob's Well" is a noted spring in the noithern 
section of the county, and its waters flow into and follow the Blanco river to 
the Gulf. 

The area of Hays county is about 750 square miles, and its population exceeds 
6,000. Nearly two-thirds of the county is mountainous and hilly, but well tim- 
bered with Spanish and live oaks, pecan, elm, mesquite, cedar and other varieties. 
The wood is in quantity ample for all domestic purposes, and these sections of the 
county produce an excellent supply of nutritious grasses. The remaining one- 
third of the county is prairie, and the soils are very rich and productive. The 
products are, all of the cereal crops, cotton, vegetables, grapes, and fruits in 
abundance. Indeed the variety, quantity and quality of the productions of Hays 
county will equal any section of the State of Texas. The improved lands can be 
purchased at from $5 to $50 per acre, while the unimproved sections of the county 
range from $1 to $10 per acre. It is an excellent stock-raising region of country, 
having a bountiful supply of pure water and sweet grasses. The geographical 
situation of the county gives it prominence in the State, it being situated on the 
traversed road from Austin to San Antonio. 

The town of San Marcos is upon the banks of its namesake stream, about 
one-half mile from its source, thirty miles from Austin, and fifty from the ancient 
city of San Antonio. It is only eighteen miles from Kingsbury, on the line of the 
Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway, and is accessible by stage. It is 
the county seat and a growing town ; contains five churches, the Coronal Institute, 
several private schools, stores, markets, and other branches of industry that com- 
bine to make a thrifty population. There are several other flourishing towns in 
the county, all of which give promise of healthy progress. 

The climate is invigorating and delightful, and no other county in the State ia 
more healthy. The temperature is uniform, hardly exceeding 67 degrees on the 
average, and the rain-fall is about 37 inches. The people are hospitable and indus- 
trious, and accord a generous welcome to the immigrant seeking a new home in 
the largest State in the Union. The county clerk is Mr. E. J. L. Green. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 83 



HIDALGO COUNTY. 



This is one of the extreme southern counties of Texas, bordering upon the 
Kio Grande, in longitude 21 degrees west, and in latitude 26 degrees and 27 
degrees north. It was organized in 1852, and contains 3,750 square miles. It is 
watered by the Rio Grande on the south and by several lakes in diflerent sections 
of the county, among them two large salt lakes, the Sal Del Rey and Sal Veijo, 
which would produce salt enough for the entire State if properly utilized. The 
population is about 5,000, and Hidalgo, the county seat, is the only town of im- 
portance in the county, and has about 300 thriving and industrious inhabitants. 
The county is about equally divided between prairie and timber land, and the soil 
in many sections is very rich and productive. In the southern part corn, cotton, 
sugar cane and potatoes are successfully cultivated, and yield abundant crops. 
All kinds of vegetables are raised in great varieties and quantities along the river 
valley ; and fruits and grapes are a profitable production. The timber is mostly 
mesquite, ebony, guisache, lignum-vitse, elm, ash, hackberry, and tepehuage, live 
oak and Brazil wood. 

The northern section of the county is almost exclusively prairie and devoted 
to stock raising. The value of timber lands ranges from 15 cents to 25 cents per 
acre, and prairie lands from 10 to 70 cents per acre. The assessed valuation of the 
county is about $200,000. Number of horses and mules is 15,000, valued at 
$90,00,); cattle, 18,000, valued at $50,000; sheep, 18,000, valued at $7,200; and 
hogs 5,000, valued at $2,500. 

There is one Catholic chapel, and in different parts of the county there is preach- 
ing by missionaries of the Protestant churches, conspicuously the Methodist. 
There are also three public school buildings and six public schools in operation. 
The population is largely Mexican. 

This is a large county and has an immense quantity of unoccupied and fertile 
lands which can be purchased at nominal rates, and which offer rare inducements 
to honest and industrious people who are seeking homes in the genial climate of 
Southern Texas, and who desire to lay the foundation of a comfortable fortune. 
We are indebted to Mr. N. H. Evens, clerk of Hidalgo county, for these inter- 
esting facts. 

HILL COUNTY. 

One of the best and most productive sections of Texas is embraced in Hill 
county. It is north of McLennan county and west of Navarro county, in latitude 32 
degrees north, and in longitude 20 degrees west from Washington. It contains 
an area of about 900 square miles, and the surface is a splendid rolling prairie, 
only about one-eighth of which is timbered. The timber is of the varieties usual 
in this part of the State, and conveniently distributed along the margins of the 
streams, affording a supply for all domestic purposes. There are numerous 
creeks, streams and springs in every section of the countj', aud the water supply 
is abundant. The soil is black waxy, and sandy loam, very fertile and produc 
tive. The crops consist of cotton, corn, all of the cereals, vegetables in great 
variety and abundance, fruits, grapes, tobacco, and, indeed, every product that is 
adapted to the State of Texas. The grasses are nutritious and plentiful, and the 
range for stock is hardly equaled in any other section of the State. The popula- 



84 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

tion is about 10,000, and rapidly increasing. Tlie inhabitants are industrious and 
hospitable, and support schools and churches in every section of the county. 
The projected Northwest Branch of the Houston & Texas Central Railway ex- 
tends from Waco northwest through the county, and the Brazos river forms its 
southwestern boundary. The lands of Hill county are held at moderate prices, 
and can be bought upon easy terms. The climate is healthful and charming, the 
elevation above the sea is considerable, the rain-fall abundant, and the mean 
temperature about 66 degrees. Hillsboro is a thriving town, situated nearly in 
the center of the county, and is the county seat. Mr. J. M. Duncan is the county 
clerk. The productive capacity, excellent climate, beautiful scenery, and other 
advantages of Hill county, render it second to no other in the great State 
of Texas. 

HOOD COUNTY. 

This county is east of the 21st degree of longitude, and between the 32d and 
33d degrees of latitude. The Brazos river traverses its entire length from north 
to south, and with its many creek tributaries furnishes a good supply of water. 
There are several mineral springs in this county, which are visited by invalids, 
from which they derive great benefit. It has an area of 450 square miles, and is 
somewhat broken and undulating. There is an abundance of timber, of the 
usual varieties, for all domestic purposes. The soil is rich and productive, yield- 
ing large crops of corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, cotton, sugar cane, every kind 
of vegetables, fruits and grapes. In the northern section of the county there is 
plenty of building stone, and in other portions there is considerable iron ore and 
coal. The educational facilities of Hood county are excellent, and the schools 
liberally maintained. There is an academy at Acton, and one at Granbury, and 
a flourishing college at Thorp's Springs. Churches of various denominations are 
located in every section of the county, and the population are cultivated, 
moral and industrious. The grasses of the county are nutritious, and aflford an 
ample support for all kinds of live stock. This industry is very profitable. The 
timbered lauds range in price from $1 to $4 per acre, while the cultivated 
lands command a price corresponding to location and improvements. The 
climate is delightful and healthy, the mean temperature ranging about 66 de- 
grees, and the rain-fall plentiful. The county seat is Granbury, a growing town 
of about 500 population. It is situated upon the Brazos river, in the northern 
section of the county, and near the line of the projected Northwest Branch of the 
Houston & Texas Central Railway. Mr. J. R. Morris is the county clerk. 

HOUSTON COUNTY. 

This county has an area of 1,090 square miles, a population of about 14,000, 
and is located upon the line of the International & Great Northern Railway, in 
longitude 18 degrees west, and latitude 31 degrees and 32 degrees north. Crockett 
with a population of 1,500, is the county seat. The other prominent towns are, 
Lovelady, with a population of 300; Grapeland, population 100; and Augusta, 
with a population of 100. The value of lots in Crockett is from $50 to $250; in 
Lovelady from $10 to $250, and in Grapeland from $10' to $250. The average 
value of lands throughout the county is from 50 cents to $5 per acre. The land 
is about one-sixth prairie, and five-sixths timbered. The improved prairie lands 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 85 

are valued at from $3 to $10 per acre, while the timbered country can be pur- 
chased for a moderate price. 

The climate is warm and yet salubrious, and the average health of the county 
is good. The soil is in considerable variety, and like the larger portion in this 
section of Texas is very productive. The staple crops are corn and cotton, while 
every variety of vegetables and fruits can be raised in great quantities. The 
county is well watered ; the Trinity river, the Neches, and many creeks running 
through it. The lakes and springs are, Patterson, Blue and Clear. 

The number of horses is 4,323, valued at $15,500; number of cattle, 16,000, 
valued at $84,000; sheep, 1,000, valued at $l,:.iOO; hogs, 16,000, valued at $28,000. 
The assessed valuation of real and personal property for the year 1877 is $3,000,000. 
In the county there are foi» Masonic lodges, one of Odd Fellows, about 1,000 
members of granges, forty churches, and about fifty good public schools. The 
people are industrious and prosperous, and hold a high average of morality. 
The churches are well sustained and attended, and the immigrant seeking a 
home in this county will find a cordial reception and encouragement. Mr. O. C. 
Aldrich, clerk of the county, furnishes the material facts of this article, and to 
whom we are under obligation for them. 

JACK COUNTY. 

Just north of the 33d parallel of latitude, and on the 21st degree of longitude 
west from Washington, is the situation of Jack county. It is among the northern 
counties of Texas, and has an area of 900 square miles, which is divided between 
prairie and timbered lands in about equal proportions. Its population is about 
6,000. The surface of the county is undulating, and in sections somewhat broken. 
The hilly portion of the county is about one-eighth of its area, the valley lauds 
comprise about one-fourth, and the balance is upland prairie, partially covered 
with timber. The timber is of the usual variety found in Northern Texas, and 
is svifRcient in quantity for all domestic purposes. The soils are exceedingly rich 
and fertile, and will sustain continuous cultivation. The products are cotton, 
corn, and all of the smaller grains, a great variety of vegetables, while fruits of 
some kinds are successfully produced, and a considerable variety of grapes. The 
climate and soil are peculiarly adapted to the culture of these products, and at 
an early day the product will be abundant. Jack county is finely watered by 
many clear creek tributaries of the West Fork of the Trinity river, and also of 
the Brazos river. It is estimated that the water courses of the county extend a 
distance of nearly three hundred miles. As the altitude of the county is about 
1,350 feet above the sea level, there is an excellent drainage, and necessarily no 
miasms. The general health compares favorably with any other section of 
Texas. The stock range has the advantages of prairie and timbered lands, which 
afford a luxuriant growth of fine mesquite grasses, while the timber aflFords a 
shelter for stock during the winter. In sections there is a bountiful supply of mast, 
and the hog product is becoming profitable. Although there are, as yet, few sheep 
in the county, the opportunities oflfered for sheep husbandry can hardly be over- 
estimated. That industry would pay a clear profit of at least 33,1;^ per cent. The 
unimproved lands are valued at from $1 to $3 per acre, while those under cultiva- 
tion will bring a higher price, according to improvements and location. The 



86 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

assessed valuation of real and personal property is about $800,000. The school 
fund of Jack county embraces 17,000 acres of fine lands, and ultimately the 
educational advantages will be excellent. Jacksboro is a growing town of 300 
population, is the county seat, and situated on the west bank of Lost creek, a clear 
and beautiful stream. Mr. Edward WalflFarth is the county clerk. The mean 
teraperature is 63.58 degrees, and the annual rain-fall about 19 inches. It is 
proper to add that the projected Northwest Branch of the Houston & Texas 
Central Railway extends through Jack county, from southeast to northwest, and 
will, when completed, open splendid facilities for transportation to every market 
in the country. 

JACKSON COUNTY. ^ 

This county contains 800 square miles, and has a population of 8,300. The 
land is of a most fertile character, and is admirably adapted to cotton, as also to 
all descriptions of grains and vegetables. The county is about two-thirds prairie, 
and the remainder timbered, consisting of oak, ash, elm, hickory, mulberry, etc. 
Texana, the county seat of Jackson county, is a thriving town of some 300 in- 
habitants, and is rapidly increasing. The county is traversed by the Lavaca and 
Navidad rivers, and the following creeks : East and West Carauchaw, Mustang, 
Sandy, Golden Rod, Chicotel, and Aramosa — all living streams. This county is 
bounded on the south by Matagorda Bay and the county of Calhoun, on the 
east by Matagorda county, on the west by Victoria county, and on the north by 
"Wharton county ; the distance from Texana, the county seat of the county, to 
Indianola being about fifty miles, and about seventy-five miles from Eagle Lake, 
on the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroad. Wild lands in Jackson 
county average about $1.25 per acre, ranging at from $1 to $6 per acre as to quality 
and location. The total assessed value of the real and personal property in this 
county for 1876 was $10,460. Number of horses and mules in the county, 4,155; 
cattle, 70,800; sheep, 779; hogs, 4,289. There are two Masonic lodges in the 
county, one Odd Fellows', one grange, seven churches, and nine schools. Being 
so near the Gulf, the climate is delightful, and fruits of all descriptions can be 
most successfully cultivated. J. R. Sanford is the county clerk. 

JASPER COUNTY. 

In longitude 17 degrees west from Washington^ and between the 80th and 31st 
degrees of latitude, is the situation of Jasper county. Upon the east it is bounded 
by Newton county, and the Neches river flows along its western border. The 
many afiiuents of that river aflbrd an ample water supply. Its area is about 
900 square miles and its population is nearly 5,000. The surface of the county 
is considerably broken, but heavily timbered with yellow pine, with some other 
varieties upon the margins of the streams. Lumbering is the leading industry, 
the pine timber being of large growth and excellent quality. It is floated along 
the streams, and thence by the Neches river toward the Gulf coast, where it com- 
mands a good price and ready sale. 

The soil is of a black sandy character and fairly productive in many sections. 
The crops consist chiefly of cotton, corn, vegetables, etc. The prices of lands are 
low, and they can be obtained upon easy terms. The influx of immigration will 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 87 

largely enhance the valuation of- the county and open up many new and profita- 
ble industries. The climate is good, and will gradually improve as the resources 
of the county become more developed. The rain-fall is abimdant, and the tem- 
perature is uniform, with an average of about 67 degrees. 

There is a projected railway extending the entire length of the county, having 
its southern terminus at a point on Sabine Lake. Jasper is a town of some im- 
portance, and the county seat. Mr. "W. H. Truet is the county clerk. 

JEFFERSON COUNTY. 

This is an eastern Gulf county, south of Hardin county, west of Sabine Lake, 
and in longitude 17 degrees west, and latitude 30 degrees north. Its area is nine 
hundred square miles, and its population, 2,500. About three-fourths of the 
•county is prairie, and the remainder timbered with every variety of oak, hickory, 
pine, cypress, magnolia, etc. It is well watered with the Neches river and its 
tributaries, and with Taylor's and Pine Island Bayous. Beaumont is a small 
town on the Neches river, and the coimty seat. It has a population of about 
1,000, and building lots are valued at an average of $50. Sabine City has a 
population of about 300, and lots are valued at about $25. Vessels drawing 
eleven feet of water can navigate Sabine Pass, and it has a depth of eight feet to 
Beaumont, which is eleven miles from the Gulf; and small steamers and vessels 
^o to and from that point. The Texas & New Orleans Railway will pass 
through the town of Beaumont. A large portion of this line is already con- 
structed and in operation. The soil of this county is rich, and adapted to the 
production of cotton, corn, potatoes, rice, and all kinds of vegetables in great 
abundance. The prairie lands yield a nutritious and rich grass, and are a splendid 
stock-raising section of country. The climate is warm, and tempered with the 
Gulf breezes. The average value of lands is about 50 cents per acre. In this 
•county there are 6,206 horses and mules, valued at $81,948; cattle, 52,925, valued 
at $268,349; sheep, 830, valued at $976; and hogs, 977, valued at $1,015. The 
total assessed valuation of the county is $690,992. There are also in the county 
five churches, six schools, two Masonic lodges, and two granges. The people 
.are generous and hospitable, and particularly courteous to strangers. Mr. W. F. 
•Gilbert is clerk of the County Court, and furnished the facts relating to this coimty. 

KARNES COUNTY. 

This county Is situated in one of the most favored sections of Southern Texas, 
southeast of Wilson county and north of Bee county, in longitude 21 degrees west, 
and latitude 29 degrees north. The climate is most delightful, the summer heat 
being tempered with cooling breezes from the Gulf, aud very healthy. Helena 
is a thriving town situated on a branch of the Medina river, in the eastern portion 
of the county, and is the county seat. Mr. T. K. Bailey is the county clerk. It 
has an area of 700 square miles, and is divided between timber lauds and prairie. 
It is watered with the Medina river which flows in a southeasterly direction 
through the county, and has several affluents. The timber is of the usual variety 
found in that section of the State. 

The prairie lands are of good quality and aflford a rich and ample pasturage 



88 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

for Stock. The value of town lots is $34,535 ; and the assessed value of acreage- 
is $498,208. The number of horses and mules in the county is 8,073, valued at 
$107,305; cattle, 25,379, valued at $124,230; and sheep, 40,966, valued at $94,945. 
The population of the county is about 3,000 ; the number of churches ten, and 
the number of schools twelve. The people are industrious and enterprising, 
and evince a desire to encourage immigration. D. B. Butler is the county 
assessor. 

KENDALL COUNTY. 

The situation of this county is upon the gradual rise of the magnificent table 
lands of Western Texas, in latitude 30 degrees north, and between the 21st and 
22d degrees of longitude west from Washington. It is north of Bexar county 
and northwest from San Antonio. Its organization was perfected in 18G0, and 
it took its name from Geo. W. Kendall, the former celebrated editor of the Nem 
Orleans Picayune. It has an area of 585 square miles and is as yet sparsely set- 
tled, although rapidly gaining in population by the influx of industrious immi- 
grants. The population is largely composed of Germans, and numbers about 
3,000. The surface of the county is high and rolling, and in sections broken by 
abrupt hills and mountains. One-third of the county is prairie, and the balance 
fairly timbered with black-jack, cedar and live oak, wdth some mesquite in the 
mountainous regions ; and along the streams and valleys black walnut, cypress^ 
post oak and other' varieties abound. The timber is sufficient for domestic pur- 
poses. Few counties in Western Texas are better watered. The Cibolo and 
Guadalupe rivers traverse the county, and are both clear and beautiful streams. 
The Sabina, Balconies, Joseway and other creeks afford an excellent supply of 
water, while from the mountains numerous springs gush forth and flow away in 
rivulets until they mingle with the rivers. The soils are of chocolate and black 
loams, while in sections the black waxy prevails. Especially are the valley lands 
very fertile and productive, and they have an average width of about two miles. 
The crops are cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, all kinds of vegetables, fruits and 
grapes in abundance, and the best of grasses. The stock range is ample, and 
afl'ords a support for cattle, horses, hogs and sheep the year round. Stock -ange 
the hills during the summer and find shelter during the colder months in the val- 
leys. Farming lands are valued at from $3 to $10 per acre, while pasturage can 
be purchased at from $1 to $3 per acre. The best improved sections of the 
county are held at higher prices. There is, perhaps, no healthier section of 
Texas than Kendall county. Its elevation above the sea level is nearly 1,200 
feet, and the invigorating Gulf breeze tempers the climate, which is delightful 
and salubrious. The mean temperature has an average of about 63 degrees, and 
the rain-fall about twenty-seven inches. The county is so splendidly watered that 
the fear of a drouth is never entertained. The county seat is Boerne, a thriving 
town in the southern part of the county. It is proper to state that the assessed 
valuation of the county is $400,000 ; and that the taxes for the present year will 
hardly exceed ninety-five cents on the $100. The people arc pr()i;ressive and 
industrious, supporting schools and churches, and extending a hospitality to 
those who seek a home among them. The county clerk is Mr. Henry Theis. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 89' 

KERR COUNTY. 

Northwest from San Antonio, at a distance of sixty-five miles, and upon the 
30tli parallel of latitude, and the 23d degree of longitude west from Washington, 
is situated Kerr county. It contains an area of about 900 square miles, and its 
surface is highly diversified with liills, valleys and plains. The county has an 
ample supply of clear water, the Guadalupe river coursing through forty miles 
of its territory, and with numerous creek tributaries and clear springs that gush 
from the base of rock formations, there is a never failing supply of water. There 
is considerable timber scattered over the county, consisting of cypress, cedar, 
pecan, walnut, elm, sycamore, and several varieties of oak. It is in quantities 
sufficient for building and other purposes, while in many sections there is an 
abundance of fine building stone. The valley lands are fertile and productive, 
and the elevations covered with a luxuriant growth of nutritious grasses, provid- 
ing for an excellent stock range. This is at present one of the chief industries 
of the county, and very profitable, although the lands along the margins of the 
streams are coming rapidly under cultivation, and the crops are in great variety. 
Tliey consist of corn, wheat, oats, rye, cotton, potatoes, and all kinds of vegeta- 
bles. Fruits and grapes can be successfully cultivated, and the character and 
quality of the products are excellent. The climate is very healthy, the atmos- 
phere dry and invigorating, the mean temperature reaching about 67 degrees, 
with a fair average of rain-fall. The population is about 2,000, and is gradually 
increasing from the influx of immigration. The proposed extension of railway 
facilities from San Antonio and Austin, when accomplished, will add largely to 
the prospective wealth of the county, and rapidly develop its agricultural capaci- 
ties. The prices of land range from $1 to $10 per acre, depending upon location 
and improvement. They can be bought upon advantageous terms. To the in- 
dustrious seeker after a home and comjoeteuce, Kerr county offers many induce- 
ments, and her people will extend a liberal hospitality to those who come to 
share their prosperity. Kerrville is a thriving town in the northeastern portion of 
the county, and has many of the industries that promote the comfort and prosper- 
ity of its inhabitants. Mr. A. McFarland is the county clerk. 

KIMBLE COUNTY. 

In 1876, Kimble county was organized, with an area of 900 square miles, and 
took its name from Geo. Kimble, an old and honored Texan. It is one of the 
extreme western counties of Texas, and lies east of Crockett county, between the 
22d and 23d degrees of longitude west from Washington, and the 30th and 31st 
parallels of latitude. The Llano river courses through the center of the county, 
and its numerous tributaries afford an excellent water supply. The surface of the 
country is a rolling prairie, with broken hilly sections. There is some timber 
along the streams, and the soil ranges from a black stiff to a sandy loam. 
Upon the margins of the creeks it is productive, and the crops are of the varieties 
usual in Western Texas. 

The population are but a few hundred, and scattered sparsely over the county. 
When a larger immigration shall follow in the track of railway facilities, and 
people this county with earnest and industrious laborers, its soil will yield satis- 



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SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



factory results. At present the chief industry is stock raising, and for this pur- 
pose it offers rare inducements, especially in the line of sheep husbandry. Land 
in large or small quantities can be readily obtained in the county, and at nom- 
inal prices. The improved lands range from $2 to $5 per acre, and will yield 
from 20 to 45 bushels of corn ; from 15 to 25 bushels of wheat ; from 50 to 60 
bushels of oats, and often one bale of cotton per acre. The raesquite grasses 
grow hixuriantly, and vegetables are an abundant crop when cultivated. 

The elevation above the Gulf is 1,800 feet, and the climate is delightful. The 
mean temperature is about 62 degrees, and the rain-fall a full average, Denman 
is the county seat, and Mr. E. R. Kountz is the county clerk. 

KINNEY COUNTY. 

This is one of the far western counties of Texas, and is bounded by the Rio 
Grande river. It is situated between the 23d and 24th degrees of longitude west 
from Washington, and the 29th and 30th parallels of latitude. It is distant from 
San Antonio 125 miles west, and contains an area of about 1,350 square miles. 
It is almost exclusively a grazing county, and especially adapted to sheep hus- 
bandry ; although by a system of irrigation there is considerable land under suc- 
cessful cultivation, which produces good crops of all of the usual products of 
Western Texas. 

The surface of the county is broken in many portions, being divided into hills, 
plains, valleys and mountains. It is watered by numerous springs that flow from 
the base of limestone formations, by the Las Moras creek, and a branch of the 
Nueces river. The county was organized in 1874, and was named in honor of the 
gallant Col. Kinney. Its estimated population is not far from 1,500, and up to the 
present time the chief industry has been stock raising. The grasses are abundant 
and of good quality. Along the streams the soil is fertile, and farming is profitable. 
At the head of Las Moras creek is the town of Brackett, the county seat, and Fort 
Clark, a description of which will be found in the chapter on Military Posts. 
Gladesburg and San Felipe are growing towns, situated respectively west from 
Brackett, seventeen and thirty-two miles. They are located upon the valley lands, 
and by a system of irrigation are suiTOunded by a productive and beautiful 
country. West of vSan Felipe three miles, is the Mexican town of Cienegas, 
upon the north of its namesake creek and upon the west bank of the Rio Grande. 
The Nneces moimtains contain several of the valuable ores, and their develop- 
ment is only a question of time. From the summit of these mountains can 
be seen the San Rosa elevations in Mexico, which are more than a hundred 
miles distant. 

Upon the extension of railway facilities to Kinney county it will become of 
considerable importance as an agricultural section of the State of Texas. It has 
an elevation above the Gulf of 1,000 feet; its climate is delightful and healthy; 
the mean temperature being 70 degrees, and the average rain-fall about 27 inches. 
Mr. W. N. Cook is the county clerk. 

LAMAR COUNTY. 

Lamar is one of the northeastern counties of Texas, the Red river forming its 
northern boundary. It is situated between the 33d and 34th parallels of latitude, 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 91 

and the 18th and 19th degrees of longitude west from Washington. It contains 
an area of 900 square miles, and a population of nearly 30,000. Its situation 
is upon the dividing line between the great forests of Northeastern Texas and the 
vast prairie regions that spread away to the west, and are only terminated by a 
range of giant mountains. It is about equally divided into prairie and timbered 
lands. The timber consists of all the varieties of oak, pecan, hickory, ash, 
walnut, etc. Along the Red river there is a belt of timber averaging in width from 
10 to 15 miles, and extending through the county. On the south side of the 
county there is another belt of timbered land from five to six miles wide, which 
extends along the Sulphur Fork. The margins of the creeks are covered with 
timber, and the remaining area of the county is a rich and fertile prairie. The 
soil is generally of a black tinge, while in sections there is considerable gray and 
black sandy loam. Along the Sulphur Fork the alluvial deposits vary in depth 
from two to ten feet, and are very fertile, bearing cultivation for a long series of 
years without exhaustion or the need of being fertilized. The valley of the Red 
river is also very productive; is from two to three miles wide, and abounds in 
valuable timber. What is known as the second bottom lands of the Red river is a 
rich belt of black sandy loam, and bears a large growth of timber. The post oak 
and light sandy lands are productive, and admirably adapted to the cultivation of 
grapes and all kinds of fruits. 

The prairies produce an excellent quality of grass, and afford a wide range for 
stock, which is a profitable and growing industry. The crops are chiefiy corn, 
cotton, rye, oats, wheat, barley, all of the vegetables, and fruits of every descrip- 
tion. The product is large, and w ith the ase of improved modern and agricultural 
implements the farmer of Lamar couuiy has an equal prosperity with those in 
any other section of the country. To the advantages of fertile soil may be 
added a genial and charming climate that admits of labor the whole year, season- 
able rain-falls, a uniform temperature, and excellent and accessible markets. 
From east to west the trans-continental bianch of the Texas & Pacific Railway 
traverses the entire length of the county. 

Good unimproved lands ran ge in price From $2.50 to $8 per acre ; and improved 
lands can be bought at from $5 to $30 per acre. Only about one-eighth of the 
prairie lands are now under cultivation, and the county offers splendid induce- 
ments for those desiring new homes in the Southwest. Good schools and churches 
are scattered throughout the county, and the people are intelligent and pro- 
gressive. 

Paris, the county seat, is a growing and flourishing town situated in the center 
of the county upon the line of the Texas & Pacific road, a description of which 
will be found in another chapter Mr. D. Ridley is the county clerk. 

LAMPASAS COUNTY. 

Upon the high rolling prairie, which constitutes the divide between the Colo- 
rado and Brazos rivers, in longitude 21 degrees west from Washington, and just 
north of the 30th parallel of latitude, is situated the county of Lampasas. The 
Colorado river traverses its western boundary, and the projected western branch 
of the Houston & Texas Central Railway runs through its center from north to 



92 



SOUTHERK AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



south. This county has an area of about 1,000 square miles, and a population 
exceeding 5,000, which is rapidly increasing through the influence of immigra- 
tion. It is nearly evenly divided between timber, prairie and valley lands, 
while some portions of the county are hilly and mountainous. There is consid- 
erable timber along the streams and valleys, chiefly scrub oaks, which yield an 
abundant supply of mast. The other varieties of timber are in quantities for 
domestic and fencing purposes. The water supply is ample and excellent, the 
western section being traversed by the many tributaries of the Colorado river,, 
while the Lampasas river flows through its eastern portion, having numerous 
creek affluents. Springs and wells abound throughout the county. The more 
notable among the springs is the White Sulphur, which are located in and 
around the town of Lampasas, and are celebrated for their healing properties. 
These springs are perhaps the largest of the kind in the United States, and offer 
a most desirable summer and winter resort. The soils range from a very pro- 
ductive alluvial to a light sandy, while in sections there is more or less of the 
black waxy and chocolate soils. The products are chiefly cotton, corn, and every 
variety of the smaller grains. Grapes and fruits do fairly well when cultivated, 
and vegetables are in abundant supply. The prairie lands produce an excellent 
quality of grasses, which are very nutritious and ofl'er great inducements to stock 
raising, which is the principal industry, and is being greatly enhanced by the 
improvement in the breed of stock. The advantages for sheep husbandry are all 
that could be desired. The coimty has an elevation of 1,600 feet above the sea 
level, the temperature is uniform and has a yearly average of about 66 degrees, 
and the rain-fall is a good average. Lampasas is a growing and prospei'ous town, 
having a population of some two thousand ; it is well supplied with schools and 
churches, which are liberally supported. The town is situated near the southern 
boimdary of the county, northwest from Austin sixty-five miles, and fifty miles 
from Round Rock, a station on the I. & G. N. Ry. It is upon the Sulphur Fork 
of the Lampasas river, and, as has been stated, is surrounded by the famous 
Sulphur Springs. The society in this county is excellent, the people industrious 
and intelligent, and the immigrant is ofi"ered a hospitable welcome. Unimproved 
prairie lands are valued at from fifty to seventy-five cents per acre, and farming 
lands range from one to five dollars per acre, which can be bought upon easy 
terms, usually one-third cash and the balance in one and two years. There are 
about 20,000 acres at present under cultivation. The assessed valuation of the 
county in 1877, was $1,115,466. Mr. D. C. Thomas is the county clerk. 

LLANO COUNTY. 



Llano county lies just south of the 31st parallel of latitude, and between the 
21st and 22d degrees of longitude west from Washington. The Colorado river 
flows along its eastern boundary, and the Llano river through its center, having 
several creek tributaries. It has an area of 900 square miles, and a population of 
about 2,500. The county was organized in 1856, and until within a few years 
the only industry deserving mention was stock raising. Of late, however, the 
quantity of stock has decreased, and the inhabitants are turning their attention 
to the cultivation of the soil. The surface of the county is rolling and broken,. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 93 

with but few abrupt elevations, and very little prairie land. Between the hills are 
broad valleys, and along the river courses the soil is rich and productive. There 
is considerable timber in the county for the supply of domestic wants. The soil 
is of a sandy loam and produces a rich pasturage for stock, and when cultivated 
yields from forty to fifty bushels of corn to the acre. The main products are 
corn, wheat, rye, sugar caue, vegetables of all kinds, and some fruits. Very little 
cotton is raised. Llano is the county seat, and is upon the south bank of the 
Llano river, which at this point is a wide stream of the clearest water, springing 
from the base of sandstone formations and affording an abundant supply. South 
of the town is situated the "Enchanted Kock," which is a granite elevation of 
many hundred feet; it rises abruptly upon a level plane sparsely timbered, and is 
a curious formation that attracts the attention of travelers. " Pack Saddle 
Mountain " is another famous elevation in the eastern portion of the county, and 
overlooking the muddy waters of the Colorado river. There are plenty of fish 
and game in the county, also quantities of sandstone for building purposes. The 
county has mineral prospects which may develop into great value. Traces of 
shafts used in the earlier days of the Spanish and Mexican occupation are yet 
visible. Copper and other baser ores are found, with flattering prospects of 
silver and gold. The climate of this county is very healthy and delightful, the 
temperature uniform, the elevation ^rand above the Gulf, and the rain-fall mod- 
erately good. The lands are cheap, and can be purchased for one dollar and less 
per acre. In the county there is one Masonic lodge, one Odd-Fellows' lodge and 
one Grangers' lodge. There are also 5 churches and 10 schools. Of horses and 
mules there are 2,880, valued at $68,063 ; cattle, 17,688, valued at $92,953 ; sheep, 
12,048, valued at $22,333 ; hogs, 10,294, valued at $16,838. Total valuation of real 
and personal property, $653,997. Mr. E. R. Beeson is the county clerk. 

LA SALLE COUNTY. 

Away in the southwestern portion of Texas, in longitude 22 degrees west from 
Washington, and between the 28th and 29th parallels of latitude, is situated 
La Salle county It is a vast rolling prairie of about 1,200 square miles, and is 
mostly adapted to stock raising, which industry is successful. The Rio Frio 
river flows through its northeastern section, and the Nueces river traverses its 
central and southeastern sections, having numerous creek tributaries. Old Fort 
Ewell is situated near its southern boundary, not far from the junction of Salada 
creek and the Nueces river. 

There is a slight growth of timber along the margins of the streams, while 
the mesquite wood is scattered over the prairies. The soil is of a good quality, 
and the bottom lands fertile and productive. The grasses are nutritious and 
abundant for the support of stock. The climate is warm, and yet a tempering Gulf 
breeze renders it healthful and charming. 

The elevation above the sea level is about 300 feet, and the rain-fall moderate. 
Population small at present, but this county will share in the general growth and 
development of Southwestern Texas. It is unorganized. 



94 



SOUTHJEKN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



LAVACA COUNTY. 

The county of Lavaca is bounded by seven counties, and in this respect ex- 
hibits the irregular geographical " lay out " of the southeastern section of Texas^ 
although this county is some distance west of the Colorado river. Upon the 
north it borders Fayette county ; upon the northeast Colorado county ; upon the 
southwest Wharton and Jackson counties, while its southern point notches into 
Victoria county ; on the southwest it has a boundary upon DeWitt county, and 
on the northwest and west it is bounded by Gonzales county. A county sur- 
rounded by £0 many that aro rich in soil, delightful in climate and wonderfully 
productive, could hardly be less than fertile and possessed of great agricultural 
capabilities. It is in longitude 20 degrees west, and between the 29i.h and 30th 
degrees of latitude north. Its area is 950 square miles, pleasantly diversified with 
prairie and timber lands. In sections the timber is dense and heavy, while in 
other portions of the county it has a thin growth and is combined with the prairie. 
The soil is strong and varied from the black sticky to the black and sandy loam. 
Much of the land will bear a long succession of crops without deteriorating, 
and continue to produce a corn crop of from thirty to sixty bushels to the acre, 
and a cotton yield of ginned lint of from 300 to 500 pounds. Vegetables are 
produced in great quantities, oats and rye yield well, fruits can be grown abund- 
antly and grapes in marvelous quantities. The county is finely watered with 
living streams flowing from never failing springs, while at a moderate depth the 
purest of refreshing water can be obtained from wells. The unimproved lands 
are valued at from $1 to $7 per acre, while cultivated farms range from $3 to $ir> 
according to locality. It may be said that the inhabitants are a genuine con- 
glomerate of nearly all migrating nations, and are less progressive than they 
would be if the county was supp] led with railway facilities for transportation of crops 
to market. Immigration, however, is gradually increasing, and at an early day 
this county will rank with those that are at present more greatly favored. 
Throughout the county there is being manifested a great interest in the subjects 
of religion, education and temperance. Churches are rapidly springing up and 
are well sustained, temperance organizations are being formed, over fifty public 
schools are now in active operation, and everywhere there is a spirit and energy 
exhibited for the promotion and spread of morality and intelligence. The peo- 
ple are well disposed and generous, and among them the immigrant will find a 
cordial greeting. Hallettsville is the county seat, and has an industrious and 
progressive population of about 700. W. W. Allen, Esq., is the county clerk 



LEON COUNTY. 

In longitude 19 degrees west, and between the 81st and 32d degrees of lati- 
tude north, and upon the line of the International & Great Northern Eailroad, is 
situated the county of Leon. Geographically its location is desirable, and the 
climate is at once healthy, mild and invigorating. The rain-fall is plentiful, and 
the mean temperature is about 66 degrees. Its elevation above the level of the 
Gulf renders it comparatively free from miasm, although but a moderate portioa 
of the county is under cultivation, while its population is about 16,000, and con- 
stantly increasing from immigration. It has an area of 1,300 square miles, one 



COUJO'IES OF TEXAS. 



95 



hundred of which is prairie and the remainder timber lands. The timber con- 
sists of post oak, hickory, pecan, burr oak and black-jack upon the uplands, and 
along the river valleys cottonwood, maple, elm, locust, walnut, hackberry, mul- 
berry, and every variety of oak. Its soils are sandy loam and "black waxy," so 
called, with a variety of other kinds natural to Texas, all of which have remark- 
able strength and productiveness. The soil and climate support productions of 
great variety, which include cotton, corn, sugar cane, all of the smaller cereals, 
fruits of every kind in abundance, while garden vegetables and grapes have a 
prolific growth. There are two rivers flowing through the county, the Trinity 
upon the eastern boundary and the Navasota along the western boundary, afl:ord- 
ing a bountiful supply of water ; while there are several small lakes in other 
sections. Stock raising is an interest of considerable value, but of course is 
limited to the prairie section, with the exception of hogs which can be fattened in 
the timber country upon pecan and other nuts. The number of horses and 
mules in the county are 4,140; cattle, 9,225 ; hogs, 9,150. The improved lands 
are valued at from $5 to $15 per acre, and the unimproved from $1 to $3 per 
acre. When the quality of the soil, the value of the timber and transportation 
advantages are taken into consideration, these prices are regarded as very low. 
The villages and towns within the county are as follows: Centreville, having a 
population of 400, and is the county seat ; Jewett, population 400 ; Bufi"alo, popu- 
lation 400 ; Marquize, population 300 ; Leona, population 200 ; and Oakwood with 
a population of 250. The prices of unimproved lots in these towns range from 
$50 to $100. There are in the county, churches of the Methodist, Baptist and Camp- 
l)elite denominations which are well supported ; a good system of public schools 
which draw of the public money this year (1877) $11,000; four Masonic lodges; 
Odd Fellows, one ; and seven granges. The total assessed valuation of the county 
is $1,624,850. We obtained a large number of the facts regarding this county 
from Mr. Walter A. Patrick, county clerk. 

LIBERTY COUNTY. 

This is one of the southeastern counties of Texas, and situated on the 18th 
degree of longitude west from Washington, and between the 30th and 31st 
parallels of latitude. It has an area of 1,100 square miles, and a population of 
about 4,500. The surface of the county is level, with about three-fifths prairie 
and two-fifths timber. The timbered sections are in the northern and eastern 
portions of the county, and consist of pine, oak, cypress and other varieties. The 
county is well watered, the Trinity river traversing nearly the center of the county 
from north to south, and navigable to Galveston at all seasons. 

The soil is generally of a sandy loam, while in sections there is considerable 
of the black waxy. It is strong and fertile. The productions are principally 
sugarcane, cotton, corn, potatoes, rice, and all kinds of vegetables. The farming 
lands are among the finest in the State, while large quantities make an excellent 
pasturage. There are about 5,000 acres under cultivation, and the balance is 
awaiting the improvements of husbandry to yield large and profitable crops 
The lands can be purchased at moderate prices and upon favorable terms. The 
elevation of the county is about 200 feet above the Gulf, and being swept with 



96 SOUTHERN AND "VVTESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

a sea breeze the climate is uniform and delightful. The mean temperature 
is 68 degrees. The summer averages 83 degrees, and the winter 54 degrees. 
The average rain-fall is 45 inches. The schools and churches are well supported, 
and the inhabitants industrious and orderly. 

Liberty is a thriving town of about 400 inhabitants, and is the county seat, and 
situated upon the Trinity river and the line of the Texas & New Orleans Railway 
which extends through the county from west to east. Mr. B. F. Cameron is the 
county clerk. 

LIMESTONE COUNTY. 

The situation of this county is between the 20th and 21st degrees of longitude 
west from Washington, and the 31st and 32d degrees of latitude north. It is, 
therefore, nearly in the central portion of Eastern Texas, although located con- 
siderably beyond the verge of the timber belt. Its area is 900 square miles, and 
its inhabitants number about 12,000. The Navasota river courses through the 
center of the county, and with its tributaries and numerous creeks and springs it 
is well supplied with water. The surface of this county is almost exclusively 
prairie, and yet there are wooded belts furnishing a sufficient quantity of timber 
for fencing and domestic purposes. The soil is chiefly of a dark and light sandy 
loam and easy of cultivation. There is considerable black waxy soil in the 
northwestern section of the county, and it is very strong and productive. Nearly 
four-fifths of the land is arable, and susceptible of a high state of cultivation. 
The chief crops are corn, cotton, wheat, rye and oats, while all other productions 
suitable to the climate are raised in great abundance, including vegetables and fruits. 
The health of Limestone county is excellent, its uniformity of temperature is de- 
lightful, being tempered by the Gulf breezes in summer and mild in winter, all of 
which contributes to large productions, especially cotton, which in this county 
yields an average of 10,000 bales. 

The unimproved lands range in price from $2 to $10 per acre, while the im- 
proved lands are worth from $10 to $25. As a stock-raising region this county 
has many advantages, although it is less devoted to that industry than the region 
of Southwestern Texas. The mean temperature is about 67 degrees, and the 
average rain-fall about 38 inches. 

The transportation facilities are excellent, the Houston & Texas Central Rail- 
way traversing the center of the county from south to north, while the International 
& Great Northern Railway runs in a northeasterly direction along its southeastern 
boundary. 

The people are hospitable and industrious, supporting schools and churches 
with considerable zeal. The county supports three newspapers: the Alexia 
Ledger, the Ura of Groesbeck, and the Risihg Sun. Groesbeck is the county 
, geat. S. D. Walker is the county clerk. 

LIVE OAK COUNTY. 

This county has a population of about 2,000, and contains an area of 900 
square miles, which is divided as follows : about two-fifths prairie, and three-fifths 
timber. The soil upon the average is fertile and productive, and in quality has 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 97 

a great variety. The principal kind of timber is live oak, although there is con- 
siderable mesquite, elm, cottonwood, hackberry, pecan, etc. It is proper to state 
that the timber has an immense growth, and especially the live oak, which is 
valuable. 

The county is watered by the Nueces river which traverses the central portion, 
and its tributaries, the Frio and Atascosa rivers. Several creeks and springs in 
other sections of the county supply it with water. Oakville is the county seat, 
with a population of about 350, and is situated on the west bank of Sulphur 
creek, in the northerly section of the county. Lagarta is another town with 
about 300 population, and Gussettville with about 100 inhabitants. Town lots 
average in value about |25. Lands are valued at from 75 cents to $3 per acre. 
Stock raising is one of the leading industries of this county. The stock subsist 
and fatten upon the rich grasses the year round. In this county there are 13,233 
horses and mules, valued at $66,115; cattle, 31,772, valued at $137,088; sheep, 
49,407, valued at $leach; and hogs, 1,631, valued at $1 each. 

The climate of this county is peculiarly adapted to sheep raising, and this stock 
can be rapidly increased. There are in the county six public schools, threfe 
churches and one Masonic lodge. The crops are generally good, and the health 
of the county excellent. It is situated west of Bee county, in longitude 31 de- 
grees west, and between the 38th and 39th degrees of latitude north. Mr. F. H. 
Church is the county clerk, from whom we obtained many of the foregoing facts. 

MADISON COUNTY. 

This county is upon the 31st parallel of latitude, and the 19th degree of longi- 
tude west from Washington. It is south of Leon county and north of Grimes county 
and in the character of its soils, productions and climate, is like the counties 
named. It has an area of about 500 square miles and a population of over 5,000. 
The surface of the county is a rolling prairie and largely timbered with ash, 
pecan, walnut, hickory, the several varieties of oak, cedar, cypress, and other 
kinds, in ample quantities for fencing and domestic uses. The Trinity river 
flows along its eastern boundary, having numerous creek tributaries. Bedias 
creek courses its southern border and Caney creek flows through its center. The 
county is, therefore, well watered. The character of the soil ranges from a rich 
black to a sandy loam, and yields abundantly of cotton, corn, all of the cereal 
crops, vegetables, fruits, etc. The prairie lands produce a fine quality of grass, 
and ofl'er a good range for stock. The climate is genial and delightful, and the 
temperature invigorated by the southern breezes. The rain-fall is seasonable, and 
the general health of the county is good. Schools and churches abound and are 
well supported. The people are industrious and hospitable, and cordially wel- 
come the stranger that comes to find a home with them. Lands can be purchased 
upon easy terms, and at moderate prices. Madisonville, the county seat, is a 
prosperous town, situated in the southern portion of the county. Mr. W. W. 
Viser is the county clerk. 

MARION COUNTY. 

South of Cass county, in Northeastern Texas, and just west of the line of the 
17th degree of longitude, and about equi-distant from the 32nd and 33d parallels 
7 



98 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

of latitude, is situated Marion county. It has a population of about 16,000, and: 
an area of 500 square miles, which is principally timbered. The surface of the 
county, the soil and the productions, are much like those of Cass county. 
There is everywhere an abundance of water. The county seat is Jefferson, an 
important and growing city of 7,000 inhabitants, situated on the line of the Texas 
& Pacific Railway, which traverses the county from north to south. In 
addition to its advantages as the county seat, it contains all of the industries of 
a progressive city. It is also the head of navigation on Cypress Bayou, which 
flows into the Red river, thereby securing water communication with New 
Orleans. The East Line & Red River (narrow gauge) Railway forms a junction 
with the Texas & Pacific Railway at Jefferson, and the shipment of cotton from 
that city during the season of 1877, amounted to about 40,000 bales. The people 
of Marion county are progressive, and support with a liberal hand the schools 
and churches that are found in every neighborhood. The climate is warm and 
uniform, the general health is a full average of that section of the State, the 
temperature averages about 67 degees, and the rain-fall is abundant. Marion 
county offers many inducements for the investment of capital. Its wealth of 
iron ore is being utilized, and four miles west of Jcfli"erson is situated Kellej^'s 
extensive furnace and foundry, where hollow ware, stoves, car wheels, plows and 
other agricultural implements are manufactured. Mr. P. F. Brinck is the 
county clerk. 

MASON COUNTY. 

Mason county has an area of 900 square miles, and is in longitude 22 degrees 
west from Washington, and just south of the 31st parallel of latitude. It has an 
elevation above the Gulf of about 1,000 feet. The seasons are uniform and the 
rain-fall moderate. During the past fifteen years there has not been a single 
failure of crops. The soil is a chocolate loam and very productive, yielding 
immense crops of corn, and other products usual in this section of the State. It 
is perhaps the best timbered county in Western Texas, and aff"ords an ample supply 
for domestic purposes, and for fencing and building. There is also a large amount 
of building stone, which is mostly used in the construction of stores and 
dwellings. 

The Llano river courses through its center from west to east, and having a 
large number of creek tributaries aflfords a plentiful supply of excellent water. 
The San Saba river flows along its northwestern boundary. The surface of the 
county is considerably broken and the scenery is charming. The prairie lands 
yield a bountiful supply of excellent grasses, and for sheep husbandry it has 
hardly an equal in Western Texas. That industry is rapidly increasing in mag- 
nitude and becoming a source of great profit. 

Mason, the county seat, is situated in the central portion of the coimty, upon 
a branch of the Llano river. It is a growing town of 500 population, contains 
two good hotels, and several wholesale stores, among which is the large two-story 
stone store of W. P. Lockhart, dealer in general merchandise and frontier supplies. 
As the population increases, schools and churches are being organized and well 
sustained. The health of the county is excellent, and the people hospitable. 

A daily line of coaches rims from Austin and San Antonio to Mason, and it 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 99 

will in a few years, probably, enjoy the advantages of railroad facilities. Land 
can be bought at moderate prices, and upon easy payments. Mr. W. Hess is the 
coimty clerk. 

MATAGORDA COUNTY. 

This is one of the Gulf counties, and situated on Matagorda Bay, in longitude 
19 degrees west, latitude 29 degrees north, directly east of Jackson county. It 
has an area of 800 square miles, about three-fourths of which is prairie and one- 
fourth timbered. The rivers traversing the county are the Colorado and Tres- 
palacios. The creeks are Live Oak, Caney, Prairie, Cottonwood, Wilson's, Big 
and Little Boggy, Linneville, Turtle, Cedar, Juanita and Blue, all of which 
furnish an ample supply of water for stock. The climate is warm, and softened 
by the Gulf winds. 

The variety of timber consists of the several kinds of oak usually found in 
Texas: pecan, cottonwood, red and white elm, holly, wild china, prickly ash, 
mulberry, mesquite, and cedar. The prairie lands have a good soil, and produce 
abundantly of grass. They are mostly devoted to stock raising, although they 
produce fruits, every variety of vegetables, grapes, sug-ar cane, etc. The unim- 
proved prairie lands are valued at from 25 cents to 50 cents per acre, while 
Caney lands sell from $2.50 to $5 per acre, and the unimproved on other streams 
are valued at from $1 to $2 per acre. Improved Cauey lauds from $5 to $10, and 
the same on other streams from $2.50 to $5 per acre. 

The number of horses and mules 4,970, valued at $99,400 ; cattle 63,000, valued 
at $315,000; sheep 6,000, valued at $12,000; hogs 2,500, valued at $7,500. Assess- 
ment of real and personal property for the year 1877, amounted to $1,289,772. In 
the county there are six churches, eight schools, and one Masonic and one Odd 
Fellows' lodge. 

The population numbers about 3,300 ; and the principal town, which is the 
county seat, is Matagorda, with a population of 400. The foregoing fiicts in 
connection with this description of the county, were furnished by John L. Croom, 
Esq., clerk of the County Court. 

MAVERICK COUNTY. 

This county borders on the Rio Grande river, between longitude 23 and 24 
degrees west, and between the 38th and 29th degrees of latitude north. It is a 
large county, containing 1,600 square miles, and only about 4,000 population. 
Eagle Pass is the principal town, and has a population of 1,800, the majority of 
whom are Mexicans. This town is one hundred and fifty miles west of San 
Antonio, and has a large Mexican trade. It is now reached from that city by 
stage, but there is in contemplation the extension of railway facilities to this 
point. Just south of and in the vicinity of Eagle Pass, is Fort Duncan, a most 
important military post, described in the chapter relating to the military depart- 
ment of Texas, in which the topography, mean temperature and rain-fall of this 
countj^ is given. Like all of the counties bordering upon the Rio Grande, its 
agricultural capacities and advantages are limited. The climate is warm and 
yet of average health, and the soil is sandy. It produces, however, some excel- 



100 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

lent and rich grasses, and the general character of occupation is stock raising, 
although the border troubles with the Mexicans have greatly discouraged this 
industry. A more dense population will soon determine and settle these difler- 
ences, and aflbrd complete security against marauding bands and cattle thieves. 
There are several creeks in this county, and notably Las Moras creek. The only 
liver of note, excepting the Rio Grande, is the Tecasquite, the only running 
stream in the county. There are a few springs, all flowing from one range of 
hills, about seventeen miles north of Eagle Pass. About seven-eighths of this 
county is prairie land, and there is scarcely any timber along the streams, and 
none for building purposes. There is an abundance of limestone rock, and this 
is the chief or only building material. Coal and iron are found in some parts of 
the county, and are claimed to be in quantities sufficient to induce mining. The 
average value of land is from twenty-live cents to five dollars per acre. The total 
assessed valuation of real and personal property is about $300,000. In the county 
there are no horses and mules raised for market, and only about 400 which are 
used by the inhabitants. The number of cattle is about 6,000, and valued at 
$30,000. Number of sheep, 40,000, valued at $100,000. There are also three 
public schools, and a Catholic church. A. Tierpe, Esq., is the county clerk. 

McLENNAN COUNTY. 

In the central portion of the State of Texas, between the 31st and 82d parallels 
of latitude, and on the 20th degree of longitude west from Washington, is situ- 
ated McLennan county. It contains an area of 614,000 acres, which is about 
equally divided between prairie and timber. The timber is of good growth and 
in quantity sufiicient for fencing and other domestic requirements. It consists 
of pecan, ash, cedar, cottonwood, elm, hackberry, black walnut, and several varie- 
ties of oak. There is an abundance of mast that is utilized for fattening hogs, 
and which is consumed by hogs ranging in the woods. The county is splendidly 
watered, the Brazos river coursing its entire center, into which numerous creek 
tributaries flow. Good well water can be obtained at a depth of from fifteen to fifty 
feet in any part of the county. The soils are in great variety, ranging from the 
black alluvium of the bottom lands, to the black and light sandy, all of which is 
fertile and productive. Much of it will bear cultivation for half a century with- 
out the need of fertilizing. Wheat and cotton grow side by side ; oats, corn, rye, 
barley, vegetables of all kinds, fruits, grapes, etc., are all good crops. The yield 
of cotton per acre will average about one bale, while corn and other cereals have 
a high average of production. About one-sixth of the county is under cultiva- 
tion, and there is yet remaining over 500,000 acres of fertile land awaiting the 
hand and energy of industry to make it yield its unmeasured bounty in fruits 
and grains, and all else that supplies the demands of a market. Improved lands 
are valued at from $7 to $20 per acre, and the unimproved lands from $1 to $5 
per acre, according to location and quality. These lands can be purchased upon 
easy and most favorable terms. The stock range is excellent, and the grasses 
abundant and nutritious. The grade of stock is being gradually improved, and 
to raise an ox, horse or cow in McLennan county costs hardly more than it does 
to raise a goose in New England. The advantages are being realized by the 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 101 

large numbers that are seeking homes in Texas. Tlie elevation of the county- 
above the sea level is nearly 700 feet, and because of its excellent drainage, the 
tempering breezes from the Gulf, and an invigorating atmosphere, it is compara. 
lively free from miasms, excepting along the bottom lands of the Brazos. The 
temperature is uniform, having a mean average of about 68 degrees, and the 
annual rain-fall is about 37 inches. The population is probably over 20,000 
and rapidly augmenting, and the assessed valuation over $5,000,000. Waco is 
the county seat, a description of which may be found elsewhere in this volume. 
Mr. H. L. Guffey is the county clerk. 

Mcmullen county. 

The situation of this county is in Southwestern Texas, north of Duval county, 
west of Live Oak county, and south of Atascosa county, between the 21st and 22d 
degrees of longitude, and the 28th and 29th degrees of latitude north. The 
M., K. & T. R'y propose an extension of their line through this county to the Rio 
Grande, at some future time. The general surface of the county is undulating 
prairie, the soil is good, grasses nutritious, and the principal industry stock 
raising. It has an area of 1,176 square miles, three-fourths of which is prairie, 
and the remainder along the river courses is heavily timbered with pecan, elm, 
hackberry, ash, mesquite, live oak, etc. The rivers are the Nueces and Rio Frio, 
with several tributaries. There are also eight to ten creeks in the county, and 
among the lakes are the Alligator, Calf and Maynard's. Many smaller lakes are 
distributed in different sections of the county, all of which furnish an ample 
supply of water. Tilden is the only town in the county, has a population of 
about 300, and is the county seat. Lots are valued at from $25 to $100. The 
population of the county is only about 800. There is an abundance of hard 
limestone rock, which is suitable for building purposes. The total assessment of 
real and personal property will amount to about $500,000, and the value of the 
acreage ranges from $1 to $5 per acre. In the county the number of horses and 
mules are about 3,000, valued at $15 each; cattle, 8,000, estimated, valued at $6 
each; sheep, 50,000, estimated, valued at $1.50 per head; and about 1,000 hogs, 
valued at $1.50 each. There are also one church and three public schools. Mr. 
T. W. Maynard is the deputy clerk of the County Court, and to him we are 
indebted for many of the above facts. 

MEDINA COUNTY. 

This county is situated west of Bexar county, on the 22d degree of longitude, 
and between the 29th and 30th parallels of latitude. It has an area of 1,175 square 
miles, and a population of about 5,000. The surface of the county is somewhat 
elevated and undulating prairie, and is in the region of the finest stock-raising 
country in Texas. It is splendidly watered ; the Medina river, a branch of the 
San Antonio river, coursing its eastern section, while the Quihi, Chacon, Hondo, 
Verde, Geronimo, Ranchero and Black Seco creeks flow through other sections 
of the county. 

The soils are diversified, and range in character from the rich bottom lands 
along the margins of the streams to the lighter soils of the uplands. There 



102 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

is about one-eiglith of the county timbered, consisting of post oak and other 
varieties. Upon tlie prairies mesquite mostly abounds. The productions are of 
the varieties usual in this section of the State, and the crops are good. Especially 
is the grape product abundant. The grasses are excellent, being of the mesquite 
variety, and afford a good support to all kinds of stock. Sheep husbandry is 
especially profitable in this county, and this industry is increasing rapidly. There 
is an abundance of fine stone for building purposes, which can be quarried at 
moderate cost. 

The county seat is Castroville, which was settled in 1844 by French and 
German immigrants under the direction of Henry Castro. It is 25 miles west from 
San Antonio, and on the stage road from that city to Eagle Pass. The dwell- 
ings, hotels, churches and business places of Castroville are mainly constructed of 
stone. It has a saw-mill, two grist-mills, Protestant and Catholic churches, and 
free schools. Ten miles west of Castroville is the town of Quihi, containing a 
Protestant church and school; there is a good school and Lutheran church at 
New Fountain; and at Dlianis, about 12 miles further west there is a prosperous 
school. There are also thriving towns on the Seco, Hondo and Francisco Perez 
creeks, all of which are supplied with churches and educational facilitiea. The 
people of the county are progressive, intelligent and hospitable, and are receiving 
large accessions from the flow of immigration to this section of the State. Good 
lands can be bought at from $1 to $5 per acre, upon favorable terms, and the ad- 
vantages ofi'ered by this county to industrious laborers and farmers are many 
and hardly excelled in any other section of the State. 

The elevation of the county is from 500 to 700 feet above the level of the Gulf, 
and as it receives the cooling breezes from the south the climate is delightful and 
charming. The health of the county is unexcelled, the mean temperature being 
about 68 degrees, and the rain-fall averaging about 32 inches. Mr. C. Scheide- 
mantel is the county clerk. 

MENARD COUNTY. 

This is one of the extreme western organized counties in Texas. It is situated 
north of Kimble county and south of Concho county, and the 23d degree of longi- 
tude west from Washington forms its western boundary. The 31st degree of 
latitude north extends through the northern verge of the county. Its elevation 
above the Gulf is about 800 feet, the temperature ranging from 20 degrees to 
92 degrees, and the mean temperature being about 65 degrees. The average 
rain-fall is about 29% inches, and the climate is all that could be desired. 
Situated upon the elevated table lands of Texas, the southern breezes from the 
Gulf tempering the atmosphere, its proximity to a mild northern clime renders 
the winters mild and delightful. The health of this region can not be surpassed. 

The county of Menard contains 1,000 square miles in area, and as yet a sparse 
population of about 700. The soil is of a black sandy loam and very rich, 
producing corn, wheat, and all of the smaller grains, fruits, and vegetables of all 
kinds in abundance. The present markets for vegetables are Forts McKavitt and 
Concho. This county is splendidly watered, the clear and beautiful San Saba 
traversing the entire county from west to east, with numerous tributaries, among 
which is the sparkling Las Moras creek. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 



103 



Menardville is the county seat, and contains a population of about 200. It is 
a thriving and growing town. Seven miles above Menardville is the beginning 
of an irrigable ditch, tapping the San Saba river, and already completed to that 
town. It is to be extended a distance of forty miles, and along its course is one 
of the finest producing regions of the State. The southern portion of the county 
is a grand rolling prairie, while the northern section is finely timbered, especially 
along the river courses. The source of Las Moras creek is a spring of wonderful 
volume and force, spreading into a beautiful stream a few rods from the fountain. 

MILAM COUNTT. 

This is one of the oldest and most important counties in the great State of 
Texas. Like Bexar, its original boundaries embraced a territory larger than 
many of the Eastern States. Milam is known as the " Mother of Counties," and 
from its original territory have been carved seventeen counties, all of which are 
productive, rich and prosperous. This county was named in honor of the hero 
who gave his life for Texan independence ; and is situated on and south of the 
31st parallel of latitude, and on the 20th degree of longitude west from Wash- 
ington. The Brazos river flows along the northeastern portion of the county ; 
the Gambriel river courses 22 miles within the county before mingling with the 
waters of Little river, while in every section of the county there are numerous 
clear creek streams, and good well water can be obtained at a depth of from 25 to 
GO feet. 

The county is divided between prairie and timbered lands, the variety and 
growth of the timber being sufficient to supply domestic wants. The soils range 
■from the rich alluvial deposits of the Brazos bottoms, to the gray sandy loam and 
black waxy which prevail upon the prairies. The productions are cotton, com, 
and the smaller grains, all kinds of vegetables, many of the fruits, grapes, etc. 
Cotton has an average product of three-fourths of a bale per acre, and corn is an 
enormous yield. 

The International & Great Northern Railway traverses the county, affording 
excellent facilities for the transportation of surplus productions and live stock to 
the best markets in the country. The building of that road through the county 
has added largely to its wealth and population, increasing the demand for lands, 
and enlarging the opportunities of the industrial classes. It has now a popula- 
tion of about 23,000, which is largely increasing through the means of immi- 
gration. Churches and schools are Avell supported in every section, and the 
people exhibit the enterprise and iutelligence to keep it in the front rank of the 
counties of Texas. It has an elevation above the sea level of about 700 feet, and 
the climate is healthy and delightful, being tempered, as all of that section of 
Texas is, with the Gulf breeze. The mean temperature is about 68 degrees, and 
the average rain-fall 39 inches. Land is valued at from $1 to $10 per acre, accord- 
ing to location and improvements. Unimproved land can be obtained cheap, and 
upon the most favorable terms. 

Among the principal towns is Rockdale, upon the line of the International 
& Great Northern Railway, which has an enterprising population of about 2,000, 
-and is rapidly increasing. It is an important shipping point for the products of 



104 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

Milam and Bell counties. The quantity of cotton shipped from there annmilly 
reaches over 16,000 bales. Cameron is an old town of about 500 inhabitants, and is 
situated on Little river about fifteen miles from the railway. It is the county seat. 
There are several other advancing towns in the county, all of which exhibit thrift 
and enterprise. Mr. J. C. Rogers is the county clerk. 

MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 

This county is between the 18th and 19th degrees of longitude west from 
Washington, and the 30th and 31st parallels of latitude. It is north of Harris 
county, and south of Walker county. It has an area of about 1,100 square miles, 
about one-eighth of which is black prairie, and seven-eighths timbered. Mont- 
gomery county is situated upon the divide between the Trinity and Brazos rivers, 
and its eastern portion is watered by Peach creek, the San Jacinto river and its 
many tributaries. Lake creek courses through its western borders, while its 
central portion is watered by numerous streams. The timber is of large growth 
and very valuable, consisting of yellow pine, several varieties of oak, pecan, wal- 
nut, hickory and other varieties. The central and western portion of Texas first 
obtained its supply of lumber from Montgomery county, and the lumber interest 
still continues of importance and value. The soil in the timbered sections is 
black and sandy, and the prairie lands are a black and gray sandy loam,' very 
rich, strong and productive. It endures the highest cultivation without fertiliz- 
ing, and the crops are immense. They consist of corn, cotton, small grains, 
sugar cane, vegetables, all kinds of fruits in great abundance, and especially 
grapes and figs. It is an old settled county, and has an interesting history. It 
has a population of about 9,000, who are industrious and progressive. Willis is 
the principal town in the county, is located on the line of the International 
& Great Northern Railway, 47 miles north from Houston, and contains a popu- 
lation of about 1,200. At that point is located a large number of expanding 
industries, among them one of the largest stave, lumber and shingle manufacto- 
ries in the Southwest. It has also an agricultural implement and wagon manu- 
factory, two steam cotton-gins, two saw-mills, a broom factory, grist-mills, brick- 
yards, about ten first-class grocery and dry-goods stores, and all of the other 
industries that are required to supply the wants and comforts of a thriving peo- 
ple. There are also four Protestant church organizations, two public schools and 
one private, a lodge of Masons, and other societies. This town has had all of its 
growth since the fall of 1871, at which time it was laid off into building lots by 
the I. & G. N. Railway corpoi'ation. On account of the large quantities of 
splendid white oak and other timbers, Willis offers as many, if not more, advan- 
tages for manufacturing wagons, agricultural implements, staves, barrels, etc., 
than any other town in Texas. In addition it has the very best facilities for 
transportation, the I. & G. N. road traversing the entire length of the county 
from north to south, and opening the way to all the markets in the country. It 
is safe to observe that Montgomery county offers as many inducements to immi- 
gration as any other in the State. The richness and productiveness of its soil, 
its geographical location and nearness to market, its genial climate, and pro- 
gressive intelligence of its people, all combine to make it prosperous and. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 105 

wealthy. Its bottom lands will produce from 25 to 40 bushels of corn, or 1,200 
pounds of seed cotton to the acre. It has an excellent range for stock, the grasses 
are luxuriant and nutritious, while there is a great abundance of mast for fatten- 
ing hogs, which only cost the little care that is given to them. Throughout the 
county there are good schools, the churches are well sustained, society is good, 
and the people hospitable. The prices of lands range from $2.50 to $5 per acre, 
and can be obtained upon favorable terms. The health of the county is a good 
average, the rain-fall plentitul, and the mean temperature is about 68 degrees. 
Montgomery, a thriving town situated in the western part of the county, is the 
county seat. Mr. P. M. Yell is the county clerk. 

MORRIS COUNTY. 

The Sulphur river flows along the northern boundary, and the Black Cypress 
along the southern boundary of Morris county. These rivers, with numerous 
tributaries, furnish an abundant water supply. The county is on the 33d parallel 
of latitude, and between the 17th and 18th degrees of longitude west fi-om Wash- 
ington. It has an area of about 300 square miles, and a population of about 6,000. 
It is in the timbered region of Northeastern Texas, and is therefore a well-timbered 
county. The timber consists of pine, hickory, oak, walnut, etc., and is valuable. 
The soil is fertile, especially along the margins of the streams, and the products 
are all that are usually raised in that part of the State. The lands upon the up- 
lands are worth from $2 to $6 per acre, while the cultivated bottom lands are held 
at from $5 to $20 per acre. There are several projected railways through the 
county, one of which is partially graded and ready to operate for a distance of 
five miles, which will afl^ord good transportation facilities and enhance the price 
of lauds. The general health is a full average, the rain-fall 40 inches, the averaged 
temperature about 66 degrees, and the climate warm and genial. Dangerfleld is 
the county seat, and has a thriving population of about 500. Good schools and 
churches are well supported in every section of the county. Mr. B. F. Wood is 
county clerk. 

NACOGDOCHES COUNTY. 

This county is between the 31st and 32d parallels of latitude and the 17th and 
ISlh degrees of longitude west from Washington. It is the oldest settled section 
of Eastern Texas, and the old fort, which is now in good preservation, is con- 
temporaneous with the Alamo, in Southwestern Texas. The early settlers of 
Nacogdoches came from Natchitoches on the Red river in Louisiana ; which was 
first settled by the French in 1692. They were Jesuits. From Natchitoches to 
old Fort Jessup, thence to Nacogdoches; to the Colorado river at Bastrop; to 
San Antonio, and on to Monterey and the City of Mexico, is what is known as 
a " bee line," and the old trail that was made along this line 200 years ago is 
still visible. As late as 1812 the valuable ores of Northern Mexico were trans- 
ported over that route to the Red river country, and thence by river to New 
Orleans. 

In the 17th century the Nacogdoches country was barren and treeless, with little 
water, and was described then, as the vast plains of Northwest Texas are de- 
scribed to-day. It is now heavily timbered with valuable yellow pine and other 



106 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

Tarieties. Then it was occupied by warlike Indian tribes, and countless buffaloes 
roamed over the rolling prairie, subsisting upon gamma grasses ; and now it is 
populated with an intelligent and thrifty people, and all of the arts of industry 
and civilization abound. 

This county has an area of about 1,200 square miles, and a population of about 
10,000. It is watered with numerous clear water creeks and streams, the Neches 
river traversing its entire southwestern boundary, and along their margins are the 
rich and fertile lands. The soil is generally red sandy and clay, and the products are 
all that are adapted to the State of Texas. Tobacco, cotton and corn are the chief 
crops, and they are abundant. All varieties of vegetables grow luxuriantly, and 
the fruits are as fine and delicious as can be produced in any part of the country. 
In this respect it rivals Anderson county; grapes are also grown in great variety 
and abundance. 

The only petroleum ever discovered in the State is found in Nacogdoches 
county. The climate is genial and healthy. Its altitude above the sea level is 
about 500 feet, and the Gulf breeze tempers and invigorates the atmosphere. 
The rain-fall will average over 45 inches, while the mean temperature reaches 
about 67 degrees. 

Nacogdoches, the county seat, is a flourishing town of about 800 population, 
and is situated nearly in the center of the county. There are numerous schools 
and churches in different neighborhoods which are well sustained. The people 
are cordial and hospitable, and welcome the stranger who comes to share their 
growing prosperity. Mr. G. B. Grain is the county clerk. 

NAVARRO COUNTY. 

In the central portion of Texas, between the Brazos and Trinity rivers, on the 
32d parallel of latitude, and between the 19th and 20th degrees of longitude west 
from Washington, is situated Navarro county. It has an area of over 1,000 
square miles, and a population of 20,000. The surface of the county is level and 
mostly prairie land, while along the streams there is plenty of timber for fencing 
and domestic uses. The timber consists chiefly of ash, hickory, elm, all varieties 
of oak, cedar, pecan, cotton wood, black-jack, willow, etc. For building purposes 
the lumber is brought from Eastern Texas, over the Central Railway, and can be 
obtained at reasonable prices. The best white pine is worth from $25 to $30 per 
thousand feet, and the yellow pine lumber can be bought at from $22 to $25 per 
thousand feet. The water supply is ample, the Trinity river forming its eastern 
boundary, and being navigable a portion of the year as far north as the northern 
limits of the covinty. In every section of the county there are large, flowing 
creeks, with smaller afiiuents, affording plenty of water for stock and for domes- 
tic purposes. The soil has a depth of from three to ten feet, ranging from the 
black waxy to the black, chocolate and sandy loams, and is very fertile and pro- 
ductive. It will bear cultivation for a long series of years without the use of 
fertilizers, and although it is at first hard to subject to cultivation, it is afterward 
easily tilled and produces immense crops. The products are cotton, corn, all of 
the smaller grains, vegetables of every kind, and fruits, grapes, etc. Corn has 
an average of from 40 to 50 bushels per acre ; wheat from 20 to 25 bushels ; oats 



COUNITES OF TEXAS. 107 

from 50 to 100 bushels ; barley from 40 to 70 bushels ; sweet potatoes 300 bushels ; 
Irish potatoes abundant ; cotton from ^ to 1 bale per acre, and all other produc- 
tions in like proportion. The grasses are among the best in the State, and the 
stock-raising industry is prosecuted with great success and profit. Transporta- 
tion facilities are excellent, the Houston & Texas Central Railway extending the 
entire length of the county from north to south, and aflbrding direct communi- 
cation with St. Louis and Chicago in the North, and the Southern markets of 
Houston and Galveston. Land is valued at from $10 to $30 under cultivation, and 
imimproved from $3 to $10 per acre. In the center of the county is Corsicana, 
the county seat, a progressive and vigorous town of about 4,500 population, with 
excellent schools, churches and hotels, which are well maintained. There are 
several smaller towns in the county, all of which are provided with good educBr 
tional advantages and churches. The people are full of vigorous enterprise, and 
extend a cordial reception to immigrants. The climate is genial and healthy, 
and excepting along the rivers is quite free from malarial influences. The mean 
temperature has an average of about 66 degrees, the maximum reaching about 
104 degrees, which is tempered with fresh breezes from the south. The average 
rain-fall is about 42 inches. Mr. S. H. Kerr is the county clerk. 

NEWTON COUNTY. 

This county is situated in the extreme eastern portion of Texas, bordering on 
the State of Louisiana, just east of the 17th degree of longitude west from Wash- 
ington, and between the 30th and 31st degrees of latitude north. The Sabine 
river extends along its entire eastern boundary, and is navigable the larger portion 
of the year. The numerous tributaries of that stream, together with many creeks, 
afford an ample supply of water. ^ Its area is about 950 square miles, and it has a 
sparse population of nearly 3,rj00. The surface of the county is low and level; 
the soil is of a black sandy loam, and in sections quite productive, the chief 
crops being cotton, corn and vegetables, which are grown along the margins of the 
streams. Upon the uplands there is a heavy growth of yellow pine which is very 
valuable, while nearer the streams there is considerable cypress. Lumbering is 
at present the chief industry, and the timber can be easily and cheaply floated to 
Orange, where it is manufactured into lumber and readily sold. The timber alone 
is of greater value than the price asked for the lands, which is very low, and the 
lands can be purchased upon the most favorable terms. 

Newton is a thriving town in the north central portion of the county, and is 
the county seat. The climate is such as usually prevails through the eastern 
section of Texas, and the health of Newton county is a good average. Mr. John 
Moore is the county clerk. 

NUECES COUNTY. 

This is one of the Gulf counties, situated west and southwest of the Nueces 
river and Corpus Christi Bay, on the 20th and 21st degrees of longitude west from 
Washington, and between the 27th and 28th parallels of latitude. Its area is 3,450 
square miles, and it has a population of about 3,500. The surface of the county is 
level, and partially covered with a small growth of mesquite timber. The vast 



108 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GtJIDE. 

body of the land is chiefly devoted to pasturage, and yields excellent grasses for 
that purpose. The soil is of good quality, and produces cotton, corn, and all of 
the vegetable varieties. Corpus Christi is the county town, situated on its name- 
sake bay, and is the chief sea-port mart of that section of the State. Its commerce 
is principally wool, hides, cotton, merchandise of a general character, and lumber, 
A line of Morgan's steamers sustains the carrying trade to Cuba and New York, 
and the trade of that town extends across the Rio Grande and into Mexico. 
Back of the town is an elevation of table-land, upon which there are many dwell- 
ings, and from which there is a beautiful view of the spreading bay. Nueces is a 
small town located upon the river of that name, and has been built and is sus- 
tained by stockmen. The celebrated ranche of Mr. King, who has an enclosed 
pasturage of ten miles square, is eight miles from Nueces. There are other 
stock raisers in the county who are possessed of lands in bodies of from 
100,000 to 150,000 acres. This county forms a part of the disputed territory, 
lying east of the Rio Grande, and west of the Nueces river, which occasioned th& 
war of 1846 between Mexico and the United States. There are schools and 
churches in various sections, which are well sustained by the inhabitants. The 
climate is genial and warm, and rendered delightful by the trade winds. The 
people are orderly and hospitable, and cordially give encouragement to those 
who come to share their fortunes. There are four papers published in Corpus 
Christi, two daily and two weekly, which are well edited. Mr. R. Halbien is the 
county clerk. 

ORANGE COUNTY. 

In the extreme eastern portion of the State, with the Sabine river along its 
eastern boundary, and the Neches river constituting its western and southwestern 
boundary, in longitude 17 degrees west, and in latitude 30 degrees north, is 
situated Orange county. It has an area of 500 square miles, and is about equally 
divided between prairie and timber lands. The soil is exceedingly rich and 
productive. The principal crops are cotton and sugar cane, which yield abund- 
antly, while potatoes and all kinds of vegetables can be made to produce two 
crops a year. This county is famed for its fine fruits, especially peaches, oranges, 
flgs, plums, etc., all of which have a luxuriant growth and abundant crops. 
Indeed, the farmers in this county are the most prosperous and independent of 
the population. Along the river valleys the supply of long leaf yellow pine and 
cypress timber is comparatively inexhaustible, and of the finest quality. The 
town of Orange has a population of 2,500, and is situated upon the Sabine river, 
ten miles from Sabine Lake, into which the river empties. In addition to the two 
rivers already named, there are several bayous and creeks, all of which empty 
into Sabine Lake. The Sabine and Neches rivers are navigable for one hundred 
miles above the lake during all seasons of the year, and at times of high water 
for a distance of five hundred miles. These facts render the city of Orange one 
of considerable importance ; and when, in addition, we consider the advantages 
of the Texas & New Orleans Railway, which is already completed to this 
point from the city of Houston, and will be extended to New Orleans at an early 
day, it gives increased consequence and importance to the city that is growing 
rapidly both in population and wealth. The values of town lots in Orange 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 109 

county range from $75 to $300 each. There are also several fine mills for making 
lumber in that city, having each a capacity of from twenty to twenty-five thousand 
feet per day; while the newly erected shingle mill will turn out one hundred 
thousand of choice cypress shingles daily. Terry is a new town on the T. & 
N. O. Railway, with a population of 200, and the unimproved town lots are 
already valued at from $25 to $100 each. 

Sabine Lake, as already stated, is ten miles below the city of Orange, and is 
twenty-five miles long and from eight to ten miles wide, is navigable and con- 
nects with the Gulf. The county has a population of about 3,500. The unim- 
proved lands have a valuation of from $1 to $1.50 per acre, and the improved 
lands range from $2.50 to $10 per acre, all of which can be bought upon most 
favorable terms. The present total assessment of real and personal property 
amounts to about $400,000. In the county there are 2,000 horses and mules, 
valued at $30 each; cattle, 9,000, value, $5 each; sheep, 1,000, value, $1 each; and 
hogs, 3,000, valued at $1.50 each. There are also five public schools, and an active 
movement toward the building of a seminary, which will, when completed, 
receive a benefit from the Peabody fund ; one Masonic lodge, two granges, and 
six churches, viz. : Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian denominations. For 
these interesting facts regarding Orange county, we are under obligation to R. H. 
Smith, Esq., the present county clerk. 

PALO PINTO COUNTY. 

This county is situated west of Parker county, on the 81st degree of longitude, 
and south of the 33d parallel of latitude. The Clear Fork of the Brazos river 
traverses the county from northwest to southeast, and with numerous creek trib- 
utaries, and springs in every section of the county, furnish a good supply of 
■water. It has an area of 980 square miles, and a present population of about 2,500, 
which is rapidly increasing, from the large immigration that is fiowing into this 
section of the State. The surface of the county is somewhat broken by ranges of 
hills, but the valleys between these elevations contain a large amount of very rich 
and fertile lands. There is considerable timber in the county, which consists of 
the varieties that grow in this section of the State, and in quantities for all domes- 
tic wants. The crops are good, and embrace the cereals, vegetables and fruits. 
The lands range in price from $1.50 to $7 per acre, and can be purchased upon 
favorable conditions. The elevation of the county above the level of the sea 
renders the climate delightful and healthy. The rain-fall is an average of this 
section of the State ; the mean temperature is about 65 degrees ; and upon the 
extension of the Texas & Pacific Railway, it will have the facilities of transpor- 
tation from east to west through the entire county. Palo Pinto is the county 
seat, and the only town of prominence in the county. It has a population of 
200, and is increasing in numbers and prosperity. Mr. M. Metcalf is the county 
clerk. 

PANOLA COUNTY. 

Panola is one of the eastern border counties of Texas, the 32d parallel of 
latitude forming its southern boundary, and the 17th degree of lono-itude divid- 



110 SOUTHEKN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

ing it from the State of Louisiana on the east. It contains an area of 700 square 
miles, and an industrious population of about 12,000. The surface of the county 
is undulating, affording excellent drainage, and covered with a heavy growth 
of timber, consisting chiefly of yellow pine, white, black, post and pin oak, 
hickory, ash, elm, sweet gum, cypress, and the beautiful magnolia. The pine 
forests are extensive, of large growth and great value. There is a moderate 
acreage of open prairie in this county. The county is well watered, as are all 
of the border counties of Eastern Texas. The Sabine river traverses its territory 
from northwest to southeast, and is the principal stream in the county. It is 
navigable a part of the year for small steamers, and many of the products of 
the county find an outlet to market by the way of Sabine 'Pii-i. The numerous 
tributaries of the Sabine river, and many springs and wells in all portions of the 
county, supply an abundance of water. The upland soils are gray loam and 
chocolate, while the black stiff soil is the character of the bottom lands. They 
are fertile, and under cultivation yield good crops of corn, wheat, oats, barley, 
rye, sorghum, ribbon cane, garden vegetables of all kinds, and fruits in variety, 
including peaches, plums, pears and apples. Indeed, the circle of the year blends 
beauty ana blossom to bless the labor of the husbandman. Carthage is the 
county seat, and a prosperous town. It is situated nearly in the center of the 
county, and 30 miles from the line of the Texas & Pacific Railway. The pro- 
jected Longview, Carthage & Sabine Valley Railroad is under construction, and 
when completed will add largely to the wealth of the county, as it will extend 
throu"-h it. Schools and churches can be found in every section of the county, 
and they are well sustained. The educational advantages, in addition to the 
primaiy schools, are several institutions of a higher grade in which a scholastic 
education can be completed. The people are enterprising, and extend a cordial 
welcome to strangers. The lands can be purchased at a moderate price and 
upon desirable terms. The altitude of the county above the sea level is about 
400 feet, the climate is warm and pleasant, the general health is good, and the 
rain-fall abundant. The county tax is only 30 cents upon the hundred dollars, 
and one dollar poll tax on each male citizen. There is one weekly paper 
published at Carthage, the Panola Watchman, and it is not only well edited, but 
reflects the interests and progress of the county. We acknowledge the courtesy 
of Hon. H. Fyke, Judge of Panola county, for many of the foregoing facts. Mr^ 
H. Pollard is the county clerk. 

PARKER COUNTY. 

This county is directly west of Tarrant county, and east of Palo Pinto county, 
between the 20th and 21st degrees of longitude west from Washington ; the 
33d parallel of latitude forming its northern boimdary. The upper 'Brazos river 
flows through its southern section, and the South Fork of the Trinity through its 
central portion, while numerous creeks, streams and springs are distributed 
over the county, and furnish an excellent water supply. The surface of the 
county is a high rolling prairie, about one-fourth of which is partially timbered 
with the various kinds of oak, black-jack, and the varieties usual in this section of 
the State. The area of the county is 900 square miles, and its population is about 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. Ill 

17,000 of industrious and energetic people. The soils are of a rich black waxy 
and sandy loam, and the products abundant. They consist chiefly of the cereal 
crops, cotton, vegetables, fruits and grapes, in great variety ; and indeed every 
product that grows in a temperate clime. There is also an unlimited supply of 
fine building stone, and a superior quality from which grindstones are manu- 
factured. In the northwestern section of the county is found an abundance of 
bituminous coal, which, at no distant day, will be utilized. The unimproved 
lands range in price from $1.50 to |8, and improved farms from $5 to $20 per 
acre. The native and cultivated grasses are of excellent quality, very nutritious,- 
and aflbrd a wide range for stock. The extension of the Texas & Pacific Rail- 
way is now under construction from Fort Worth to the city of Weatherford, the 
county seat of Parker county, and will soon be completed, affording ample facil- 
ities for transportation. A description of "Weatherford is elsewhere given. The 
elevation of the county above the sea level is about 650 feet, the general health 
good, the climate genial and delightful, the rain-fall 39 inches, and the mean 
temperature about 67 degrees. The people are intelligent and hospitable. 
Schools and churches abound in every section of the county, and are well sup- 
ported. Mr. R. W. Deeke is the county clerk. 

POLK COUNTY. 

Id the vast timbered region of Eastern Texas, south of the 31st parallel of 
latitude and east of the 18th degree of longitude west from Washington, is situ- 
uated the county of Polk. The Trinity river forms its southeastern boundary, 
the tributaries of the Neches river flow in its northern section, and in addition to 
these splendid streams there are over twenty clear spring creeks that traverse its 
different sections. The area of the county is 1,100 square miles, nine-tenths of 
which is grandly timbered, and the balance prairie. The timber consists of long 
leaf and yellow pine in immense forests, hickory, elm, maple, beech, walnut, 
cypress, cottonwood, sycamore, and every variety of large oaks. The timber is 
of large growth and of great value. There are twenty lumber mills in the county, 
twelve of which are moved by water, and eight by steam power. As the lumber 
finds a ready market this industry is remunerative, and adds largely to the wealth 
of the county. 

The soils range from the stiff black to the sandy loams, and are fertile. The 
productions are chiefly sugar cane, cotton, sorghum, corn, rice, oats, all of the 
varieties of vegetables, fruits and grapes in great abundance, and the choicest 
quality of tobacco. The average corn crop per acre, is 30 bushels ; oats 40 bushels ; 
syrup 375 gallons, and seed cotton 1,500 pounds. 

The population are industrious and hospitable, and number nearly 8,000. The 
educational advantages of the county are good, there being four high schools, and 
thirty free schools, all of which are supplied with competent and able teachers 
and liberally supported. There are also 25 churches in the county, 24 of which 
are Protestant, and they are all well maintained. Local option has thoroughly 
abolished the liquor traffic, and the people are all at peace and in the enjoyment 
of the industrial arts. 

The transportation facilities of Polk county are good. During six months of 



112 SOTJTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

the year tlie Trinity and Neches rivers are navigable ; the International & Great 
Northern Railway rtins within 17 miles of the county, and the East and West 
Texas Narrow Gauge road will be completed the present year, and traverse the 
center of the county. Stock raising in Polk county is a profitable industry; the 
range is good, the grasses abundant and nutritious, the mast in great supply for 
fiittening hogs, and the timber affords an excellent shelter during the short, mild 
wintei's. 

Livingston is a thriving town of about 250 inhabitants, and is situated in the 
southwestern portion of the county. It has the importance of being the county 
seat, and is rapidly progressing. In the northeastern part of the county is situated 
the growing town of Moscow, having an active population of about 400. The 
climate of Polk county is healthy and uniform, and the refreshing breezes from 
the south temper the summer heat. The rain-fall is abundant, and the elevation 
is ample to secure good drainage and health. The values of unimproved lands 
range from 50 cents to $5 per acre, and land can be purchased on most favorable 
terms. Mr. T. F. Meece is the county clerk. 

RAINES COUNTY. 

This county is situated south of Hopkins county, on the line of the 33d paral- 
lel of latitude and between the 18th and 19th degrees of longitude west from 
"Washington. The upper branches of the Sabine river flow through the county, 
furnishing it with an abundant water supply. All that can be said of Van Zandt 
county, regarding its soil, products, climate and temperature, and all that apper- 
tains in these respects to Wood county, is equally applicable to Raines county. 
Its people are industrious, and therefore prosperous. They educate their children, 
support churches, promote the industries that result in comfort and prosperity, 
and hence they are contented and hospitable. Emory is a growing town in the 
southern part of the county, but a few miles from the Texas & Pacific Railway, 
and is the county seat. Mr. T. M. Allred is the county clerk. 

RED RIVER COUNTY. 

The Red river divides this couuty from the Indian Territory. Its southern 
boundary is the Sulphur Fork, and the Texas & Pacific Railway traverses nearly 
its center from east to west. The tributaries of these streams, and many small 
creeks and springs in every section of the county, aflbrd an abundant water supply. 
It is on the 18th degree of longitude west from Washington, and between the 33d 
and 34th parallels of latitude. The soil is known as the " red land," and the 
bottoms of the Red river are especially rich and fertile. Its area is 1,015 square 
miles, and contains a population of about 14,000. The county is about equally 
divided between prairie and timbered lands, the timber consisting of the varieties 
usual in Northeastern Texas, and regarded as valuable. The arable lands 
comprise at least one-half of the county, and the soils being of excellent quality, 
produce large crops of cotton, corn, rye, barley, oats, wheat, tobacco, all kinds of 
vegetables, and fruits. The water supply is ample, and found in the many 
streams and springs in every section. Unimproved lands are valued at from $3 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 113 

to $6 per acre, and the improved farming sections range from $7 to $20 per 
acre. Tlie stock range is good, and there is considerable mast for the subsistence 
and fattening of hogs. Red River county is a full average in value and pro- 
•ductiveness of the counties of Northern and Eastern Texas. Clarksville is a 
thriving town, situated nearly in the center of the county, on the line of the 
railroad, and is the county seat. It has a population of about 1,500, and contains 
all of the industries and advantages of a progressive town. Bennett's, Annona, 
and Bagwell's, are thrifty little stations along the railway, and will develop into 
places of importance as the county settles up. The people are energetic, and sup- 
port good schools and churches in every neighborhood. The climate is mild and 
uniform, the mean temperature ranging about 62 degrees ; the elevation is ample 
for good drainage, and the rain-fall plentiful. Mr. J. A. Bagby is the 
county clerk. 

REFUGIO COUNTY. 

The county of Refugio is south of Victoria and Goliad counties, in longitude 
20 degrees west from Washington, and between the 28tli and 29th degrees of lati- 
tude. It is one of the Gulf counties of Southern Texas, and especially adapted 
to stock raising, the grasses having a vigorous growth and being very nutritious. 
The area of the county is about 1,000 square miles, the surface is level, and along 
the streams there is considerable timber. It ia watered by the Aransas, San 
Antonio and Mission rivers, and by the Willow, Chocolate, Blanco, Medio and 
other creeks. These streams furnish a bountiful supply of water for stock and 
domestic purposes. The chief industry is stock raising, and horses, cattle and 
sheep thrive, and are very profitable. Farming is also advancing, and the 
products consist erf" sea island cotton, sugar cane, corn and the smaller grains. 
Vegetables do well and thrive. The soil is of the black stiff, black sandy and 
loam, light post oak, and fertile bottom-land varieties. Lands range in price 
from fifty cents to one dollar per acre, and are usually purchased in large bodies 
for stock-raising purposes. Refugio is an enterprising town, situated fifteen 
miles from the Gulf, and upon the north bank of the Mission river. It has ex- 
cellent schools, among them the College of St. Mary's and Lamar Academy. 
Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Catholic churches are established and well 
supported. The people are cordial and intelligent. Refugio is the county seat, 
and Mr. P. P. Clarkson is the county clerk. 

ROBERTSON COUNTY. 

This county is situated on and north of the 31st parallel of latitude, and between 
the 19th and 20th degrees of longitude west from Washington. The Navasota 
river forms its eastern boundary, the Brazos river flowing along its western border. 
Numerous tributaries to these rivers, other creeks and springs, and good well water 
accessible at a depth of from twenty-five to fifty feet, afford an abundant water 
supply. The area of the county is 900 square miles, nine-tenths of which is finely 
timbered, and the balance is undulating prairie land. The timber consists of 
hickory, oak, black-jack, elm, cedar, walnut, pecan and other varieties, all of 
which have a sturdy growth. 



114 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

The soil of the bottom lands is a rich alluvium, varying from a stiff red or 
black to a loose sandy, which is very deep and strong, and much of which has 
been under cultivation for over thirty years without any appreciable loss either 
in quality or strength. The uplands are of a fine gray soil of from 12 to 20 
inches upon a clay foundation. These lands are also very productive and yield 
large crops. The Brazos bottom lands are famous for richness and fertility, and 
are hardly equaled in the world. The productions are cotton, corn, rye, oats, bar- 
ley, Hungarian and other fine grasses ; vegetables in great abundance and variety, 
fruits of all kinds, including peaches, apricots, apples, plums, figs, nectarines, 
pomegranates, etc., while grapes are easily and successfully cultivated. The trees 
and vines have a vigorous and healthy growth, and the fruits are large and delicious. 
Berries of all kinds grow spontaneously and in great quantities. This county 
has a vineyard only three years old that is now valued at over $14,000. During 
the past ten years the average yield of seed cotton on the bottom lands has been 
1,800 pounds, and 1,100 pounds per acre on the uplands. The staple is very fine 
and long, and the crop has not been damaged by worms or drouth for the past 
thirty years. 

Robertson county is in the heart of the best cotton-growing region in the 
world. The average yield of com is 50 bushels per acre on the bottoms, and 25 
bushels on the uplands, and this is always a sure crop. The range for all kinds 
of live stock is excellent the year round, and there is a great amount of mast 
for fattening hog-s. Horses and mules are worth from $30 to $150 ; milch cows 
from $10 to 20 ; sheep from $2 to $3, and stock hogs $1 per head. There are 
many thousands of acres of well timbered and finely watered lands for sale, which 
can be purchased at from $5 to $20 per acre for improved lands and from |1 to 
$10 for unimproved, upon easy and favorable terms. These lands are all rich 
and fertile, and offer great opportunities for the industrious immigrant. A large 
amount of lands can be rented, and when desired, teams and provisions will be 
furnished. Good farm hands are paid from $15 to $25 per month with board. 
Mechanics command from $2.50 to $5 per day. The railroad facilities of the 
county are ample ; the Texas Central road traverses the county from north to 
south in its western section, and is intersected by the Waco Tap road. The Inter- 
national & Great Northern Railway runs through the entire length of the county 
from southwest to northeast, forming a junction with the Texas Central road at 
Hearne. There are four stations within the county on the line of the Inter- 
national & Great Northern Railway, and five stations on the line of the Texas 
Central. 

The important towns are Calvert, the county seat, with a population of 
3,000 ; Hearne, with a population of 2,000 ; Bremond, with a population of about 
1,000 ; Englewood, Owens, and other towns of less note. All of these towns are 
progressive and flourishing, and are well supplied with schools, churches, manu- 
facturing advantages, etc. Near Calvert there are large coal fields and extensive 
beds of iron ore, which are about to be utilized by companies formed for that 
purpose. The elevation of the county above the Gulf is a full average of that 
section of the State, the rain-fall is about 35 inches, the temperature has an 
average of about 68 degrees, and the climate is salubrious, being invigorated 
and tempered by the Gulf breezes. The inhabitants are industrious and enter. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 115 

prising, and extend a cordial welcome and helping hand to those who come to 
cast their fortmie with them. Mr. T. J. McHugh is the county clerk. 

ROCKWALL COUNTY. 

This is a small county, east of Dallas county and south of Collin county, upon 
the line of the 33d parallel of latitude, and between the 19th and 20th degrees of 
longitude west from Washington. Although its area is about one-sixth of that of 
Dallas county, it has a fertile soil, and its productions are as varied and abundant 
per acre as its larger neighbor county. " Little Rockwall " has all of the ele- 
ments of prosperity, and its schools and churches, climate and crops, rain-fall 
and riches, health and prosperity, are only equaled by other counties surrounding 
it. The Texas & Pacific Railway traverses Kaufman county near its borders, and 
afibrds it transportation facilities. Rockwall is a growing town, upon the south- 
ern border of the county, and is the county seat. Mr. W. B. Wade is the county 
clerk. 

RUNNELS COUNTY. 

Upon the east line of Tom Green county, just south of the 33d parallel of 
latitude, and on the 23d degree of longitude west from Washington, is the situa- 
tion of Runnels county. It is one of the recently organized counties of Western 
Texas, and contains an area of 900 square miles, with a sparse population. It 
has a surface that is very high above the level of the Gulf, and somewhat broken. 
The Colorado river flows through the county from northwest to southeast, and 
with its many creek tributaries affords an abundant supply of water. The chief 
industry of Runnels county is stock raising, and it is specially adapted to sheep 
husbandry which is very profitable, averaging a net income of not less than 333^ 
per cent. The grasses have a vigorous growth and are very nutritious. The 
soils are of excellent quality, and along the margins of the streams they are 
very productive, and the cultivation of the cereal crops, fruits and vegetables 
are successful. Upon the extension of the Texas & Pacific Road, this county 
will enjoy ample transportation facilities, and its lands come under general culti- 
vation. The price of lands at present is moderate, and they can be obtained 
upon favorable terms. The climate is delightful and healthy, the mean temper- 
ature about 63 degrees, and the rain-fall a full average of that section of the 
State. 

RUSK COUNTY. 

North of Nacogdoches county and west of Panola county, on the 32d parallel of 
latitude, and east of the 18th degree of longitude, is the situation of Rusk county. 
It has an area of about 900 square miles, and is one of the oldest settled counties 
in the State of Texas. Its inhabitants are among the substantial and enterprising 
classes of the State, and extend a cordial welcome to those who are industrious 
and honest, seeking a home in the county. The surface of the county is some- 
what broken, and well timbered with all the varieties usual in this region. The 
soils are of a red and gray sandy loam, and yield excellent crops of cotton, rye, 
oats, wheat, corn, tobacco, barley, sugar cane, buckwheat, vegetables and fruits. 



116 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

Grapes are a prolific crop, and very profitable. The county is finely watered by 
numerous streams and springs, and good well water can be obtained at a 
moderate depth. The grasses are of excellent quality, and in abundance for tlie 
support of stock. There is a bountiful supply of mast, and upon it hogs fatten 
with little expense. At present there is only a moderate portion of the coimty 
under cultivation, and good unimproved lands can be bought at from $2 to $5 per 
acre. The improved land, of course, commands a higher price, and much of 
it can be rented upon fovorable terms. The county is well supplied with schools 
and churches, and the people are law-abiding and peaceful in character. 
The transportation facilities of Rusk county are excellent. Through the north- 
western portion extends the I. & G. N. Railway, and the Henderson & Overton 
Railway runs a distance of 15 miles between those two towns. At the junction 
of the I. & G. N. and the H. & O. Railways, in the northwestern portion of the 
county, is situated the town of Overton, with a thriving population of about 800. 
It .contains schools and churches, and stores, Masonic and Odd Fellows' lodges, 
and many of the industries of a growing town. Henderson is an old town of 
about 1,200 population, and is located nearly in the center of the county. Being 
the county seat it has considerable importance. Among its educational ad- 
vantages is Henderson College, a flourishing school, which has achieved a high 
character as one of the best schools in the Southwest. The people of Henderson 
are full of energy, and with their own means constructed and are operating the 
railway that extends to Overton. There are several flouring and grist mills in 
diflferent sections of the county, and the opportunities for the investment of 
capital and energy in Rusk county promise safety and large returns. Mr. J. N. 
Stell is the county clerk. 

SABINE COUNTY. 

The population of Sabine county is about 3,000, and its area about 600 square 
miles. The surface of the county is broken, and has the general character of a 
high rolling prairie. Its eastern boundary is the Sabine river, which divides it 
from the territory of Louisiana. It is just east of the 17th degree of longitude 
west from Washington, and between the 31st and 32d degrees of north latitude. 
It is well watered by numerous creeks and streams, and very heavily timbered. 
The timber consists chiefly of pine and oak, and its growth being large and quality 
fine, it is very valuable. Lumbering is the chief industry, the lumber being mostly 
shipped to the South through the Sabine river. The soil is known as the " red 
lands," a name given to that section by the Indians. The land is of good quality, 
and the products consist of tobacco, cotton, corn and vegetables. The creek bot- 
toms yield good crops, and when the county is more fully developed they will pay 
a handsome profit to the farmer. The climate is good, and the health of the 
county is a fair average of that section of the State. The elevation above the 
Gulf is about 300 feet, and the mean temperature will reach about 66 degrees. 
Milam is a thriving town, and is the county seat. Mr. M. Youngblood is the 
county clerk. 

SAN AUGUSTINE COUNTY. 

West of Sabine county and south of Shelby county, between the 31st and 33d 
degrees of latitude, and just west of the 17th degree of longitude, is situated 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 117 

San Augustine county. It has an area of 700 square miles, and a population of 
about 5,000. The surface of the county is broken, there being very little prairie 
land. It is heavily timbered with pine, and lumbering is the chief industry. 
The Angelina river flows along its southern boundary, and having several tribu- 
taries, affords an ample water supply for that section. There are other large 
streams in the county, all of which flow toward the Gulf, and furnish means 
for floating the timber to good markets. The pine and other timbers are valu- 
able, and when utilized will be profitable. The soils are of a gray and red 
sandy loam, and along the streams are very productive. The chief crops are 
cotton, corn, oats, tobocco, wheat, and vegetables of all kinds. There are some 
good ranges for stock. Good farms can be bought at from $1 to $5 per acre, and 
on favorable terms. There are good schools and churches in the county. San 
Augustine is the county seat, and is situated in the northeastern portion of the 
county. It has a thriving population of about 350, five churches, good schools, 
etc. Mr. E. A. Blount is the coimty clerk. 

SAN JACINTO COUNTY. 

This is one of the smallest counties in area in the State of Texas, not having 
more than 650 square miles, which is principally timbered with yellow pine, 
cypress and other varieties. The timber is excellent in quality and of large 
growth. The oak timber is of special value and very large. The location of 
the county is on the 18th degree of longitude west from "Washington, and be- 
tween the 30th and 31st parallels of latitude. Its northeastern portion is traversed 
by the Trinity river, which, together with its tributaries, supply that section of 
the county with an abundance of water, while Peach creek and several other 
streams water the southwestern section. The east branch of the San Jacinto 
river penetrates nearly to the center of the county, and is a wide, flat stream, 
extending through a swampy section, resembling the Wabash in Indiana, and 
easily overflows. The soils are of considerable variety, the uplands being of a 
sandy loam, while the river and creek bottoms are a rich alluvium. These soils 
are very productive and of great strength. They are adapted to the growth of 
cotton, sugar cane and corn. These crops are abundant and of excellent quality. 
Figs, peaches and all kinds of vegetables are good crops. It is destined to be 
one of the most productive sections of Texas. The climate is good, and the 
warm seasons are tempered by a Gulf breeze. The rain-fall is a full average, and 
the health of the county good. The county seat is Cold Spring, nearly in the 
center of the county, and Mr. G. Boyd is the county clerk. 

SAN PATRICIO COUNTY. 

This is a Gulf county, and its climate and soil correspond with the other 
counties along the seaboard of Texas. It is situated directly north of Nueces 
county, and south of Live Oak, Bee and Refugio counties, in longitude 21 degrees 
and 22 degrees west, and latitude 28 degrees north. Its eastern boundary is upon 
the Gulf of Mexico. Its principal towns are San Patricio, with a population of 
250 ; Meansville, population about 250 ; Sharpsburg, Ingleside, and two or three 
smaller villages. San Patricio is the county seat ; lots here range from |50 to 



118 SOUTHEKN AITD WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

$100. The area of this county is 800 square miles, fully two-thirds of which is 
enclosed in pastures for stock raising. The rivers are the Nueces and Aransas. 
Popelotte, Cheltipin, and several smaller creeks tributary, with fi-esh water lakes 
in different parts of the county, furnish it with abundance of water. The tim- 
bered section is supplied with live oak, mesquite, ash, elm, cottonwood, hack- 
berry, etc. There are no mineral developments in this county. The population 
is only about 800, and the value of land averages about one dollar per acre. The 
assessed valuation for 1877 is one million of dollars. Number of horses and 
mules 6,000, valued at $120,000; cattle 75,000, valued at $500,000; and 1,000 hogs, 
valued at about $2,000. There are also one Masonic lodge, three churches, and 
four public and two private schools. The foregoing facts were furnished by Mr. 
A. JNIcGloius, county clerk of San Patricio county. 

SAN SABA COUNTY. 

This county is situated just north of the 32d parallel of latitude, and east of 
the 22d degree of longitude west from Washington. The Colorado river flows 
along its entire northern and eastern boundary. The bt-autiful San Saba river 
courses in a northeasterly direction through the central portion of the county, 
emptying into the Colorado at its eastern boundary. The numerous tributaries 
of these streams, together with springs of clear water in every section, furnish 
a good supply. The county was organized in 1857, and has an area of 1,100 
square miles. Its population is now about 6,000, and the surface of the county 
is high and rolling, it being at an elevation above the sea level of 1,200 feet. 
About three-fourths of the county is prairie, and the balance timbered with 
pecan, cedar, mesquite, white and post oak. The timber is in quantities sufficient 
for fencing and other domestic purposes, and is distributed chiefly in the north- 
western section of the county. The soils range from a black sandy to a brown 
loam, and are especially fertile and productive along the margins of the streams. 
The products consist of corn, wheat, cotton, sorghum, oats, rye, all of the vege- 
table crops, and considerable fruit. The yield of cotton is about one-half bale ; 
wheat, 12 to 15 bushels ; oats, 20 to 25 bushels ; and corn, 20 to 30 bushels per acre. 
The sweet potato crop is very large. There are also deposits of coal and copper, 
iron and silver ores. The grasses are abundant and of fine quality, and the 
pasturage is among the richest in the State. Stock raising, particularly sheep 
husbandry, is very profitable. The prices of unimproved lauds range from $1 
per acre and upward, while improved farms are worth from $10 to $20 per acre. 
At present there is under cultivation about 30,000 acres, and lands can be had in 
large or small quantities upon favorable terms. San Saba is a beautiful town, 
situated upon the bank of its namesake river, and is the county seat. It has a 
population of about 700, and throughout the county wherever there are settlements 
may be found schools and churches, which are well supported. The people are 
kind, hospitable and enterprising, and cordially welcome immigration. The 
climate is genial and healthy, the temperature ranging from 40 to 90 degrees. 
The scenery is charming, and the rain-fall a full average of that section of the 
State. Mr. J. N. Gauney is the county clerk. 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 119 

SHELBY COUNTY. 

This is one of the eastern counties of Texas, the Sabine river dividing it from 
Louisiana, and is situated south of Panola county, and just south of the 32d 
parallel of latitude, on the 17th degree of longitude west from Washington. It 
contains an area of 842 square miles, only about one-twentieth of which is under 
cultivation. The balance of the county is covered with timber, consisting chiefly 
of pine, hickory, ash, beech, sweet and black gum, cedar, walnut, the various 
kinds of oak, cypress and other varieties. The soil is of a gray, sandy loam upon 
the uplands, and a black, rich loam upon the bottom lands. These soils generally 
have a clay foundation, and are easily tilled. The crops are chiefly corn, cotton, 
sugar cane, sweet potatoes, wheat, rye, oats, rice, melons, peas, apples, pears, 
peaches, figs, all kinds of vegetables, and indeed all varieties that grow in a semi- 
tropical clime. It is claimed that from 500 to 700 pounds of lint cotton can be 
raised per acre upon the bottom lands ; from 60 to 75 bushels of corn, and from 
300 to 400 gallons of syrup. It is also stated that the uplands are nearly as pro- 
ductive, when properly cultivated. The prices of these lands, uncultivated, range 
fi'om 50 cents to $2 per acre, while the improved lauds are held at a considerable 
advance, averaging from $2 to $4 per acre. They can be bought upon easy terms, 
and a large portion of them can be rented upon favorable conditions. In addi- 
tion to the products the stock range is excellent, and hogs are easily fattened upon 
the abundance of mast that abounds in every section of the county. Good horses 
are worth from $50 to $75 ; cattle, from $6 to $12, and sheep, from $1.50 to $3. 
This is one of the best watered counties in the State. In addition to the Sabine 
river and its affluents, which water its eastern section, the Attoyiac river divides 
the county from that of Nacogdoches, and with its tributaries afford an ample 
supply, with many excellent water privileges which should be utilized. From 
the hillsides, in every portion of the county, flow many clear water springs, 
which are cool, refreshing and healthful. The elevation of the county above the 
Gulf makes the climate genial and of average healthfulness. The temperature 
in winter ranges from 30 to 60 degrees, and in summer from 75 to 95 degrees. 
There are 75 organized schools in Shelby couuty, all of them well supported, and 
numerous churches, which are well sustained. The population number only 
about 8,000, and besides its agricultural and manufacturing advantages, there are 
beds of iron and fields of coal, which only need to be utilized to become of great 
value. In the general development of the county, railroad facilities will natu- 
rally come to it, and its inhabitants enjoy a deserved prosperity. The tovra of 
Center is the county seat, while Buena Vista, and East Hamilton, the principal 
shipping port on the Sabine river, are flourishing towns. Mr. J. M. Lucky is 
the county clerk. 

SMITH COUNTY. 

Upon the south line of the Sabine river, and east of the Neches river, in lon- 
gitude 18 degrees west from Washington, between the 31st and 32d parallels of 
latitude, is the situation of Smith county. It is one of the finest timbered coun- 
ties in central Eastern Texas, and the magnificent forests of pine, walnut, hickory, 
oak and other varieties, have a present real value far beyond the price of the 
lands. The county abounds in springs of the clearest freestone water, and wells 



120 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

of an average depth of 20 feet, together with numerous creek tributaries of the 
Neches and Sabine rivers. These furnish an ample supply for all of the wants 
of a large population. It has an area of about 900 square miles, and a thrifty, 
enterprising population. The soil of this county is a gray and red loam, and 
splendidly adapted to the production of cotton, corn, oats, wheat, rye, barley, 
tobacco, all of the vegetables in abundance, and fruits of the finest quality. 
Indeed, the adaptability of the county for fruit culture attracts the attention of 
all who visit it, and it will ultimately rival, in this respect, the wonderful fruit 
productions of Anderson county. The average yield of cotton is 1,000 pounds in 
the seed; wheat, 15 to 18 bushels ; oats, barley and rye, from 35 to 40 bushels; 
and corn, from 20 to 25 bushels, per acre. The bottom lands along the streams 
are among the richest in that section of the State, and when cultivated produce 
immense crops. There are also evidences of valuable coal fields, hematite and 
magnetic ore beds, which will be developed at no distant day, and yield a large 
wealth to those who may invest capital in them. In sections of the county 
there are valuable chalybeate springs which are celebrated for their medici'ial 
qualities, and saline springs which produce an abundance of salt. The great 
amount of mast in the forests supplies to hogs all they need for fattening, and 
affords almost a clear profit for those who engage in that industry. There are 
several saw, grist and flour mills in the county, and as the I. & G. N. Railway 
traverses the county from north to south, the transportation facilities are unex- 
celled. Near the center of the county, in the midst of a rolling and well watered 
prairie, is located the town of Tyler, with a population of about 3,000. It has 
22 dry goods and grocery stores, three good hotels, one broom factory, two grist 
mills, a foundry, machine shop, wagon factory, two planing mills, one bank, an 
insurance company, seven churches, five public schools, the East Texas Univer- 
sity and Charnwood Institute, both having excellent facilities for advanced 
education. Masonic and Odd Fellows' societies, and, in addition, all of the 
industries that appertain to a vigorous, progressive town. The Federal, Circuit 
and District Courts, and the Appellate and Supreme Courts of the Eastern Division 
of the State, are all held at Tyler. It is upon the line of the I. & G. N. Railway, 
is veiy healthy, has the cleai-est and best of spring water, and the people are 
refined, cordial and cultivated. In the southern portion of the county, at the 
junction of the branch road to Tyler and Mineola with the main line, is the 
situation of Troupe, a town of 500 inhabitants, and which was first laid off 
into lots by the railroad company in 1872. Fifteen miles from Tyler, in tlie 
northern part of the county, is the town of Lindale, with a population of 100, 
which was settled in 1873. These towns have churches, schools, societies, and 
all of the industries of a progressive civilization, and the advantages of a rail- 
road. Lands can be had at moderate prices and upon favorable terms, every acre 
of which will double in value in a few years. The health of the county is good, 
climate desirable, and rain-fall abundant. Tyler is the county seat, and Mr. W 
H. Marsh is the county clerk. 

TARRANT COUNTY. 

On the 20th degree of longitude west from Washington, and just south of 
the 33d parallel of latitude, is situated Tarrant county. It is bounded on the 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 121 

east by Dallas county, and has an area of 900 square miles, with a vigorous and 
thriving population of about 1J5,000. The surface of the county is a grand rolling 
prairie, about one-fourth of which is timbered with the usual varieties in this 
section of the State, and in quaiitities for domestic uses. The county is well 
watered from creeks, streams, springs and wells, and the soils are productive and 
very rich. A fertile black sandy j^oam is the prevailing soil, and the crops are 
very abundant, consisting of wheat, corn, cotton, oats, rye, barley, everything of 
the vegetable species, and fruits in, great variety. The products of Tarrant 
county are so excellent in quality, and so abundant in quantity, as to attract the 
attention of thousands who are seeking new homes in the Southwest. Its situ;v 
tion upon the high table lands of I<,orthern Texas, its uniform and delightful 
climate, and its present and prospectiVe transportation facilities, give it special 
prominence. The Texas & Pacific Railway traverses from east to west the entire 
county, and the present western terminal point of that road is Fort "Worth, the 
" beautiful city of the plain." A description of this town will be found in the 
chapter upon cities. The general health 'Df Tarrant county is good, and its rapidly 
increasing population is infused with t^e best energies of the county. Unim- 
proved lands range in price from $2 to $9 per acre, and improved farms command 
from $10 to $25 per acre. The city of Fort Worth, with its progressive popula- 
tion of about 10,000, is the county sea*^. Schools and churches are to be found 
in every populated section of the county,) and all of them are well supported. Mr. 
J. P. Woods is the county clerk. 

TRAVIS COUNTY. 

Travis is one of the most important of the one hundred and sixty-eight 
organized counties of Texas, not only because the capital of that State is located 
within its borders, but because of its marvelous scenery, its fertile soil and 
abundant productions, its healthful and delightful climate, and access by rail to. 
the best markets North and South. It is locatet', south of the county of William- 
son, between the 30th and 31st parallels of latitude and the 20th and 21st degrees 
of longitude west from Washington. It contains an area of 920 square miles, and 
a population of about 35,000. One-fourth of the county extending northwest from 
Austin is hilly and mountainous, diversified with beautiful valleys suitable for 
small farms. The mountains are covered with a grcjwth of cedar and Spanish oak. 
South and southeast from Austin the county is generally a spreading prairie, of 
very rich and fertile soils. Along the streams there is considerable timber, con- 
sisting of elm and pecan, with a belt of post oak, which extends from above Web- 
berville toward Elgin, and into the northern verge of Bastrop county. About 
five-eighths of the county is prairie land, the soils ranging from the rich black to 
alight sandy, and splendidly adapted to the culture of corn, cotton, rye, oats, barley, 
sugar cane, vegetables of all kinds, and fruits in great variety and abundance. 
The Colorado river courses through Travis county near its center from northwest 
to southeast. Upon the north side of that river its tributaries are Cypress, Cow, 
Cross, Walnut, Gilleland, Bull and Wilborgers creeks, furnishing an ample 
supply of clear water. Upon the southwest side of the Colorado are the 
Pedernales river and smaller creek tributaries. There are also three noted 



/ 

122 SOUTHERN AND AVESTERN TEXA.S GUIDE. 

springs : Bee and Barton's, west of the Colorado river, and Sieder's spring on the 
northeast side ; all of which are located within tljree miles of Austin. The prices 
of lands range from $1.50 to $100 per acre, ac^-ording to location and improve- 
ments. There are about 10,000 sheep in the ^^ounty, and that is the principal 
stock industry and very profitable ; although tliere is a large number of hogs and 
plenty of mast for their subsistence. The number of horses and cattle is not 
large, but sufficient for all domestic neexls. The total assessed valuation of 
real and personal property amounts to about $10,000,000. There are 22 churches 
and 32 schools in the county, all of which j,re well supported and in a prosperous 
condition. The people are progressive, an;d have a high standard of intelligence 
and morality. '■ 

Austin, the capital city of the State and county, is fully described in another 
chapter, in which maybe found the temperature, rain-fall, elevation above the sea, 
and character of the climate of Travis county. Mr. Frank Brown is the county 
clerk. The transportation facilities o> this county are equal to any other in 
the State, and will soon be extended sciuth and west, by the I. & G. N. Railway 
Company, so as to secure railway co^amunication with Mexico. That road 
already connects with Austin, and thvi H. & T. C. Ry. enters the capital from 
the east. 

trinity/ COUNTY. 

Upon the western border of the great timbered region of Southeastern Texas, 
in longitude 18 degrees west from Washington, and on the 31st parallel of latitude 
north, is situated Trinity county. It is at once a heavily timbered county, and 
very rich in prairie lands. The timber consists of pine, cypress, pecan, hickory, 
walnut, ash ; red, white and pin oal^, and other varieties. The great advantages 
of these valuable sections are tha*. they are not only worth more than the price 
asked for the lands, but they await an industry that is immediately available, 
and upon which the immigrant can realize without the delay of planting and 
harvesting a crop. The crop ol" timber is already grown, and the ax is only 
needed to put it in a condition for market. Through this timbered region there 
are numerous sections of farming prairie lands, in bodies of 1,000 acres and less. 
Upon the east of the county 1ihe Neches river flows, while upon the southwest 
and west the Trinity river forms its boundary. Numerous tributaries to these 
rivers afi"ord an abundant supply of water to the more central sections of the 
county, while springs of clear water, flowing from freestone formations, abound in 
all parts of the county. Along the margins of the rivers are broad belts of 
bottom lands, which extend a distance of nearly 100 miles, and although heavily 
timbered the soil is very rich and productive, ranging from a black waxy to a 
black sandy loam which is easily tilled and susceptible of the highest cultiva- 
tion. The second bottom lands are also very fertile, and exceedingly re- 
numerative under cultivation. The prairie or uplands have a good strong 
soil of gray and black sandy loams, and will bear cultivation for a long 
time without exhaustion. The grasses have a luxuriant growth, are of fine 
quality, and aff'ord a splendid range for stock. The mast is found in great 
quantities, and, therefore, the cost of raising and fattening hogs is merely 
nominal. The price obtained for the hog crop is nearly all profit, as they 



« 

COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 133 

need little care and supply themselves with food. Upon the eastern border 
of the county, about 20 miles from the railroad, there are immense forests 
of long leaf yellow pine which have, as yet, been untouched by the wood- 
man, and their value will largely increase as the demand for that lumber con- 
stantly increases throughout Central and Western Texas. The chief products are 
cotton, corn, oats, rye, barley, a great variety of fruits and vegetables, grasses and 
millet. Wherever it has been cultivated wheat is a good crop, and promises to 
be a leading product of the county. On the bottom lands the yield of corn is 
from 40 to 50 bushels, and of cotton about one bale per acre. The uplands pro- 
duce from 20 to 30 bushels of corn, and of lint cotton from 175 to 350 pounds per 
acre. Lands in this county can be bought at very low prices, and the terms are 
as favorable as could be desired. The I. & G. N. Railway traverses the western 
section of the county from north to south, and affords excellent transportation 
facilities to all of the markets in the coumry. Trinity is a station upon that 
road, and laid out as a town in 1873. It contains five stores, a hotel, blacksmith 
shop, cabinet shop, drug store, one church. Masonic hall, and other buildings for 
residents, and such industries as appertain to a thrifty town of 150 jiopulation. 
The climate of Trinity county is genial, the summers uniform and tempered by 
the Gulf winds ; the general health is good, the rain-fall is abundant, and the 
mean temperature about 68 degrees. The inhabitants are intelligent, and support 
churches and schools, and extend a cordial welcome to the immigrant. The town 
of Sumpter, in the southern central part of the county, is the county seat. Mr. 
J. T. Evans is the county clerk. 

TYLER COUNTY. 

This county is one of the southeastern counties of Texas, and its northern 
and eastern boundary is traversed by the Neches river, which, with its numerous 
branches and other creeks and streams, afford an ample water supply. Tyler 
county is west of the 17th degree of longitude, and just south of the 31st paral- 
lel of latitude. The area of the county is 1,240 square miles, and it has a popu- 
lation of about 6,000. It is nearly two-thirds timbered, and one-third prairie. 
The timber consists of pine, beech, oak, magnolia, walnut, ash, cypress and other 
varieties, which is all of fine quality and valuable. About 20,000 acres are now 
under cultivation. The soils are of various kinds. They consist of pine laud, 
black, sandy and alluvial bottom soils. The bottom lands are very rich and pro- 
ductive. Generally the land is easily cultivated, and yields excellent crops. The 
prairie lands are not so valuable for farming purposes, but afford good pasturage. 
The productions are chiefly cotton, rice, corn, oats, potatoes, sugar cane, and all 
of the varieties of vegetables usually grown in that section of the State. The 
lands are moderate in price, and are sold upon favorable conditions. The ele- 
vation above the sea level is about 300 feet, and the trade winds of the Gulf ren- 
der the climate genial and invigorating. The mean temperature is about 60 
degrees, having an average during the summer of about 80 degrees. The rain-fall 
is ample for farming purposes. There are good schools and churches throughout 
the county, which are all liberally maintained. The people are generous and hos- 
pitable, and cheerfully assist the industrious immigrant who comes to share their 



134 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

fortune. Woodville is a growing town of about 400 population, is the county 
seat, and situated nearly in the center of the county. Mr. W. T. Hyde is the 
county clerk. 

UVALDE COUNTY. 
" Rio Bravo " is the old Spanish name of this county, which is situated in 
Southwestern Texas, just east of the line of the 23d degree of longitude west from 
Washington, and between the 39th and 30th parallels of north latitude. It con- 
tains an area of 1,300 square miles, and a population of about 3,000, composed of 
Americans and Mexicans. The Frio, Leona and Nueces rivers run diagonally 
through the county, and take in mountain springs. With other small streams 
these rivers furnish the water supply. The valley lands are rich, and under a 
system of irrigation very productive. South and west of the mountain range 
there is considerable timber, in sufficient quantities for domestic purposes. In 
that section of the county about 2,000 acres of the valley lands of the Frio and 
Leona rivers have come under cultivation, producing corn, cane, wheat, oats, and 
vegetables in great variety. About 20 miles northwest from Uvalde an irrigating 
ditch is being cut, leading from the Nueces river, which will bring under successful 
and profitable cultivation from fifteen to twenty thousand acres of valuable lauds. 
The chief industries of the county are stock raising, and farming which needs 
irrigation to be successful. A large New York company has been formed for the 
purpose of cutting a canal from the Nueces river, some ten miles west from 
Uvalde, which when completed will furnish water for over 20,000 acres of fertile 
soil. The town of Uvalde is situated in the southern central portion of the 
county, and has a thriving population of about 700. It is upon the banks and 
near the head of the beautiful Leona river, surrounded by a growth of elm, oak, 
hackberry and pecan, and therefore in the midst of a charming forest park. The 
surface of the county is considerably broken, the climate is dry and delightful, 
the rain-fall moderate, and the temperature averages about 69 degrees. Upon the 
construction of a railroad through this county west from San Antonio it will ofier 
large inducements to settlers. The town of Uvalde is west from San Antonio 
90 miles. Mr. N. L. Stratt5n is the district clerk. 

VAN ZANDT COUNTY. 

The situation of this county is upon the verge of the wooded region of North- 
eastern Texas, between the 32d and 33d parallels of latitude, its western boundary 
being the 19th degree of longitude. The head waters of the Neches river ex- 
tend into this county, and numerous tributary creeks and springs furnish it with 
an ample supply of water. Its area is 950 square miles, and its population is 
about 9,000. The Texas & Pacific Railway extends through its northern section 
from east to west, furnishing transportation facilities. About one-third of the 
county is undulating prairie and is in the western portion, while the remainder 
is well timbered with the varieties that grow in any section of Northern Texas. 
The soils are of the " red land " variety, and quite fertile. In the timbered sec- 
tions of the county the crops are a good average, and upon the prairie lands,, 
which are chiefly of a black and red loam, the products are abundant. Corn» 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 135 

-cotton, all of the smaller grains, fruits and vegetables, and tobacco, have a large 
growth. The grasses are abundant, and the stock range excellent. This conuty 
offers good inducements to the industrious immigrant, and the lands can be pur- 
chased at moderate prices and upon favorable conditions. Unimproved lands 
can be bought at from $3 to $5 per acre, while the improved farms are valued at 
from $5 to $15 per acre. There are extensive salt manufactories at Great Saline 
Station, which manufacture large quantities for the general market. The most 
important town in the county is Will's Point, having a progressive population of 
800, which is rapidly increasing. It is situated upon the line of the railroad in 
the northwestern part of the county, and surrounded with a fertile and beautiful 
country. The other railroad stations are Silver Lake, Edgewood, and Grand 
Saline. They are all growing places. In the central portion of the county, about 
12 miles south of the railroad, is situated the town of Canton. It has a popula- 
tion of several hundred, and is the county seat. Wherever there is a population 
in Van Zandt county, there are schools and churches, and good social advantages. 
The health of the county is good ; the people intelligent and hospitable ; the 
rain-fall a full average ; the mean temperature about 62 degrees, and the climate 
uniform and genial. Mr. W. A. Williams is the county clerk. 

VICTORIA COUNTY. 

This county is situated northwest from Calhoun, on the 20th degree of longi- 
tude west from Washington, and the 29th parallel of latitude. It has an area 
of 1,050 square miles, and a population of over 5,000. It was organized in 1837, 
and took its name from Civdad Victoria, the principal town and capital of Ta- 
maulipas, in Mexico. Its proximity to the Gulf renders the climate delightful 
and healthy. The surface of the county is level, and less than one-fourth of it 
is timbered with elm, pecan, mulberry ; white, post and live oak, and other varie- 
ties. It is in sufficient quantities for domestic wants. The beautiful Guadalupe 
and San Antonio rivers flow through the county, and with their tributaries 
afford the water supply. The soils are alluvial, black prairie and sandy. Along 
the streams the soil is very productive. The crops are cotton, sugar cane, rye, 
wheat, oats, corn, and a variety of vegetables. Grapes are successfully cultivated, 
and an abundant crop. The grasses are of excellent quality, and furnish ample 
pasturage for horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, all of which thrive in this county. 
Stock raising is very profitable. Although the county lies near the Gulf it is 
healthy, and the climate is delightful, the atmosphere being tempered by the cool- 
ing trade winds. Good unimproved land can be purchased at from 50 cents to $3 
per acre. The improved farms range in price from $5 to $20 per acre. The 
present need of Victoria county is labor to develop its resources, and immigrants 
with moderate capital to occupy its unimproved lands. The people are enterpris- 
ing and intelligent, and extend a cordial hand to the honest and industrious from 
every clime and country. Victoria is the county seat, and is a thriving town, 
situated in nearly the center of the county, upon the line of the Gulf, West 
Texas & Pacific Railway, which traverses the entire county from southeast to 
northwest, and has its terminus at Indianola. The county clerk is Mr. J. E. 
D. Moody. 



126 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

WALKER COUNTY. 

The situation of Walker county is north of Montgomery and south of Mad- 
ison and Trinity counties, between the 18th and 19th degrees of longitude west 
from Washington, and the 30th and 31st parallels of latitude. The International 
& Great Northern Railway traverses the eastern portion of the county from 
north to south, with a branch from Phelps Junction to Huntsville. These lines 
aftbrd ample transportation facilities, and add largely to the rapid development 
of its rich agricultural capacity. The county has an area of about 900 square 
miles, and an active, progressive and rapidly-increasing population. Its location 
is in the midst of the great forests of Eastern Texas, and the abundance of timber 
consists of red, white, pin and post oak, pecan, ash, walnut, hickory, cypress, 
cedar and other varieties. These timbers are of great value, and offer induce- 
ments for manufacturing agricultural implements, wagons, staves, etc. Capital 
would here find a safe and profitable investment. The county is finely watered • 
the San Jacinto river and its tributaries furnishing a full supply for the southern 
section, while the Trinity, upon its northeastern boundary, with numerous afflu- 
ents, waters its northern section. In every part of the county there are clear, 
freestone springs of water, and many celebrated mineral springs. The soil ranges 
from the fertile black bottom land to the black and gray loam and sandy soil, all 
of which yield abundantly of corn, oats, sugar cane, cotton, every variety of veg- 
etables, and some fruits. The yield of cotton on the bottom lands reaches 1,000 
pounds, while upon the uplands 700 pounds is an average crop per acre. Wheat 
has been successfully cultivated, and corn is a bountiful crop. As about four-fifths 
of the county is timbered, there is an unlimited supply of mast, and thousand* 
of hogs are fattened upon it at a nominal cost. There are in active operation 
in the county about a dozen saw mills, and the increasing demand for lumber 
must necessarily increase the number and capacity of the mills. From $2 to $5 
per acre is the ranging price for good unimproved lands, and the terms are made 
as favorable as can reasonably be desired. The county seat is Huntsville, with a 
population of about 2,000. It was first settled in 1834, and is the present location 
of the State penitentiary. It has stores, and all of the industries connected with 
a progressive town. Its college and schools are notably excellent ; its churches 
number five, and are liberally supported ; it has Masonic and Odd Fellows' lodges, 
and the society is refined and intelligent. Waverly is a town of 150 inhabitants, 
and located on the International & Great Northern Railway. Dodge and River- 
side are both thriving towns, and have grown up since the construction of the 
railroad. Altogether Walker county is one of the best in Eastern Texas. Its 
climate is genial, the general health is good, the rain-fall abundant, the mean 
temperature about 68 degrees, and the people are hospitable and industrious. Mr. 
W. B. Rome is the county clerk. 

WALLER COUNTY. 

In 1873 this county was organized from parts of Austin and Grimes counties. 
It contains 700 square miles, being about equally divided between prairie and 
timbered lands. The Brazos river forms its western boundary, while upon the 
east are Harris and Montgomery counties. It is situated in longitude 19 degrees 



COUirriES OF TEXAS. 127 

west, and in latitude 30 degrees north. The surface and soil of the county, and 
its various productions, are similar in character and quality to Austin county. 
The climate is salubrious and healthy, with the exception of the Brazos bottom 
lands, which are, like all other low lands, subject to chills. The wooded sections 
are chiefly along the river valleys, .and the timber consists of the several varieties 
of oak, ash, elm, extra pecan, hickory, pine, walnut, mulberry and black-jack. 
The streams are the Brazos river, Pond creek, Clear creek. Cedar creek and 
Beasor's creek. There are also several springs in the county, known as Cuny 
Ranch and Sapp springs ; and there are many small lakes from one to three miles 
long — all of which supply an abundance of water. 

The Houston & Texas Central Railway traverses this county, the main line 
extending froni Denison to Houston, and a branch line from Hempstead to Aus- 
tin, the capital of the State. Hempstead is a wide-awake and enterprising town 
of about 3,000 population, and is the county seat, the value of unimproved lots 
ranging from $25 to $500. The other prominent villages in the county are Sunny 
Side, JcM'ett, Patterson, Waller's, and Fellas Store, ranging in population from 
50 to 400. The value of the real estate in "Waller county is about one million of 
dollars, and the total assessment of real and personal property for the year 1877 
is $1,865,420. The total population is 10,500, being about equally divided be- 
tween the white and colored inhabitants. There are in this county 5,000 horses 
and mules, valued at $107,505 ; cattle 9,700, valued at $64,709 ; sheep 600, valued 
at $800, and hogs 4,468, valued at $8,291. There are also five Masonic lodges, 
one I. O. O. F. lodge, four granges, fifteen churches and chapels, and twenty 
public schools. The people are intelligent and progressive, and the county is 
now receiving large accessions, both in numbers and wealth, from immigration. 
Geo. G. Lester, Esq., is the clerk of the District Court, from whom we received 
many of the foregoing facts. 

WASHINGTON COUNTY. 

This county is one of the oldest, most prosperous, progressive and wealthy in 
the State of Texas. Its history from an uninhabited Province to a Mexican 
Municipality — from a county of the " Lone Star " Republic to a county of the 
State of Texas, and up to the present time, is full of interest and associated with 
all that is honorable, and all that imparts undying luster to the character and 
heroic energy of Texans. It was in this county where the first convention 
assembled to deliberate upon a plan of separation from Mexico, and from this 
county the proclamation of political Independence was issued. In this county 
also was held the last meeting of the Congress of the Republic of Texas, which 
performed the last official acts of a sovereign State preceding its union with the 
United States of America. 

This county deserves a more extended notice than space will permit, and with 
reluctance its present description is all that can be accorded. Originally Wash- 
ington county embraced all of the territory now included in the counties of 
Fayette and Lee upon the west, Burleson, Milam and Robertson on the north, 
and Leon, Brazos, Grimes, Madison and Montgomery on the east. The present 
area of the county is 630 square miles, and its population is about 30,000. It is 



128 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

situated between the 19th and 20th degrees of longitude west, and the 30th and 
31st degrees of latitude north ; bounded upon the east by the Brazos river, and 
upon the north by Yegua creek, an affluent of the Brazos. The county is splen- 
■didly watered and timbered. The climate is salubrious and healthy ; the sum- 
mer heat is tempered with a delightful breeze /rom the Gulf, and the winters are 
mild and genial. In this respect the county is greatly favored, and elsewhere in 
the State there is hardly a more desirable location for those in search of homes 
in a Southern clime. The soil has a splendid average of excellence, and the 
larger portion is very rich and productive. Like other counties in this section 
of the State, it is about equally divided between timber and prairie. The pro- 
ducts are chiefly corn, cotton, sugar cane, sorghum, wheat, barley, oats, Irish and 
sweet potatoes, and all kinds of vegetables. Fruits in great variety and of 
superior quality are produced in abundance. There are three extensive nurseries 
in the vicinity of Brenham, which supply a large section of the State with 
■varieties of plum, apple, pear aud peach stocks. The average yield of corn, 
■when properly cultivated, is about forty bushels per acre, and the cotton crop is 
seldom less than one bale, and often two bales to the acre. The corn product 
usually commands fifty cents per bushel, and cotton about $40 per bale. 

Along the river valleys the timber is in great variety and heavy, and between 
the skirts of timber are the grand prairies, covered with rich and nutritious 
grasses, upon which stock of all kinds can feed the whole year. Unimproved 
lands are valued at from $2 to $7 per acre, according to quality and location, 
while cultivated farms range as high as $50 and down to a moderate price per 
acre. Rentals can be secured upon the most favorable terms. 

Brenham is the chief city, and county seat, with a population of nearly 5,000, 
and is situated seventy miles northwest from Houston, upon the western branch 
of the Houston & Texas Central Railway, which traverses the entire length of 
"Washington county. The proposed Galveston & Santa Fe Railroad will extend 
to this city, connecting with the Texas & Pacific Railroad in the northern section 
of the State. Churches and schools are well supported in this city. From 
20,000 to 30,000 bales of cotton are annually shipped by rail from this point. 
Washington, with a population of about 300, and at one time the capital of the 
Republic of Texas, is situated twenty miles east of Brenham, on the Brazos river. 
Independence is a scholastic town, of about 400 population, situated northeast of 
Brenham twelve miles. Baylor University and a flourishing female college are 
located here. Gay Hill has a population of about 100, and is situated in a popu- 
lous section, about nine miles north of Brenham. It is the location of Live Oak 
Female Seminary, which is a prosperous and excellent school. Nine miles 
northwest from Brenham, and three miles east of Gay Hill, is Long Point ; it has 
. about 100 inhabitants. The population of Burton is about 250, and its location 
is fourteen miles northwest from Brenham, upon the line of the western branch 
of the H. & T. C. Railway. Berlin has about 100 inhabitants, and is about four 
miles west of Brenham. Chappell Hill is ten miles east of Brenham, on the 
H. & T. C. Railway, and has a population of about 800. Here is located the 
Soule University and a female seminary. 

It is proper to state that there is annually shipped from Burton and Chappell 
-Hill each, from 6,000 to 10,000 bales of cotton. The value of the property in this 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 129 

-county is about six millions of dollars, and the assessed valuation reaches about 
four and one-half millions. There are in the county six Masonic lodges, nine 
granges, about one hundred churches, and a large number of public schools. 
The people are industrious, chivalrous and hospitable. They welcome and 
encourage those who desire to labor for a home and its comforts. They support 
with genuine liberality the cause of education and the principles of the Christian 
religion. Thriftless and indolent men will find an uncomfortable abiding place 
among them. H. M. Lewis, Esq., is the coimty clerk. 

WEBB COUNTY. 

In the southwestern portion of Texas, and bordering upon the Rio Grande, on 
the 23d parallel of latitude and between the 22d and 23d degrees of longitude, is 
situated Webb county. It has an extensive area, and in sections is watered by 
the tributaries of the Rio Grande. Iji soil, climate and productions it has all of 
the characteristics of Maverick and Zapata counties. Laredo is its most impor- 
tant town, and its situation is upon the Rio Grande river, in the southern portion 
■of the county. It is the objective point of the International & Great Northern 
Railway in its extension to Mexico. The inhabitants are mostly Mexicans, but 
this feature will rapidly change when the county is traversed by a railroad and 
opened up to immigration. Stock raising is the principal industry. The climate 
is warm, dry and healthy, and the rain-fall moderate. Laredo is the county seat, 
and Mr. Peter Stifflan is the county clerk. 

WHARTON COUNTY. 

Between the 29th and 30th degrees of latitude north, and on the 19th degree of 
longitude west, is situated Wharton county. It is south of Austin county and 
north of Matagorda, upon the line of the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio 
Railway, which traverses its northern section. It was organized in 1846, and has 
an area of 900 square miles, and a population of about 4,000, 3,000 of whom are 
white. This county is finely watered, the Colorado flowing through its center, 
the old Caney and East and West Bernard rivers ; the Peach, Middle Bernard, 
Lone Star, East, West and Middle Mustang. Pine Oak, Golden Rod, Sandy, Jones, 
Blue and Palacois creeks traversing every section of the county. The county 
is divided between prairie and timber land, and the rich alluvial soil of 
the valleys is not surpassed in productiveness by any other portion of the State, 
although there is only about one-fortieth of the county at present under cultiva- 
tion. The timbered sections abound in every variety of oak, cypress, Cottonwood, 
ash, pecan, elm, etc., and the quality of the lumber is equal to the best that is 
produced in the extreme eastern portion of the State. The bottom lands are 
exceedingly rich and productive, and the prairie is a fine stock-raising 
region. The crops are principally cotton, sugar cane and corn, the latter equal in 
quality and quantity to the best corn-producing fields of Illinois, while the cotton 
crops are not surpassed in the South. The warmth of the climate is tempered 
by Gulf breezes, the rain-fall plentiful, and the temperature about that of San 
Antonio. Improved lands are valued at from $6 to $25 per acre, while the unim- 
proved sections are worth from |1.50 to $8 per acre. The number of horses in 
9 



130 SOUTHERN AKD WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

the county is about 4,000, valued at $30 each ; cattle, 30,000, valued at $6 each ;. 
sheep, 300, valued at $1.25 each ; and hogs, 5,000, valued at $2 each. 

The principal towns in this county are as follows : Wharton, the county seat, 
located on the Colorado river, with a population of 500, and is rapidly improving. 
The Brazos & Colorado Railroad will soon be completed to this point. Spanish 
Camps has a population of 100 ; and New Philadelphia, on the Galveston, Harris- 
burg & San Antonio Railway, mostly settled by Pennsylvanians, was recently 
laid out in a splendid location, and is constantly increasing in population. In the 
county there are nine churches and twenty-one schools. 

Wharton county offers great inducements to immigrants, having facilities 
for marketing products, and a soil and climate to produce them in unlimited 
quantities. The people are industrious, steady and moral, and are hospitable 
and courteous to strangers. Mr. H. H. Kirkpatrick is the coimty clerk, and 
furnished us much of the above information. 

WILLIAMSON COUNTY. 

In the central portion of Texas, and directly north of Austin, between the 
20th and 21st degrees of longitude west from Washington, and the 30th and 81st 
parallels of latitude, is situated Williamson county, one of the best and most pro- 
ductive in that section of the State. It has an area of 1,100 square miles, and a 
population of 9,000. Two-fifths of the county is partially timbered with the sev- 
eral varieties of oak, pecan, cedar, elm, ash, hackberry, and many other kinds, all 
of which are valuable. The county is also finely watered with numerous streams 
and creeks, which flow eastwardly through its territory. The San Gabriel and 
Brushy rivers are the larger water courses, while in every section good well-water 
can be obtained at a moderate depth. The belts of timber extend along the 
streams, one of which, eight miles in width, extends nearly across the county. 
There is also considerable timber in the northwestern portion of the county. The 
prairies are undulating, and one of them has an area of twenty miles square. It 
is watered by several flowing streams, and the soils are as productive and fertile 
as any in the State. Even among the belts of timber there are charming spaces 
of prairie of exceeding richness. Along the river courses the alluvial soil pre- 
vails, while in the southeastern portion of the county the black sticky and black 
loam is found at a depth of from three to ten feet. It will bear long cultivation 
without fertilizing. In other sections there is black soil, inclining to chocolate, 
which is equally fertile. The crops embrace a great variety, and have a luxuriant 
growth. The leading products are corn, cotton, oats, wheat, barley, rye, sugar 
cane, sorghum, all of the vegetables and many varieties of fruit. The grasses are 
of excellent quality and growth, and millet is a large crop. Average yield 
per acre : 50 bushels of oats, 40 bushels of barley, two-thirds of a bale of cotton, 
15 bushels of wheat, 20 bushels of rye, 30 bushels of corn, and other products in 
proportion ; although in favored sections the crops are one-third larger than the 
amounts mentioned. The best unimproved lands can be bought at from |4 to 10 
per acre, while the improved lands command prices according to the improve- 
ments and location, and can be secured upon easy terms. Rentals are also to be 
had upon the usual conditions. The International & Great Northern Railway 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 131 

traverses its eastern section, and aftords splendid facilities for transportation to 
every market in the country. Upon or near the Mustang creek, and about equi- 
distant from the San Gabriel and Brushy rivers, is located the town of Taylor. 
It is a station on the line of the International & Great Northern Railway, about 
fifteen miles from the eastern boundary of the county, and was laid off into town 
lots in 1876. It has already a population of 500, and is in the center of a fine 
stock-raising country. The quality of the stock is being rapidly improved, and 
the breed of all kinds will at an early day equal the best to be found in the coun- 
try. The town has all of the industries that follow a growth of population, 
together with good schools, churches and societies. West of Taylor, seventeen 
miles, is the town of Round Rock, which was first settled in 1876, and has now 
an enterprising population of about 1,500. It is the principal station on the 
International & Great Northern Railway in Williamson county, and is alive with 
all of the industry and thrift of an advancing town. Its stores, manufactories, 
schools, churches and societies are all evidences of its prosperity. In its vicinity 
are large quarries of excellent building stone, which has been used in the con- 
struction of many buildings in that place. Round Rock already commands the 
trade of about ten counties, and is a central point that invites capital to profitable 
investment. The elevation of the county above the Gulf is 800 feet, the rain-fall 
an average of about 40 inches, the mean temperature about 68 degrees, and the 
climate is charming and delightful. The people are intelligent and full of 
energy, and their prosperity is substantial. Georgetown, an important and 
flourishing town nearly in the center of the county, is the county seat. Mr. L. 
Pennington is the county clerk. 

, WILSON COUNTY. 

The situation of this county is about 90 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, in 
latitude 29 degrees north, and longitude 22 degrees west. It is about 30 miles 
from San Antonio, and 40 miles from Cuero, the present terminus of the Morgan 
line of railway from Indianola. Its elevation above the level of the Gulf is about 
400 feet, and the climate is genial and healthy, being tempered with the sea 
breeze. The average temperature is about 63 degrees, and the rain-fall about 33 
inches. The county is splendidly watered, the San Antonio river traversing 
nearly its center, affording grand water privileges, while the Cibolo and numer- 
ous smaller streams flow through different sections of the county. Springs are 
everjrwhere to be foimd, and no difliculties are encountered in supplying stock 
with abundance of water. 

The surface of the coimty is neither level nor hilly, but is undulating to an 
extent that affords ample drainage. The soil is of a rich, sandy loam, susceptible 
of the highest cultivation, and yields an immense production, in great variety. 
Agricultural products consist of corn, which averages a yield of 30 bushels per 
acre; wheat, 20 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; cotton, in seed, per acre, 1,200 pounds; 
sweet potatoes, 200 bushels per acre ; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels ; rye, 20 busliels ; 
and melons, pumpkins, squashes and all garden vegetables are successfully cul- 
tivated. The climate and soil are adapted to the production of fruits and vines. 
Among them are apples (of Southern origin), pears, peaches, plums, apricots, 



132 SOUTHEEN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

nectarines, quinces, figs, grapes, strawberries, etc., all of which are easily culti- 
vated. The grape is especially prolific in this county, and the principal varieties 
are the Black Hamburg, Black Prince, White Mercat of Alexandria, and the 
native Mustang. Many of the bunches of the Black Hamburg variety weigh two 
pounds and over, while an excellent table wine is produced in large quantities 
from the Mustang grape. This portion of Texas will soon equal the favored 
regions of California and the Rhine as a wine-producing country. There is 
considerable iron and lime mixed with the soil of this coimty, which renders it 
of great strength and fertility. About one-half of the county is well timbered 
with oak, hickory, and mesquite, and on the streams with live oak, pecan, cotton- 
wood, hackberry and elm. The other half of the county is a splendid rolling 
prairie, covered with the finest mesquite grass, affording an ample support for all 
kinds of stock the year round. The pork crop is easily secured in smoke-houses 
at the proper season of the year. The rivers and creeks yield an abundant variety 
of fish, and game of every kind is plenty. 

The prices of provisions average about as follows : corn, 30 cents per bushel ; 
wheat, $1.40; oats, 20 cents; flour, $6 to $8 per barrel; corn meal, 35 to 40 cents 
per bushel ; pork, 5 cents per pound ; beef, 2% to 3 cents per pound ; butter, 15 to 
20 cents; eggs, 10 to 15 cents per dozen; potatoes, from 50 cents to $1 per bushel; 
chickens, from 10 to 20 cents each ; turkej'-s, 50 to 75 cents each ; milch cows, $10 
to $15 each, with calf; and good, native horses, from $10 to $25 each. 

The unimproved prairie lands can be bought at from 50 cents to $3 per acre, 
while the improved lands range from $2 to $10 per acre, according to locality, 
quality, advantages, etc. 

The area of Wilson county is 670 square miles, or 576,000 acres. The amount 
of improved land is 150,000 aci-es, and of unimproved, 420,000 acres. Average 
valuation, $1.67 per acre, making the valuation of the lands, $961,920. 

The valuation of city or tow a property is 28,277 



value 121,548 

" 83,998 

" 17,828 

« 324 

" 15,021 

Estimated amount of money in county 37,708 

" " " merchandise 36,757 

" " " miscellaneous property 35,663 



Number of Horses, 9,495 

" Cattle, 16,721 

" " Sheep, 9,927 

" " Goats, 589 

". " Hogs, 9,658 



Total valuation $1,339,044 

As per assessment roll for the year 1877. The tax rates are : State, 50 cents, and 
county, 65 cents on each $100 of assessed valuation, to which may be added a 
dog tax of $1 each, amounting to $301. The population is 7,500; the number of 
voters, 1,250; school children, registered, 794; number of free schools, 31; and 
amount of public-school money to each scholar, $3.50. 

The principal villages in the county are as follows : Floresville, the county 
seat ; Stockdale, Sutherland Springs, Lavernia, Graytown and Lodi, to which 
may be added the post towns of Fairview, Nockenut and Albuquerque. There 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 133 

are churches in all of the villages, and other parts of the county where the 
population is sufficient to form one. The Protestant denominations are fully 
represented. In every part of the county labor is in fair demand. Farm hands 
are paid from $15 to $20 per month, with board. Good mechanics and skilled 
laborers are in constant request, especially wagon-makers, blacksmiths, wheel- 
wrights, carpenters, etc. The health of the county is excellent, no epidemics at 
any season of the year, no chills and fever ever known, and but few bilious fevers 
or other sickness. The morals of the people are a full average of any of the 
communities in the older States, and the people are cordial and generous one to 
another, and especially so to strangers. For these valuable facts we are indebted 
to Mr. A. G. Pickett, a resident of Wilson county for over twenty years, and who 
now resides at Floresville, in this county, and who will take pleasure in answer- 
ing all communications of inquiry addressed to him. 

WOOD COUNTY. 

This county is west of Upshur county and north of Smith county, between the 
18th and 19th degrees of longitude west from Washington, its northern boundary 
being the 33d parallel of latitude. Its area is 418 square miles, and popula- 
tion about 8,000. It is splendidly watered by numerous streams, creeks and 
springs, and the soil, products and climate are similar to those of Smith 
county. The Sabine river divides it from the last named county. The 
surface of the county is generally level and well timbered. The products con- 
sist of wheat and the smaller grains, cotton, vegetables and fruits. The prices of 
unimproved lands range from $2 to $5 per acre, while good farms are com- 
manding as high as $12 and $15 per acre. Mineola is now an important town, 
with a population of 1,200, and is the terminus of the northern branch of the 
International & Gt. Northern Railway, and the junction formed with the Texas 
& Pacific road. The last named road extends from east to west through the 
northern section of the county, and its transportation facilities can hardly be 
excelled. Hawkins is a small town on the line of the Texas & Pacific Railway, 
and has a trade of considerable importance. Fourteen miles north of Mineola is 
the county town of Quitman, with a population of about 900. It has all of the 
industrious thrift of a busy town. Good schools and churches are scattered 
throughout Wood county, and are well sustained. The people are good people, 
and they are kind and generous one to another. It is a fine county for immigrants 
to settle in. The mean temperature is about 60 degrees, the rain-fall plentiful, 
the climate genial, and the general health good. Mr. T. J. Worthy is the county 
clerk. 

ZAPATA COUNTY. 

In the extreme southwestern portion of Texas, upon the Rio Grande river, and 
about 180 miles above Brownsville, on the 22d degree of longitude west from 
Washington, and the 27th parallel of latitude, is situated Zapata county. Its 
area is 669,394 acres, and its sparse inhabitants are Mexicans, with the exception 
of a very few. As the people have little industry and enterprise, the county is 
practically undeveloped. The Mexicans of the coimty still use the primitive 



134 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

plow for breaking up the soil, which is simply a crooked stick with an iron 
point. Corn is the only product of any consequence, and this is raised in but 
limited quantities, although in some sections of the county there are some good 
farming lauds. Probably about seven-eighths of the county is covered with a 
scanty growth of mesquite timber, and other varieties found in that section of 
the State. The assessed value of the lauds is $126,931. Number of horses and 
mules, 8,975, valued at $69,330; cattle, 13,168, value, $71,044; sheep, 119,583, 
value, $86,309; goats, 300, value, $225. Merchandise, valued at $5,140; miscel- 
leneous property, valued at $29,366. These amounts are probably considerably 
less than the actual facts. There is a limited supply of water, but enough for 
the stock. The climate is hot, dry and healthy, and the temperature will range 
over 70 degrees. The county seat is Carrizo, a small Mexican town in the south- 
western portion of the county. Mr. D. A. Seely, of that town, has furnished us 
with many of the foregoing facts. 

BOWIE COUNTY. 

This is the extreme northeastern county of Texas, and its eastern boundary 
is the 17th degree of longitude west from Washington. It is midway between 
the 33d and 34th parallels of latitude, the Red river flowing along its northern 
border. The Sulphur Fork of the Red river is the line of its southern boundary. 
With numerous creek affluents of the rivers named, flowing through every section 
of the county, together with clear water springs and wells at a moderate depth, 
the supply of water is abundant. The pine forests of Bowie county are very val- 
uable, and the lumber commands good prices for shipment into Western Texas. 
This is one of the counties in which the value of the timber exceeds the price 
asked for the lands, and which supplies a cash income without waiting to market 
a crop. The county contains 893 square miles, and a busy and thrifty population 
of about 6,000. The soil is chiefly of the red and gray loam, and especially along 
the bottoms of the Red river it is exceedingly rich and fertile. The crops are 
cotton, corn, some of the smaller grains, peas, potatoes, and every kind of vege- 
tables, fruits in great variety, and grapes in abundance. These products commantl 
a cash value, because of the excellent facilities for transportation to market. The 
prices of unimproved river lands range from $3 to $5 per acre ; the uplands 
are valued at from $1 to $3 per acre, while in large bodies these lands can 
be purchased at lower prices. The Transcontinental Railway extends from east 
to west through the county, commencing at Texarkana and running west to 
Sherman in Grayson county. Through the southeastern section of the county the 
Texas & Pacific Railway extends, connecting at Texarkana with the St. Louis, Iron 
Mountain & Southern Railway. The proposed extension of the Tyler Gap Road 
will traverse the southern part of the county and make connections at Texarkana. 
These roads add largely to the opportunities of Bowie county, and atford facili- 
ties for its rapid improvement and development. It is a section of Texas which 
should attract the inquiry and attention of those seeking new homes in the 
Southwest, and for the investment of a moderate capital it offers rare induce- 
ments. Boston is the county seat, and is situated nearly in the center of the 
county. It is a thriving town, and has all of the advantages of schools, churches 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 135 

and good society. Throughout the county there are churches and schools in 
every neighborhood, and tlie people are intelligent and hospitable. Mr. A. R. 
Hoskins is the county clerk. 

CASS COUNTY. 

In the northeastern portion of Texas, south of Bowie county and north of Marion 
• county, on the 33d parallel of latitude, and between the 17th and 18th degrees of 
longitude, is situated Cass county. It has an area of 900 square miles, and a 
population of about 15,000. It is abundantly watered with numerous streams 
and springs, and is almost exclusively a timbered county. The timber consists 
of pine forests, oak and other varieties, all of which are valuable. The soil is 
what is known as the "red land," and although not as productive as the prairie 
lands, or the rich bottoms of the Brazos or Colorado rivers, it produces good 
crops of cotton, fruits, vegetables, corn and other grains. The Texas & Pacific 
Railway runs through this county from north to south, connecting Texarkana 
and Marshall, and furnishes a medium of transportation to all of the markets in 
the North and South. The prices of lands range from $1 to f 8 per acre, which is 
less than the value of the timber they bear. Queen City, Atlanta and Kildare 
are the principal railway stations, at which the surplus productions are received 
for shipment to market. There are also numerous saw mills in the county, and 
many along the line of the road, for manufacturing the timber into lumber. 
The people are hospitable and prosperous, support schools and churches, and 

■ deal generously one with another. The general health is good, the rain-fall 
plentiful, the climate genial and uniform, and the mean temperature about 68 
degrees. Linden is a town with a population of about 400, is situated in the 
central portion of the county, about eight miles west of the railway, and is the 

' county seat. Mr. J. L. Whittle is the county clerk. 

COLLIN COUNTY. 

Collin county is just north of the 33d parallel of latitude, and between the 
19th and 20th degrees of longitude west from Washington. Grayson and 
Fannin counties form its northern boundary, and its soil, products and surface 
partake of the characteristics of those counties. It has an area of 870 square 
miles, and a population of about 25,000. The surface is a rolling prairie, about 
one-fourth of which is wooded with the varieties usual in Northern Texas. The 

■ county is well watered with many streams and springs, and good water can be 
obtained from wells at a moderate depth. The soils are of the black waxy and 
black loam, which are very strong and productive, yielding immense crops of 
cotton, corn, oats, barley, rye, wheat, millet, Hungarian grass, vegetables and 
fruits. The average crops are 45 to 60 bushels of barley, 20 bushels of wheat, 
three-fourths of a bale of cotton, 25 bushels of corn, and 60 bushels of oats, per 
acre. The prices of unimproved lands range from $3 to $7 per acre, while good 
improved farms are worth from $8 to $20 per acre. The county is entirely free 
from debt, and has a surplus in the treasury, which indicates the thrift and pros- 
perity of its people. The H. & T. C. Railway runs through the county from 
north to south, and opens to it the markets of the country. Schools and 



136 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

churches are well supported and found in every neighborhood, there being in the- 
county 25 churches and 27 public schools. Amount of land under cultivation 
about 300,000 acres. The elevation above the sea level is about 650 feet, the rain-fall 
about 39 inches, the average mean temperature about 67 degrees and the general 
health good. McKinney is a flourishing tovpn, population about 3,000, and is 
situated on the line of the railroad in the central portion of the county. It 
contains all of the industries, thrift and conveniences of a growing town. It is 
the county seat. Mr. James M. Benje is the county clerk. 

DALLAS COUNTY. 

Between the 32d and 33d degrees of north latitude, and just east of the 20th 
degree of longitude west from Washington, is situated Dallas county, with an 
area of 900 square miles, and a population approximating 40,000. Its surface is 
an undulating prairie, and well watered with numerous creeks and streams. 
About one-fourth of the county is timbered with pecan, hickory, oak, ash, cedar, 
elm, Cottonwood, and other varieties. The timber is in quantities to supply 
domestic wants. It is located chiefly upon the margins of the three branches of ' 
the Trinity river, which flow in this county. Dallas is among the best improved 
and wealthiest of the counties in Northern Texas. The prairie lands are very 
rich, and the soil is generally of the black waxy and sandy loams. It is strong, 
and will bear the highest cultivation for a long series of years without fertilizing. 
The crops are in great variety, and consist of wheat, cotton, corn, all of the 
smaller grains, all kinds of fruits and vegetables, and the grasses have a lux- 
uriant growLh, furnishing a splendid range for stock. The yield of corn has an 
average of 40 bushels ; wheat, 20 bushels ; oats, 65 bushels ; barley, 60 bushels ; 
rye, 25 bushels ; one bale of cotton, and the native Hungarian and cultivated 
grasses, from 2 to 3 tons per acre. Millet is a large crop, and fruits and vegetables 
are abimdant. About one-half of the arable land is under cultivation. Prices 
of unimproved lands range from $5 to $12 per acre, and improved farms from 
$8 to $25 per acre. The transportation facilities of this county are excellent, 
the Texas & Pacific Railway traversing its entire length from east to west, and 
the Houston & Texas Central from north to south. The proposed roads are the 
Dallas & Wichita, now under construction, Dallas & Palestine, Dallas & Cleburne, 
and Dallas & Greenville. The assessed valuation of the county is $7,791,578. The 
educational advantages of the county are among the best in Texas, and churches 
are found in every section, and liberally supported. The people are up with 
the age in all of the industries and comforts of life. They are intelligent, and 
full of energy and enterprise. The climate is charming, uniform and healthy ; 
the mean temperature 67 degrees 65 minutes ; the altitude above the level of the 
Gulf, about 600. feet, and the average rain-fall about 40 inches. Dallas, the most 
important city in Northern Texas, is the county seat, a description of which will 
be found in the chapter on cities and towns. Mr. A. Harwood is the countj^ clerk. 

DELTA COUNTY. 

This county is situated south of Lamar county and north of Hopkins county. 
The forks of the Sulphur river enclose the county upon the north and south. It is • 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 



137 



situated between the 33d and 84th parallels of latitude, and the 18th and 19th de- 
grees of longitude west from Washington. All of the characteristics of soil, pro- 
ductions, climate, rain-fall, temperature, elevation, and surface of country of La- 
mar county apply to Delta county. Its inhabitants are prosperous and progress- 
ive. They support good schools and maintain good church organizations. Their 
lands are fertile and rich, producing a great abundance for all of their wants and a 
surplus for market. It is an excellent county for the industrious seeker after a 
new home, for here he will find a generous people and soil. Cooper is a thriving 
town in the central western portion of the county, and is the county seat. Mr. 
George W. Jones is the county clerk. 

DENTON COUNTY. 

The area of this county is 900 square miles, two-thirds of which is a magnifi- 
cent undulating prairie, and one-third timbered. The lower " Cross Timbers " 
extend through the county, and the wood is of the varieties grown in Northern 
Texas. The soil is fertile and rich, producing abundant crops of cotton, corn^ 
vegetables, fruits, all of the smaller grains, and excellent grasses. The range for 
stock is extensive and good. The county is well watered with streams, creeks and 
springs. The unimproved lauds range in price from $1.50 to $5 per acre, and beau- 
tiful improved farms can be bought at from $5 to $20 per acre. There are several 
projected railroads through the county, and in a few years it will enjoy the ad- 
vantages of transportation. The population is about 15,000, and a more indus- 
trious and law-abiding people can not be found in Texas. They support good 
schools, maintain churches, and are prosperous and happy. The health of the 
county is good, the climate is charming, the rain-fall is ample, and the average 
temperature about 66 degrees. Denton is the county seat, and although a small 
town, is growing and prosperous. Mr. J. R. McCormack is the county clerk. 

FANNIN COUNTY. 

This county has a population of about 28,000, and an area of 900 square miles, 
two-thirds of which is a splendid undulating prairie, and one-third timbered 
with the usual varieties in this section of the State. This county is situated upon 
the northern boundary of Texas, on the 19th degree of longitude west from Wash- 
ington, and between the 33d and 34th parallels of latitude. The Red river tra- 
verses its northern boundary, and divides it from the beautiful Indian Territory, 
the characteristics of which apply to Fannin county. The soils are of a black 
and red sandy loam, easily cultivated, and yielding large crops. The products 
are cotton, corn, the smaller grains, fruits, vegetables, and all of the crops that 
grow in Northern Texas. The affluents of the Red river and the Sulphur Fork, 
together with numerous creeks and springs, give it an ample water supply. The 
grasses have a luxuriant growth, and furnish an inviting range for stock of all 
kinds. The north branch of the Texas & Pacific Railway traverses the county 
from east to west, affording transportation facilities to all of the markets in the 
country. The unimproved lands are valued at from $3 to $8 per acre, while the 
improved lands range from $10 to $25 per acre. Fannin county has all of the 



138 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

elements of thrift and wealth. Its industries are various and prosperous, and its 
people intelligent and progressive. Churches and schools abound in all parts of 
the county, and are well maintained. Its elevation above the Gulf renders the 
climate delightful, and the general health good. The rainfall is a full average, 
reaching about 40 inches, and the mean temperature about 67 degrees. Bonham, 
a thriving and progressive town, nearly in the center of the county, on the line 
of the Texas & Pacific Railway, is the county seat. Honey Grove is another 
growing town, population 900, on the line of the same road, in the eastern section of 
the county. Dodd's and Savoy are also growing railway stations, and will soon 
reach considerable importance. Mr. J. H. Oliphant is the county clerk. 

FRANKLIN AND TITUS COUNTIES. 

These counties are small in area in comparison with the larger counties of 
Texas, but they are well supplied with water, the Sulphur river flowing through 
their northern borders, and numerous creeks and springs in other sections. They 
are situated in Northeastern Texas, north of the 33d parallel of latitude, and on 
the 18th degree of longitude. They are well timbered with the usual varieties 
in this section of the State, and the soil, climate, productions, temperature and 
rain-fall are like those in Red River county. The inhabitants are prosperous, and 
support good schools and churches. The lands are rich and fertile, and can be 
bought at moderate prices. There is a projected railway to extend through these 
counties, which will greatly enhance the price of lands upon its completion. 
Mount Vernon, in the southern central portion of Franklin county, is a prosper- 
ous town, and the coimty seat. Mr. Geo. T. Yates is the county clerk. Mount 
Pleasant is a thriving town, in the southern portion of Titus county, and is the 
county seat. Mr. Isham Cherry is the county clerk, 

HOPKINS COUNTY. 

This county lies east of Hunt county, between the 18th and 19th degrees of 
longitude west from Washington, the Sulphur river flowing along its northern 
boundary, and the 33d parallel of latitude forming its southern boundary. The 
surface, the soil, climate, productions, water supply, temperature, etc., of Hopkins 
county are like in character and quantity to that of either Hunt or Wood counties. 
It has an area of about 800 square miles, and a progressive population, who sup- 
port and maintain good schools and churches in every neighborhood. The lands 
of this county can be bought upon favorable terms, and at moderate prices. It 
ofl"ers many inducements to the industrious immigrant, and among them a good 
home and prosperity. The county seat is Sulphur Springs, which is a growing 
town, and has achieved some celebrity because of its sulphur waters. Mr. A. N. 
Edwards is the county clerk. 

HUNT COUNTY. 

Hunt county is on the 33d parallel of latitude, and the 19th degree of longitude 
west from Washington. It is east of Collin county and south of Fannin county. 
It contains an area of 850 square miles, and a population of 20,000 of industrious 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 139 

«,nd prosperous people. The population of the county has doubled during the 
past six years, and is rapidly on the increase at the present time. It is fairly 
watered, but drinking water is mostly supplied from wells and cisterns. The 
surface is a rolling prairie, with sufficient timber distributed throughout the 
county for domestic uses. The soils are the black waxy, black sandy, and gray 
sandy, all of which are fertile, and yield good crops of corn, cotton, barley, wheat, 
oats, vegetables and fruits. From $2 to $5 is the price of unimproved lands, 
while the improved lands range from $5 to $10 per acre. Good schools and 
churches are in every neighborhood, and are well sustained. The elevation of 
the county is about 600 feet, and the general health is good. The rain-fall is a 
good average, and the mean temperature is about 66 degrees. Greenville is the 
county seat, and has a population of about 1,000. As yet there are no railroads 
traversing this county, Mr. N. McDougald is the county clerk. 

KAUFMAN COUNTY. , 

This county is situated between Dallas upon the west and Van Zandt upon the 
•east, just west of the line of the 19th degree of longitude, and between the 32d 
and 33d parallels of latitude. Its area is 950 square miles, and the population 
about 13,000, of prosperous, progressive people. It is practically a prairie county, 
and yet along the margins of the streams there is considerable timber of the va- 
rieties usual in this section of the State, among which is the valuable bois d'aro, 
which commands a high price, because of its durability and extensive use in 
the construction of carriages and -wagons. The Sabine and Sulphur rivers have 
their rise in this county, which flow in small creek streams from the hillsides. 
East Fork, one of the largest branches of the Trinity river, has many affluents, 
and the supply of water is ample for all practical purposes. The soils are fertile 
and of excellent quality, especially along the river courses. The products are 
chiefly cotton, corn, wheat, and indeed all of the cereal crops. Vegetables have 
a prolific growth and a large yield. Fruits are in great variety, and the quality 
is equal to any in this section of the State. Grapes have a spontaneous growth, 
and when cultivated are among the valuable products of the county. The prai- 
rie lands are of a deep black soil, and spread into a sandy loam. The grasses 
are abundant, and are only excelled by the fine mesquite grass of Southwestern 
Texas. The stock range is large, and cattle and horses find a subsistence the 
year round. Stock raising is very profitable, and rapidly increasing. Until the 
construction of the Texas & Pacific Railway there were few facilities for the 
transportation of surplus products and stock, but now it has all of these advan- 
tages, connecting with the best markets in the country. That road traverses the 
county from east to west, in its northern portion, and has done much to develop 
its latent resources. The lands of this county yield an average of 15 to 20 bushels 
of wheat, from 20 to 40 bushels of barley, from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of seed cot- 
ton, and from 30 to 45 bushels of corn per acre. The price of unimproved lauds 
is from $3 to $5 per acre, and improved farms an average of about $10 per acre. 
Kaufman is a prosperous town, situated nearly in the center of the county, and 
is the county seat. Schools and churches are in every section of the county, and 
well supported. The people are intelligent and progressive. Mr. Henry Erwin 
is the county clerk. 



140 SOUTHERlSr AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

UPSHUR COUNTY. 

The Texas & Pacific Railway traverses the southern portion of Upshur county, 
from east to west, and affords it the best possible facilities for transportation. 
This county is in the northeastern portion of Texas, and is one of the many that 
form the grand timber belt, extending from the Indian Territory to the Gulf. 
It is mostly south of the 33d parallel of latitude, and on the 18th degree of lon- 
gitude west from Washington. TAe area of the county is 720 square miles, and 
its population is now about 8,000. The coimty is watered in its southern section 
by the upper part of the Sabine river ; in its western portion by the Big Sandy ; 
in its central southern part by the Cypress, and upon the north by the Big 
Cypress. These streams have numerous creek tributaries, and in every part of 
the county springs abound, and wells only need to be sunk to a moderate 
depth. There is an abundance of splendid timber in the county, consisting of 
pine, white, red and pin oak, elm, walnut, sweet gum, and other varieties. The 
soils are fertile, and along, the streams the bottom lands are especially productive. 
The crops are corn, cotton, oats, rye, wheat, sugar cane, barley, tobacco, fruits and 
vegetables. The sugar cane is of large growth and excellent quality, rivaling the 
Louisiana production of that crop. Cotton yields in the seed, 1,000 pounds, and 
corn from thirty to forty-five bushels per acre. Unimproved lands range in price 
from $3 to $4, and improved lands from $5 to $12 per acre. Hardly one- 
tenth of the county is at present under cultivation, and the opportunities for indus- 
trious farmers to make a good investment of a moderate capital are excellent. 
There are churches and schools, saw and grist m.ills, and other profitable indus- 
tries in every section of the county. There are also large quantities of iron ore 
in the county. Gilmer is a thriving town in the southern part of the county, and 
is the county seat. The extension of the Tyler Tap road to Gilmer is contem- 
plated, and when finished will afford means of transportation either to St. Louis 
or Galveston. The people of Upshur county are generous and enterprising. 
They give a hand of encouragement to the new-comer, and cheerfully share their 
prosperity with him. The altitude of the county above the Gulf is several 
himdred feet ; the mean temperature is about sixty-four degrees ; the rain-fall a 
full average, and the climate genial, and of average healthfulness. Mr. J. M- 
Marshal is the coimty clerk. 

WESTERN TEXAS. 

That vast area of territory in Western Texas, beyond the 23d degree of longi- 
tude west from Washington, and between the 29th and 32d parallels of latitude, 
comprising the great unorganized counties of Crockett, Pecos, Presidio, El Paso 
and Tom Green, claims notice as a portion of the great State of Texas ; but in 
its unorganized condition and unoccupied state, there is little to be written about 
it, excepting the surface of the country, its mineral resources, climate and future 
prospects. It is about the size of the State of New York, and its western and 
southern boundary is the Rio Grande river. Its northern boundary is about 400 
miles in extent, and borders on the southern line of New Mexico and the coun- 
ties of Andrews, Martin, Howard, Mitchell and Nolan, in Texas. Its mineral 
resources are noticed in another chapter. Among these counties Tom Green ia 



COUNTIES OF TEXAS. 141 

perhaps the most fertile. It has an area of about 14,000 square miles, a fair pro- 
portion of which is arable land. The three rivers of the Concho traverse its 
eastern section, the middle branch extending 100 miles from west to east. Along 
its southwestern boundary flows the Pecos river, and in addition several of the 
springs which form the Colorado river, rise in that county. The margins of the 
streams are tillable and productive, and the higher laud is moimtainous and 
broken. The principal town in that county is Ben Ficklin, which is at present a 
small place with " great expectations." The proposed Texas &' Pacific Road 
will traverse the whole northern section of this territory to El Paso, and will aid 
in rapidly developing this region of country. The elevation is several thousand 
i'eet above the level of the Gulf, the climate is invigorating and delightful, the 
rain-fall is moderate, and the health of the country is excellent. The proposed 
extension of the Southern Pacific Railway will run through Crockett, Pecos and 
El Paso counties, and open up to cultivation a larger area of territory than any 
other Pacific route to the ocean. It will traverse for hundreds of miles a country 
that is rich in all of the agricultural resources that render the State of Texas 
famous, and will develop a vast region, the local trade of which in a few years 
would justify the construction of two roads. It is but a short time, however, 
before the territory we are noticing will be subdivided into counties, populated 
and cultivated, and made to blossom with a new and fresh civilization. 



CHAPTER y. 
CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 



AUSTIN. 



The capital of so great a State as Texas could be no less than an important 
town, if it contained only buildings of sufficient capacity to conduct the business 
of civil administration. And when we consider the transcendent prospective 
magnitude of a State, nearly as large in area as six of New York, and capable of 
supporting in ease, comfort and affluence in many instances, a population of 
from ten to twenty millions, the interest attaching to its capital increases. The 
five distinguished citizens appointed by the Congress of the Republic in 1839, to 
make suitable selection of a site for the capital, performed their duty well. 
They beheld at the base of a grand and beautiful plateau, gradually declining 
from the hills to the river, in a broad and sweeping bend of the Colorado river, 
an appropriate and beautiful place for the building of a capital. Here were a 
combination of charms that delighted the senses, embracing the majesty of 
mountain scenery, the spreading prairie, the lofty forests, the charming valleys, 
and bounding streams that leaped in sparkling jets from the fountain. These 
gentlemen reported the result of their investigations to the Congress, and it was 
adopted. A superintendent was then appointed by the President to lay out the 
grounds for the prospective capital, and erect suitable buildings for the various 
State departments. Judge Edwin Waller was named for that responsible duty, 
and discharged it with fidelity. 

From two little villages — Montopolis and Waterloo — containing a population 
of two families each, sprang the present capital of Texas, which is situated in 
latitude 30 degrees and 30 minutes north, and in longitude 21 degrees west from 
Washington. The city is splendidly laid out with broad and imposing avenues 
which received their names from the forest trees and rivers of the State. 
Capitol Square contains ah area of twenty acres, forming a gentle elevation in 
the center of the city, upon the summit of which the Capitol is situated. 
Congress avenue is 120 feet wide and divides at Capitol Square, traversing each 
side of it, and again reuniting. The building is a conspicuous structure of 
white limestone, and answers the present necessities of the executive offices. 
The Supreme Court and Treasury buildings, situated respectively northwest and 
northeast from the Capitol within the square, are substantial and convenient 
structures. Outside of the square and east from the Capitol, is the General 
Land Office. It is an elegant building, and has considerable architectural 
beauty. The new County Court House is an imposing and attractive structure^ 

(143) 



CITIES AISTD TOWNS OF TEXAS. 



145 



located on the south of the Capitol and fronting the avenue. The County Jail is 
another building substantial in character, and constructed of massive blocks of 
hard limestone. The Deaf and Dumb, Blind, and Lunatic Asylums, are all fine 
buildings, having all the conveniences necessary for the comfort of their unfor- 
tunate occupants. Nearly in the center of the city is the Market House, a two 
story stone structure, the second story of which is set apart for the use of the 
city officers. The Fire Department is thoroughly organized, and consists of 
three engine and two hook and ladder companies, under the general charge of 
J. A. Nagle, chief of the department. The water supply is taken from the river, 
and a large reservoir is in process of construction upon an eminence, northeast 
from the Capitol about one mile. The city is supplied with gas and street rail- 
way facilities. A substantial wooden truss bridge spans the Colorado river, and 
is about 900 feet in length. There are 13 church edifices, several of which are 
elegant in architectural design. There are also two church organizations not 
yet provided with church buildings of their own. The educational advantages 
of Austin are the best in the State. Aside from" the many primary schools for 
white and colored children, which are separate, there are ten diflerent institu- 
tions of learning, among them the Texas Military Institute ; Austin Collegiate 
Female Institute; Austin Graded School ; Texas Female Institute, and the 
German-American Free School. 

The International & Great Northern and the Houston & Texas Central Rail- 
ways, afford the present means of transportation to and from the city, with pro- 
jected extensions of the former to the Rio Grande, and to an intersection with 
the Southern Pacific Railway. The manufacturing interests of Austin are rapidly 
expanding, the Colorado river furnishing an ample supply of water power. 
There are already in operation two flouring mills, one carried on by steam and 
the other by water power ; two iron foundries ; a furniture factory ; two ice 
factories ; three lumber and planing mills, with many other industries of lesser 
importance. The merchants of Austin are prosperous, and the chief shipments 
from that point consist of cotton, wheat, wool, corn, hides, live stock, hay, oats, 
and other varieties of products. The elevation of the city is about 700 feet above 
the sea level, the climate is genial and refreshing, the general health is unsur- 
passed, the average annual rain-fall is 34.85 inches, and the mean temperature 60 
degrees. From isolation the city of Austin has grown to a population of 16,000 
industrious and enterprising inhabitants, possessing all of the comforts of an 
advanced civilization and social refinement. This, then, is the commanding cap- 
ital of the plains, and the future will store it with the best intelligence of the 
State, and surround it with prosperity and wealth. 

COLUMBUS. 

This enterprising and progressive town has been noticed in another chapter 
of this volume, and it hardly requires a full description in this place. It is sit- 
uated eighty-two miles west from Houston on the line of the Galveston, Harrisburg 
& San Antonio Railway, and upon the west bank of the Colorado river. It has a 
cultured and refined population of about four thousand, who are liberal in the 
support of schools and churches. The town is somewhat elevated above the 



144 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

river, its streets are broad and level, and shaded by giant oaks and spreading 
mosses that are suspended from the branches. It is the county seat of Colorado 
county, and acknowledged to be one of the most beautiful of the interior cities of 
Texas. In addition to the majestic live oaks, are to be found walnut and hack- 
berrj^ trees in the yards and surrounding the gardens of its numerous comfortable 
residences. Its public square is delightful and attractive. Southwest from that 
beautiful place is the college building, an imposing four-story structure of brick. 
It has also several other schools, six churches, a Masonic Hall, two Odd Fellows' 
Lodges and Encampments, one Grange, two lumber yards, five hotels, three 
saddlery and harness shops, one banking house, two bakeries, two furniture 
establishments, markets, fruit stores, and all of the industries of a thriving town. 
It may be stated that Columbus is one of the healthiest cities in Texas. As an 
evidence of this, there are fifty-six of its citizens whose average age is 61 years, and 
having an average residence in Texas of S"^ years. The Colorado Citizen, a weekly 
paper, is published in this town, and it reflects the progress and industries of the 
town and county. 

North of the city of Columbus there was constructed in 1875, an elegant and 
substantial iron bridge over the Colorado river. Owing to a curve in the 
river, which nearly doubles upon itself, and extends a distance of about twelve 
miles in the bend, and the two banks coming within a distance of about one 
thousand yards of each other, at or near the city of Columbus, which is situated 
upon the extending neck of land, it has been determined that a canal across this 
neck of land from bank to bank, would develop one of the finest water powers 
in the State. This valuable privilege and enterprise is already contemplated, and 
when accomplished will transform this town into an important manufacturing 
center. It only needs capital and energy to convert the bending Colorado into a 
powerful motor that will move and utilize a hundred industries. Then will the 
charming city of Columbus reach its proper position among the flourishing cities 
of Texas. 

DALLAS. 

The commercial capital of Northern Texas is the city of Dallas. It is 
situated in the center of its namesake county on the east side of the Trinity 
river, and upon a level sandy plain, surrounded by gradual elevations of country. 
The first settler was John Neely Bryan, who built his rude hut upon the margin 
of that stream in 1841, and subsisted upon wild game and fish. The vast regions 
to the west and south had never been touched by the hand of the husbandman, 
and the prairie flower was only scented by the buflalo and savage. In 1845 new 
comers joined the settlement, and from that time onward Dallas gradually in- 
creased in population until in 1872 it had a population of about 1,500. Upon the 
completion of the H. & T. C. Road in 1871, and the Texas & Pacific Road in 1872, 
to that point, a fresh and vigorous immigration infused a new life and enterprise 
into the town, and in six years it has grown to be a city of 14,000 population 
with all of the industries that contribute to the comfort and prosperity of a 
people. It has now twenty-two churches of the various denominations, and 
nineteen schools, public and private, all of which are in a flourishing condition 
and liberally supported. The Dallas Female College is a fine building, the 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 



145 



grounds having an area of three acres, and located in the center of the resident 
portion of tlie city. The building is constructed of brick, with two full stories 
and a mansard, and is 75 by 100 feet upon the ground. It is under the manage- 
ment of the Methodist denomination, and the attendance during the past year 
has averaged one hundred and forty. The Dallas Male and Female College is an 
elegant two-story stone structure, is under the direction of the Baptist denomina- 
tion, and has an average attendance of one hundred. The Catholic Church and 




Court House, Dallas. 



■Convent are large and commodious buildings, and the Episcopal Cathedral 
deserves mention for its elegance. Among the industries of Dallas are two 
cotton compresses; one foundry and two machine shops; one cotton seed oil mill 
covering two acres; three flouring mills, ranging in capacity from 200 to 300 
barrels daily, each ; about six corn and grist mills ; a large ice factory now under 
construction; three harness and saddlery manufactories; two broom factories; 
wagon shops, tin and blacksmith shops, and other smaller industries. There are 
three private banks, three street railways, three fire companies including two 
10 



14G 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



Steamers, and one hook and ladder company. The Masonic and Odd Fellows'' 
societies are well represented, and are in a flourishing condition. One gas com- 
pany supplies the city, and the water supply is pumped from Browder's springs, 
about one mile southeast of the city, into a reservoir, and from thence distributed 
through the city. The people of Dallas are enterprising, and her mercantile in- 
dustries are prosperous. . The average shipment of cotton is about 30,000 bales 
per annum from this point. The stores, warehouses and dwellings are good, 
and surrounded with comforts and conveniences, and many of them with the 
charm and elegances of shaded yards and blooming gardens. The Texas & 
Pacific, the H. & T. C. and .the Dallas & Wichita railways furnish this thriving 
inland city with ample transportation facilities. There are six papers published 
in the city, which are ably edited and well supported. They are as follows : 
The daily and weekly Herald; daily and weekly Morning Call; Evening Conv- 
mercial,<l%\\y\ weekly Intelligencer; Christian Preacher, weekly; and Products 
and Progress, monthly. The citizens of Dallas have warm hearts and open handa 
to welcome the lionest and industrious stranger who comes to share in their 
growth and prosperity. 




Windsor Hotel, Dat.t.as. 



DENISON. 

Eight years ago the place where Denison now is was an unimproved prairie^ 
and was arbitrarily selected by a railroad engineer as the terminus of the M., K. & 
T. Railway, which was then being constructed through the Indian Territory to 
that point. In each direction there was found a rich and fertile country for a 
distance of more than an hundred miles, which would develop into one of the 
most productive sections of the State of Texas, and yield a surplus of crops that 
would afford a very profitable carrying trade for the railway. The selection of 
this point for a city was wise and judicious far beyond the anticipation of those 



CITIES AISTD TOWNS OF TEXAS. 147 

■who laid its foundations. The grand prairies that undulate like the waves of 
the sea upon either side of Denison, are being cultivated, and a prosperous and 
industrious population have contributed to its growth, its credit and fame. It is 
properly named the " Gate City " of Texas, for through it thousands enter the 
State, and for the first time behold the expanding country that stretches away to 
the Gulf, and in the west to the rising mountains. In the immediate vicinity of 
Denison are numerous belts of timber which change the monotony of a prairie 
country ; and in the city about fourteen acres have been reserved for a park which 
is finely wooded, and laid out with artistic skill. The construction of buildings 
commenced in September, 1872, and has continued until the city has a population 
of about (5,000. In addition to the M.-, K. & T. Railway, there is now under con- 
struction a road which is to extend to an intersection with the International & 
Great Northern Railway, which will give this city the advantages of competing 
routes to the seaboard. The industries of the city are as vigorous as its growth. 
Its cotton compress, cement works, ice manufactory, gas works, flouring mills, 
elevator, saw and planing mills, brick works, and all of the other industries 
connected with an advancing city, give to it a commanding character and 
credit. 

Its educational advantages are among the best in the State, and are liberally 
maintained. Its churches have a large attendance, and the people are as intelli- 
gent and progressive as can be found in the South. As a cotton market it has 
achieved importance, and its geographical location, together with excellent 
facilities for transportation, enable the merchant to pay the full market price for 
that staple. The amount handled at this point will average 40,000 bales annu- 
ally. It is also a good stock market, and buyers from the North and East are 
ready to make purchases of any amount and at the best controlling rates. The 
newspapers of Denison are among the best representatives of the interests of 
Texas, and have a wide influence in that section of the State. The Neics, daily 
and weekly, is one of the leading and influential journals of Northern Texas. 
It has energy, enterprise and ability. The Herald, daily and weekly, has a wide 
and growing influence. 

The streets of Denison are broad and regular, its buildings are good, it has an 
abundant supply of clear freestone Water, it has a fire department, and in all 
respects is what a vigorous young city should be. The general health is excel- 
lent, and the moral character of the people will compare favorably with towns of 
equal size in the North. 

FORT WORTH. 

The city of Fort "Worth is comparatively new, and its astonishing growth 
since the completion of the Texas & Pacific Railway to that point, has excited 
wide attention. The large influx of immigration awakened a little prairie town 
to the importance of a city that has achieved the compliment of the " Queen 
City of the Plains." Its present population is about ten thousand, and is daily 
increasing. Upon the southwest bank of the Clear Fork of the Trinity river, 
at an elevation of about 100 feet above its level, is situated the city of Fort Worth. 
Spreading away to the west and south are the grand undulating prairies that 
yield an abundance of all the products of the earth, and a wealth of nutritious 



148 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



grasses that support stock in herds of thousands. The climate is charming, 
and the rounding seasons are filled with thrift and fragrance. The quiet village 
of an evening found itself a bustling city in the morning, with schools and 
churches, blocks of stores and fine hotels, elegant residences, a mayor and com- 
mon council, police and public functionaries, courts and newspapers, with the 
inevitable barber shop and bootblack. In the form of a Maltese cross the 
magnificent court house was constructed, and it is one of the finest buildings in 
Texas. The merchants are prosperous, and all of the industries that belong to 
a progressive town are to be found in Fort Worth. It is only two years since 
this town became the western terminus of the Texas & Pacific Road, and to-day 
it has a system of street railways, gas works, flouring mills, and a hundred other 
industries. Already there are four newspapers published in the town, "all 
daily." The Democrat is a morning daily and weekly; the Standard is also 
published daily and weekly; the Tribune is an evening greenback paper, and 
the Journal an evening paper. The press of Fort Worth is able and newsy, and 
has won a creditable position among the newspapers of Texas. The society of 
the city is fast improving, and after a few years it will solidify into the culture 
and refinement of the older towns in the State. 




Court House, Fort Worth. 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 149 



GALVESTON. 



One of the most beautiful and charming sea-port cities in America is Galves- 
ton. It is situated upon its namesake island, and is divided from the main land 
of Texas by Galveston Bay. The Gulf of Mexico circles it upon the south, and 
the exhilarating breezes from the Gulf cool and temper the climate. The 
bloom of perpetual summer is everywhere visible in this city by the sea, and its 
attractions are many and various. It is, however, the commercial importance of 
Galveston that gives it the greater prominence, and secures to its merchants a 
credit and character throughout the world. Its trade extends to every port and 
country, but chiefly with Europe, Mexico, Brazil and other of the South American 
States. The coasting trade along the Gulf and in the bays and bayous, from 
Mexico to Louisiana, is rapidly developing, and assuming valuable proportions, 
while the interior trade of Texas is largely attracted to this point. A city of 
such commercial influence necessarily expands and furnishes an interesting 
theme for comment. 

With uniform exactness and at right angles the streets of Galveston have 
been established. They are broad and elegantly paved ; while in the business 
portion of the city the palatial stores and warehouses, that form its mammoth 
blocks, are of a character that would do credit to the enterprise of Chicago or New 
York. In the resident portion of the city the avenues are broad and maa-uificent. 
The orange blossom, the deep dyed and brilliant oleander, and the blooi.. of 
magnolias and other tropical plants, are everywhere to be seen, and long streets 
are as fragrant as gardens. Beyond and at the verge of the island is the incom- 
parable beach that stretches along the gulf coast for a distance of 31 miles. It 
furnishes the finest drive-way in the world, and the exhilarating sea breeze adds 
a fresh strength and charm to life. The surface of the foundation of Galveston 
is perfectly level, and although its massive and elegant structures are built upon 
the sand, they are as immovable as upon a rock. Neither storm, nor wind, nor 
tidal wave can sweep them away ; but they remain as enduring as the material 
of which they are constructed. The population of the city approximates 86,000, 
and the society is as refined and cultivated as any upon the continent. The 
people are metropolitan in character and have a hospitable freedom that is at once 
courteous and attractive to the stranger. The educational advantages of the city 
compare favorably with those of any town in the country, and its numerous 
church edifices are elegant. The churches are largely attended, and the pastors 
are among those of accomplishment and great force of intellect. 

The hospitals are capacious and airy, and afford every possible comfort to the 
sick and diseased. The professions embrace the highest order of culture and 
experience. The bar of the city is second to no other in the Soutli, and her 
physicians are gentlemen having a wide knowledge of the healing art. The 
Masonic, Odd Fellows', Temperance, Benevolent, Social and other societies of 
the city, are liberally sustained and add largely to its metropolitan character. 

Its excellent system of street railways, and splendid hotels — among which we 
notice the Washington and Tremont hotels — afford ample entertainment and 
comfort to those visiting the city either for business or pleasure. 

In a commercial sense and aspect Galveston is still more conspicuous. Ships 



150 SOUTHERN AND "WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

Irom every clime and country load and discharge cargoes at her wharves. The 
Mallory line of ocean steamers make regular trips between this city and New 
York, each week, connecting with New Orleans. There is also a liin! of 
steamers plying along the coast to the Rio Grande. There is also a steaiubliip 
line to Liverpool, and one in contemplation to Brazil and the South American 
States, the vast trade of those countries attracting the attention of Galveston 
merchants. In addition there are three railways centering in the city, which 
have been constructed with Galveston capital, viz. : The Galveston, Brazos & 
Colorado, now in operation for a short distance, and destined to traverse the great 
sugar-producing region of Texas ; the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Road, now 
being operated to Areola, on the line of the I. & G. N. Railway, and projected to 
extend through Texas to Santa Fe, in New Mexico ; and the Galveston, Houston 
& Henderson Road, which forms a connection with the vast system of railways 
centering at Houston. To which it is proper to add water communication 
along White Oak and Buffalo bayous. Thus it will be seen that Galveston is 
providing herself with the facilities for transportation, as comprehensive 
as her expanding trade. The average exports of the city are from 
$29,000,000 to 132,000,000 ; and the imports from $35,000,000 to $38,000,000. 
The natural increase in the products of cotton, sugar, wool, hides and grain, 
with the new enterprise of sending abroad pork and beef, will rapidly enhance 
the value of her exports. This city is already the third cotton market in the 
country, and is making energetic strides toward the second position. She 
handled over 491,000 bales of cotton for the year ending Sept. 1st, 1877, for which 
was paid over twenty-five millions of dollars ; and which employed the full 
capacity of six immense compresses. During that year she handled over 100,000 
bushels of wheat ; over 70,000 hides ; over 15,000 sacks of wool ; 31,000,000 feet 
of lumber ; over 21,000 head of cattle ; and imported 53,000 sacks of coffee, with 
a large list of miscellaneous merchandise. A trade so large and formidable 
necessarily requires the facilities of banks and insurance ; and the organized 
methods of business through a Cotton Exchange, Produce Exchange and 
Chamber of Commerce, all of which the city is supplied with. The merchants 
of Galveston form its solid character and credit, and their stores and warehouses 
are filled with all kinds of fabrics from foreign and domestic looms, and the 
products of the soil. Many of them do a business reaching into the millions, 
and as the great State of Texas shall be peopled and cultivated, this city will 
share largely in the general increase of business, In the one item of coffee there 
is an enormous trade, some of the dealers handling unbroken cargoes and selling 
them in New Orleans, New York, Boston and St. Louis. The Morgan line of 
steamers plying between Clinton, Morgan City, New Orleans and Galveston, 
comprise seven splendid steamers ; and in addition that Company have separate 
lines to Corpus Christi, Indianola, Brownsville and Havana. The Mallory line 
of steamers are employed in the coast trade between Galveston, Charleston, 
Baltimore, New York and Boston. 

The newspapers published in Galveston are the Mews, Journal of Commerce, 
Christian Advocate, and Post — a German paper. "We desire to add that the Gal- 
veston News is the ablest and most enterprising paper in the Southwest. Its 
progressive ability rivals the metropolitan journals of the East, and its early 



CITIES AJSD TOWNS OF TEXAS. 151 

morning delivery in Houston is by special engine and car owned by Messrs. A. 
H. Belo & Co., the proprietors of that paper. It was established in 1842, and 
has grown to be the largest and most complete newspaper establishment in that 
section of our country. A new Webb Perfecting Press is now being constructed, 
and will be in use for the edition of September 1st, 1878, which will contain a 
full review of the year's business, railroad and immigration statistics, and other 
Taluable and useful information. In the publication of news of every kind, 
both foreign and domestic, in the scope and character of its leading editorials, 
and completeness of reportorial facilities, the News is without rivalry in the 
South. Terms, per annum, daily, $13.00 ; weekly, $2.00. 

In closing this notice of Galveston we give the names of the city 
government : 

Mayor — D. C. Stone. 

Aldermen — P. Barry, A. M. Campbell, Thos. Collins, B. R. Davis, J. C. 
Franz, Jas. Hickey, P. Marlow, F. D. Mitchell, C. E. Richards, J. Runge, J. 
Wegner, J. Zeigler. 

City Clerk— P. S. Wren ; Assistant Clerk — Alex. Easton. Attorney — Geo. P. 
Finley. Assessor — J. M. O. Menard. Collector — R. A. Burney; Assistant Col- 
lector — J. A. Baron. Treasurer — R. J. John. Harbor Master— J. H. Routon. 
Auditor — F. Use. Messenger — J. V. Behrman. Engineer— M. L. Lynch. 
Overseer of Streets— P. D. Hickey. Chief of Police — M. M. Jordan. Chief 
Engineer Fire Department — J. H. Westerlage. Health and Hospital Physician 
—Dr. C. Campbell. Recorder— R. T. Byrne. City Sexton— M. Cshill. 

GEORGETOWN. 

This is one of the old substantial towns of Central Texas, and is the county 
«eat of Williamson county. It is situated nearly in the center of the county, and 
has a population of about 750. The two Gabriel rivers fork at that place, and 
furnish splendid water privileges, which are as yet not utilized. Among the in- 
dustries of Georgetown is a flouring and gin mill, which is operated by steam 
power. The merchants are among the most reliable in that portion of the State, 
and there are five stone buildings used for mercantile purposes, in the central 
portion of the town, which cost $15,000 each. The new court house is a splendid 
and imposing structure, costing $60,000. The town is entirely out of debt, and 
in a prosperous condition financially. There are fine churches, good schools, 
Masonic and Odd Fellows' lodges, and they are all well maintained. The 
people are cultivated and public spirited. The proposed Tap road of the 
International & Great Northern, from Round Rock, a distance of ten miles, will 
be completed in September, and with the advantages of transportation facilities 
Georgetown will be infused with fresh vigor, and rapidly grow to be a city. The 
Dmnocrat and Record, two excellent and well edited weekly papers, are published 
in this town, and reflect the interests and progress of Williamson county. 



^••. 




152 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS (iUIDE. 



HOUSTON. 




Bied's-Ete View op Houston. 



At the western verge of the great timber region of Eastern Texas, which 
stretches from the boundary line of Arkansas to the Gulf, and at the near opening 
of the magnificent prairie lands spreading away to the west and northwest and 
only bounded by the Rio Grande and New Me.xico ; and at the junction of Buflfalo 
and White Oak Bayous ; in latitude 30 degrees north, and in longitude 18 de- 
grees west, is situated the commercial city of Houston. It is 50 miles northwest 
from Galveston, and 819 miles from St. Louis. Geographically, its position is 
central, and commands a large portion of the trade of the State, especially of the 
southern, western and eastern portions. From this central point diverge nine rail- 
ways, several of which have extensive branches. In the near future as that section 
of the grandest agricultural State in the Union shall become developed, its vast 
domain populated, its agricultural capacities and resources utilized, and its im- 
mense surplus products shall require additional railway facilities for transporta- 
tion to the seaboard cities, Houston will become the most important railway 
. center in all of the Southern States. 

Four months subsequent to the famous battle of San Jacinto, which occurred 
on the 21st of April, 1836, and which culminated in the independence of Texas 
as a separate nationality, the land where the city of Houston now stands was 
surveyed and laid off into streets and building lots. The property was then 
owned by John K. and A. C. Allen, and the prospective town was named in 
honor of the hero of San Jacinto. From that time the town made gradual and 
steady progress, and in May, 1887, the second session of the Congress of the new 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 153 

Republic was held at Houston, and it remained the capital of that nation for a 
period of about four years. The capital was then removed to Washington where 
it remained for a short time, and then transferred again to Houston, and from 
there to Austin where it has since remained. 

In 1842, Houston had reached a population of 3,000, had several fine buildings, 
and was favored with water communication with the States by the Bufi"alo Bayou, 
Galveston Bay and the Gulf. Upon the admission of Texas as one of the 
sovereign States of the Union in 1846, the city of Houston was infused with a 
fresh commercial life, and the influx of population and enterprise from the older 
States gave new vigor to its industrial capacities. Since then its advancement 
has been rapid and substantial, until it has a population of about 26,000. The 
city was organized and assumed the functions of a civil corporation in 1838, and 
the first Mayor was Francis Moore, Jr. There are five wards in the city, each 
of which is represented in a council composed of ten members. Hon. J. T. D. 
Wilson is the present mayor, and Mr. John Reichman, secretary and treasurer. 
There is an efiicient police department, with F. N. Butt as chief; and a well or- 
ganized fire department, with I. F. Meyer at its head. It is composed of six 
well equipped companies, and one hook and ladder company. There are seven- 
teen church organizations of the various denominations, and many fine church 
edifices. Tlie educational advantages are not excelled by any other city in the 
Southwest, and the various public schools not only enjoy an equitable propc^rtion 
of the ample provision made by the State for that purpose, but are zealously 
sustained by the citizens and local appropriations. There are 14 public school 
buildings, and the number of scholars enrolled 1,707. The general superin- 
tendent of the schools is Prof H. H. Smith, who is an accomplished scholar and 
teacher. Of the amount expended for educational purposes, $2,000 are provided 
from the Peabody Fund. In addition to the public schools there are twelve 
private and select schools, including two seminaries for yoimg ladies exclusively, 
which are all liberally supported. It need hardly be stated that these schools 
are in charge of accomplished and qualified teachers, for a people who make 
such ample provision for educational purposes are careful to secure the best 
ability to mould and develop the intellectual and moral character of their 
children. 

Among the large number of societies are Masonic and Odd Fellows' organi- 
zations, Houston Lyceum, Good Templars, Young Men's Christian Association, 
Knights of Pythias, Seven Wise Men, Knights of Honor, Young Ladies' Benev- 
olent Society, a Pickwick Club, Independent Order B'nai Brith, Houston Turn, 
verein, Agricultural, Mechanical and Blood-Stock Association, and Texas 
State Horticultural and Pomological Association. There are also five military 
company organizations, and five newspapers, as follows : Houston Daily and 
Weekly Telegram, Daily and Weekly Evening Age, Baptist Herald, German Qa- 
zette, and Texas Sun — the last a monthly publication. The parks and public 
grounds are the Houston City Park, State Fair Grounds and Driving Park, 
and the Emancipation Grounds. 

There are thirteen corporations in the city, exclusive of the banks, as follows: 
Texas Express Co. ; Houston Direct Navigation Co. ; Bufl'alo Bayou Ship Chan- 
nel Co. ; Houston City Transfer Co. ; Texas Emigration and Land Co. ; Houston. 



154 



SOUTHERN AI>fD WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE, 



Insurance Co. ; Houston Street Railway Co. ; Houston Gas Light Co. ; Board of 
Trade and Cotton Exchange ; Young Men's Real Estate and Building Association ; 
Railroad Real Estate and Savings Association; Buffalo Compress Co. ; Odd Fellows 
Building and E.xchange Co. ; Houston Compress Co. ; Elevator Co. ; and Cotton 
Mill Company, now in process of construction. 




J. R. MoRKis' Building. 



For stability and credit the banks of Houston hold a position equal to any in 
the country. The First National Bank is operated on a capital of $100,000; the 
National Exchange Bank has a capital of $100,000; the City Bank has a capital 
of .$500,000 ; the Houston Savings a capital of $100,000. To this list we may add 
the banking houses of T. W. House and Henry S. Fox. 

The railroads centering at Houston are the Galveston, Harrisburg & San 
Antonio; Texas «fc New Orleans; International & Great Northern; Galveston, 
Houston & Henderson; Texas Western Narrow Gauge; Ease & West Texas 
Narrow Gauge ; the Texas Transportation Co. ; the H. & T. C, and the Brazoria 
Tap road. The additional means for transportation are the Morgan Line of 
Steamers to Galveston, Indianola, New Orleans, New York, and other Atlantic 
ports ; and the Texas Transportation Company. A more special and complete 
description of these means of inter-communication may be found in another 
chapter. 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 155 

The hotels of Houston are among the best in the Southwest, and among them 
the Hutchins House and Kennedy Hotel deserves special mention as being ad- 
mirably conducted. 

As a central manufacturing point, Houston presents great inducements and 
advantages. Her iron vrorks, foundries, lumber mills, wagon and agricultural 
manufactories, flouring mills, and other industries which command skilled labor, 
are rapidly developing into large proportions, and adding greatly to the wealth 
of her people. Houston is also a prospective grain market. It has an elevator, 
with a capacity for holding 150,000 bushels, which is so situated as to be available 
for shipments either by rail or water. The handling of cotton is an important 
feature in the commerce of Houston, and adds largely to the industries of that 
■city. It practically controls the cotton product of the Red River country, and 
over the Texas & New Orleans Railway its trade in that commodity extends into 
Western Louisiana; while along the line of the G., H. & S. A. Railway, which 
extends through the grandest producing region in the world, it holds a large pro- 
portion of that trade. The mercantile interests of Houston are in a strong and 
prosperous condition, and have been the energizing forces in constructing the 
splendid system of railways that converge to this city. Unlike the merchants of 
many other cities who wait for others to build them railways and enjoy their ad- 
vantages, they grappled with the subject of railway construction with a courage 
that knew no failure, and pushed these lines of communication through forests 
and treeless prairies until they were made to blossom with an expanding civil- 
ization. If that city is in debt it has advanced from isolation to a commanding 
prominence, and the rapid influx of capital and immigration will ultimately re- 
lieve it from financial embarrassment. The assessed valuation of real estate and 
personal property in this city for 1877, was about $7,000,000. Taxation is limited 
by the charter to 2 per cent. 

Having treated of Houston as a business and commercial city ; as a railway 
center of expanding magnitude; of the churches and schools and societies, 
which reflect its religious and social qualities ; its culture, refinement and moral 
characteristics, the close of this article is approached with a brief notice of its 
magnificent market house. In its construction the wants of a quarter of a mil- 
lion of inhabitants are anticipated. The building is constructed of brick, and 
■occupies a block. The entire length is 204 feet, and its width in the central 
portion is 116 feet and six inches, with a frontage of 69 feet, and an extension 
upon each end of 65 feet ; the width of the end structures is -74 feet, and the whole 
area upon the first floor is devoted to market purposes. The elevation of the first 
story is 18 feet, and of the second story 33 feet. The council chamber has an 
elevation of 25 feet; in the opposite wing the Houston Lyceum occupies a room 
exactly similar to the council chamber ; the public hall is 74 by 90 feet, and 
having an elevation of 32 feet, the ceiling is finely ornamented with heavy pan- 
eling. It is used by the military companies as an armory. In this building 
and upon the second floor are located all of the city offices. They are spacious 
and perfectly arranged with every convenience. The elevation of the main tower 
is 128 feet, and of the smaller tower 89 feet. From the top of the main tower the 
view is interesting. Spread out upon either side is the city of Houston. Its 
streets are broad and at right angles. Everywhere is the shade of beautiful trees. 



156 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

At a little distance upon the north side is a range of wooded land at a slight ele- 
vation, and at the verge of this are numerous elegant residences. To the east 
there is a charming grove that invites to its grateful shade and cooling breeze, 
and upon the south and east are the streaming trains of cars and the boats and 
steamers upon the bayous, all of which are suggestive of the commercial thrift 
of the city, while upon the west are the rising belts of timber which obscure the 
grand prairies beyond. 

In the immediate vicinity are the banks, and stores, and warehouses, and 
depots, and manufactories, and churches and hotels of the Bayou City. Here, 
then, is already established the nucleus of great enterprises, the homes of com- 
fort and of plenty, and the capacities to embrace and support a population of 
one hundred thousand. 

JEFFERSON. 

This is a city of about 4,500 inhabitants, and because of its water communis 
cations with the Gulf was a " long ago " settled town. It is the county seat of 
Marion county, and located upon its southern borders, and upon Cypress Bayou 
which flows into Lake Caddo, and thence to the Gulf by the way of the Red and 
Mississippi rivers. Navigation to this point is good during eight months in the 
year, and' the shipping interest connected with its various other industries has 
made it a city of considerable importance. A branch of the Texas & Pacific 
Railway, extending from Texarkana to Marshall, passes through the city of 
Jeflerson and thereby affords it the advantages of transportation either by rail or 
water. It is well supplied with schools and churches, and the people take great 
pride in giving them a liberal support, and they rank favorably with those of any 
other city in the State. The principal public buildings are a court house, market 
place, and elegant church structures. They have all of the needed conveniences. 
There are also two banks, one national bank organization and the other conducted 
by a private company. They are both founded upon the solid basis of capital,- 
and do a successful business. 

The merchants are among the most enterprising in the State, and command 
in all sections a first-class credit. One mercantile firm alone averages a business 
of $750,000 per annum. The average shipment of cotton from this city, chiefly 
by water, amounts to about 40,000 bales, while the trade in live stock and farm 
products amounts to large proportions. It is of interest to note that the trade of 
five counties, dependent upon imports and exports by water, which surround the 
city of Jefferson, amount to several millions annually. It is sufficient to mention 
the aggregate statistics of the counties referred to, and which are Bowie, Cass, 
Titus, Upshur, Marion, Hopkins and Hunt. In 1870 their cotton products were 
35,908 bales, the value of live stock $3,652,879, and other products of the farm 
$4,961,837. The land improved and unimproved was assessed at $1,602,750. 
The increase in products and valuation since 1870 has been over forty per cent., 
and hence it will readily be seen that the center of a trade having so large a pro- 
ductive basis, can not be less than a growing and prosperous town, and this trade 
will largely be held by the merchants of Jefferson, because of the cheaper facili- 
ties of transportation by water. 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 157 

In addition to what has already been enumerated, are the increasing products 
■of vast deposits of iron ores, and the inexhaustible forests of valuable timber. 
Four miles east of Jefferson are Kelley's large foundry, iron works and plow 
manufactory, which are located upon the East Line Railway and the trade of 
which is directly connected with Jefferson. The East Line and Red River Rail- 
way will be completed to Sulphur Springs by the first of November, which will 
add to the already excellent transportation facilities and trade of this city. The 
Jimplecute^ a daily and weekly paper, edited and published by Mr. Ward Taylor, 
a veteran of ability and enterprise in the profession, is the chief exponent of the 
interests and progress of Jefferson. That gentleman is at present the efficient 
mayor of the city, and receives a salary of only one dollar per annum. The 
citizens of Jefferson are cordial and generous, and to those who come to share 
their prosperity from other States, they extend an open heart and hand. 

MARSHALL. 

Upon the line of the Texas & Pacific Railway, and nearly in the center of 
Barrison county, is the situation of the rapidly advancing city of Marshall, with 
a population of about 7,000. It is upon a beautiful elevation, 500 feet above the 
sea level, and is free from the miasms that prevail along the river bottoms of the 
lower country. This site was donated to the county by Peter Whetstone, and was 
laid out into town lots in 1840. At that time it was a dense forest, and the future 
city made slow progress. The first school was opened in 1842, and the Masonic 
Female Institute was erected in 1849, and in 1851 the court house was built. It 
is now one of the most substantially built cities in Texas, supplied with an 
abundance of pure, freestone water, and very healthy. The business portion of 
the city is constructed of brick, and many of the buildings would do credit to 
cities of larger pretensions. It has as fine a jail as can be found in the State, the 
*' Capital " is an elegant brick hotel, with several frame hotel buildings, and nu- 
merous handsome residences that are surrounded with shaded and beautiful yards. 
The schools are first class in every particular ; the free schools being under the di- 
rection of the city authorities, and affording all of the advantages for a primary 
education. The Marshall University, for males, and the Masonic Female Insti- 
tute, already referred to, under the management of Marshall Lodge, are institu- 
tions of learning of which any city might feel proud. They are ably and well 
conducted, and in a highly prosperous condition. There are ten. churches, six 
white and four colored, all of which are liberally supported. This city has two 
newspapers, which are ably conducted, and reflect great credit upon the enter- 
prise of the city. The Messenger is a weekly paper, owned by Jennings Bros., 
and edited by T. B. Hawley. In connection with this office is a large job print- 
ing, book bindery and blank book manufactory. The Herald is a lively tri-weekly 
paper, edited by R. W. Loughery, and owned by Hamments & Mastin. The 
markets in Marshall are supplied with vegetables, fruits, meats, game, and all 
that is needed for the best provided tables. The general offices, repair and ma- 
chine shops of the Texas & Pacific Railway are in this city, the main line ex- 
tending from Shreveport in Louisiana, west to Fort Worth ; and a branch from 
Marshall to Texarkana, connecting with the St. Louis, Iron Moimtain & South- 



158 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

ern Railway. There are employed at Marshall, by the railway company, about 
150 workmen, and the pay-rolls to these and other employes amount to $50,000 
per month, which finds circulation in the city alone, and gives an impetus to 
every branch of industry. This city is gradually and substantially increasing in 
population and wealth. The society is a full average of the very best in the State, 
and the people have the energy and courage to push forward to competence and 
prosperity, and they extend a cordial welcome to the same class of people, from 
whatever clime or country they may come. 

PALESTINE. 

One of the most beautiful and progressive of the interior towns in Texas is 
Palestine. It is located upon the high rolling ground that divides the Trinity 
and Neches rivers. Like its ancient namesake, the surrounding country is grand 
and delightful, offering every inducement for homes and habitations, and yet it has 
a full measure of American enterprise and courage. Located near the center of 
Anderson county, and having ample transportation facilities,its growth is rapid and 
sure. The older portion of the town is about one mile from the railroad depot, 
upon a beautiful elevation which overlooks the new part of the town in the vicinity 
of the railroads. In 1875 the International & Great Northern Railway erected its 
general offices, machine and repair shops at this place, and since then the popu- 
lation has more than doubled. Its inhabitants now number about 3,500, and 
rapidly increasing, the great railroad corporation referred to affording employ- 
ment to large numbers. The importance of this town is owing largely to its 
being the junction of the Southern, Western and Northern Divisions of the Inter- 
national & Great Northern Railway, and which gives it the consideration of a 
railroad center. In addition to the large interests connected with the railroad, 
there is a variety of industries that afford occupation and support to its inhab- 
itants. Among them we may mention, 1 foundry and machine shop, 3 lumbi^'r 
yards, 4 brick yards, 1 tannery, 1 ice factory, 2 flouring mills, 1 steam cotton gin, 
1 mattress factory, 1 grist mill, 1 wood-turning shop, 2 dealers in agricultural 
implements, 2 bakeries, 1 tin shop, 4 blacksmith shops, 4 shoe shops, 1 dealer in 
sash, doors and blinds, 1 gun shop, 1 paint shop, 2 dairies, 4 drug stores, 12 
engaged in general merchandise, 1 hardware store, 4 commission houses, 11 
groceries, 1 book and stationery store, 3 furniture stores, 5 fruit stores, 1 hide 
house, 1 banking house, 3 jewelers, 4 millinery stores, 1 saddlery and harness 
store, 3 liveries, 4 restaurants, 2 well conducted newspapers with job offices (the 
New Era and Advocate), a venerable but commodious court house, a roomy brick 
market house, and a large number of fine residences. The professions are well 
and ably represented, and there are also a large number of skilled mechanics. 
All of these industries and employments are indicative of the live and progres- 
sive character of Palestine. They constitute the elements of thrift and wealth 
and are the solid foundations of enterprise. Nor are the schools and churches of 
this flourishing town neglected. They are all liberally supported, and the white 
and the colored alike enjoy excellent educational advantages, and the privileges 
of worship. There is one female college, and a select school for boys, which 
afford opportunities for studying the higher branches. There are also one Masonic 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 159^ 

Lodge, Chapter and Commandery ; an Odd Fellows' Lodge, Knights of Pythias 
and Good Templars. It is of interest to note the construction of a new Masonic 
Temple by that Fraternity, which, when completed, will be a magnificent build- 
ing, to cost not less than $15,000. In the vicinity of Palestine there are two exten- 
sive horticultural farms, that rival that industry in any other part of the country. 
The fruits and grapes of this section of Texas, are perhaps the finest in the South, 
and the crop is exceedingly abundant. In connection with the fruit and vegeta- 
ble industries there has been erected a capacious cooling house for their storage 
and preservation, until forwarded to market in the new and improved refriger- 
ator cars. The inhabitants of Palestine have the courage and vigor to command 
business success, and yet they are cultured and hospitable, extending a cordial 
reception to the energetic and industrious stranger who may come to share iu 
their prosperity. There are two weekly newspapers published in this town, the 
New Era and the Advocate. We may add that the former paper is ably con- 
ducted and edited, and reflects the enterprise of Anderson county. 

PARIS. 

Upon a beautiful elevation, commanding a view of a rich and fertile surround- 
iug country, nearly in the center of Lamar county, on the line of the Transconti- 
nental branch of the Texas & Pacific 'Railway, is the situation of the flourishing- 
city of Paris. It contains a thrifty and intelligent population of about 5,000, and 
its industries are rapidly expanding as the surrounding country develops through 
the influences of immigration. A county so richnn agricultural resources as 
Lamar, and enjoying the best of transportation facilities, must necessarily have a 
thrifty and growing central town. The industries of Paris consist of two planing 
mills, two furniture factories, three steam flouring mills, two harness and sad- 
dlery manufactories, blacksmith shops, tin shops, boot and shoe shops, and all of 
the minor industries that are usually found in a town of this size. Its mercan- 
tile interests are in a prosperous condition, and the leading merchants among the 
more substantial in Northern Texas. It has two banking institutions, which, for 
solidity and careful management, are not excelled in the State. The P.;;is Ex- 
change Bank has a capital of $300,000, and under the direction of its president, 
Mr. S. E. Clement, and cashier, J. E. Roberts, it has won a commanding position 
among the financial institutions of the country. No less can be said of the 
Farmers & Merchants' Bank, with its capital of $250,000. This bank was organ- 
ized in 1874, and occupies an elegant building. The president, Mr. J. N. Adams, 
and cashier, C. W. Werz, are both gentlemen of experience, and enjoy the confi- 
dence of the public. The aggregate capital of these two banks is fully employed 
by the business of this town, which reaches about $3,000,000 annually. The cot- 
ton shipments by rail average from 12,000 to 15,000 bales. The new court house, 
costing $50,000, is one of the finest in the State, and the new jail is a substantial 
structure that cost $15,000. There are two public school buildings and several 
private schools, all having excellent educational advantages. There are also seven 
churches, of different denominations, which are well attended and liberally sup- 
ported. The Masonic and Odd Fellows' societies are in a prosperous condition, 
and each has a convenient hall for both labor and refreshment. The North Texan 



160 



SOXTTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 




Court House, Paris. 

and Paris Press are able and well conducted weekly papers, and supply the town 
and adjacent country with the current news of the day. The resident portion of 
the town is beautiful, and exhibits the culture, taste and refinement of its people. 
Its broad streets and elegant yards are shaded with numerous trees, and made 
sweet with flowers and shrubbery, which abound in great profusion. The spirit 
and enterprise of its people are a guarantee of the future growth and prominence 
of Paris. Its substantial business structures, which have been erected upon the 
ruins of a recent conflagration, that destroyed eleven blocks in the center of the 
town, its gas works, street railways, and other proposed improvements, are all 
indicative of the commercial thrift of one of the most charming cities in Texas. 
The general health of Paris is good, the water supply excellent, the climate de- 
lightful, and the people elevated in character, and hospitable. 



ROUND ROCK. 

This enterprising town has a growth of hardly two years, it having been laid 
off into lots for building, in the summer of 1876, and has now a population of 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 161 

about 1,000. Its situation is 19 miles north from Austin, on the line of the 
International & Great Northern Railway, and about three-fourths of a mile from 
the old town. It is upon a high rolling prairie, and the surrounding country is 
as rich and productive as any in Texas. Brushy creek flows in close proximity, 
and afi"ords an abundant water supply for stock. Its industries consist of 
2 planing mills, 4 lumber yards, 2 flouring mills, 2 wagon shops, 1 broom factory, 
2 harness and saddlery shops, 2 hardware stores, 2 stove and tinware stores, 
14 stores for general merchandising, blacksmith shops, drug stores, and all of the 
industries of older towns. Miller's Exchange Bank, with a branch at George- 
town, is the prominent financial institution of the town. There are also three 
churches, four schools, and a prosperous Masonic College which cost $5,000. 
Lodges of Masons and Odd Fellows, a Chapter and Commandery ; and one news- 
paper, the HeadligM, which is advancing with the rapid growth of the town. 
The commercial importance of Round Rock consists in its being the center for 
the trade of twelve surrounding counties, and its business is only limited by the 
capital at the command of its merchants. It off"ers large inducements for the 
profitable use of capital, and its inhabitants are among the intelligent and push- 
ahead classes that are building up the new towns and cities of Texas. 

SAN ANTONIO. 

So much has been wi'itten of the quaint old Spanish town of San Antonio, 
that it would become a work of supererogation to add to the volumes that have 
gone before. For a better understanding and comprehension of the present status 
of this curious and interesting city, we propose to epitomize only its historic 
past, and treat of the San Antonio of to-day at greater length. 

In 1691 an advancing Spanish colony established itself at the place where the 
-city now stands, and this newly founded settlement was named San Antonio de 
Bexar, in honor of the lordly Duke of Bexar, of Spain. The colony was com- 
posed of adventurous and warrior monks of the Franciscan Order, and they im- 
mediately began the erection of churches and missions, for the conversion of the 
Indians and protection against savage tribes. 

Of these missions those of N. S. de la Concepcion, S. J.uan Capestrano, and 
S. Francisco de la Espada, were completed in 1716, and that of S. Jose in 
1720. They are situated upon the banks of the San Antonio river, the first three 
being distant respectively one, two, three and one-half leagues south from the 
center of the city, and that of S. Jose only two leagues distant. The first mission, 
Concepcion, lies within the present corporate limits of San Antonio, and is in 
the best state of preservation ; the second, that of S. Jose, was the most magnifi- 
cent in its architectural design and elaborate sculpture, and now presents as ven- 
erable and romantic an appearance as can be found in foreign lands. Venerable 
and majestic still, their noiseless language awes the beholder, and tells of the 
learning and genius that conceived and the courage and purpose that executed 
the transformation of savage life and clothed it with a mantle of civilization. 

In 1730 there arrived, under the protection of the then viceroy of Mexico, 
Jaun de Acuna, Marquis de casa fuate, a colony of thirteen families from' the 
Canary Islands, comprised of the noblest and proudest blood of Spain. A new 
11 



162 



SOUTHERN AI7D WESTERJf TEXAS GUIDE. 




CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 163 

life and vigor was then aroused in the colony, and the founding of San Antonio 
was tirmly established. These families were the ancestors of many now living, 
whose refinement and culture adorn social life, and who can point with a just 
pride to their noble lineage. 

It is noteworthy that upon the arrival of the new colony the old name of San 
Antonio was superseded by that of Villa San de Fernando, in honor of the king 
of Spain, which name it retained for a period of fifty years, and during which 
time Texas was created a separate province, tributary to the State of Caliulia, 
with the Villa, or Fort San Fernando, as its capital. It was also during this 
period that many of the missions throughout the province were either consol- 
idated with others or abandoned, because of the great expense for their support. 
Among others that of San Antonio de Valero, established on the Rio Grande in 
1703, having been removed to Villa de San Fernando in 1718, was, in 1781, secu- 
larized, and the name of San Antonio again resumed. The name of Bexar was 
then used to designate the surrounding district, which was larger in extent than 
the present State of New York ; the same as to-day the city is called San Antonio 
and the county Bexar. 

Between the date of the erection of the mission of San Antonio de Valero, on 
the Rio Grande, in 1703, and the year 1722, it was transferred to the San Pedro 
river, three-quarters of a mile west from the present Mexican cathedral of San 
Fernando, and in the latter year it was again removed to Military Plaza. It was 
again removed in 1745, and rebuilt upon the spot where it now stands, the first 
stone being laid on May 8th of that year, and was called the " Church of the 
Alamo." The plaza upon which it was re-erected was surrounded with cotton- 
wood trees, which means alamo, from which it derived the name of " The Alamo." 

From the year 1781, at which time the Church of the Alamo was secularized, 
to 1835-6, San Antonio continued to increase in population and importance, 
mostly by the immigration from the American States, and secured the large 
Mexican trade which she retains to this day. In 1835 the province of Texas 
established her independence of Mexico, and started out upon the sea of nation- 
ality as a " lone star." Her national history, from that date to the time when she 
became one of the United States of America, is familiar to all. During all of 
this time San Antonio was alternately the central point of military operations 
and commerce, and sustained her heroic character through the severe and terrible 
struggles which she endured. During the late unhappy war between the States, 
San Antonio was the chief cotton market of the country, on account of her prox- 
imity to the Mexican frontier, and was also an important depot for merchandise 
and supplies, and was the market from which Houston, Galveston and other cities 
obtained their goods. 

SAN ANTONIO OP TO-DAY 

Is, however, the important subject of our present consideration, and we approach 
it with a feeling of responsibility for the influence it may have upon the thou- 
sands who are continually seeking reliable information regarding this favored 
land. To the end that each one may judge understandingly of the country 
toward which their thoughts and inquiries are drifting, it has been necessary to 
give only a passing glance at the heroic deeds and initial efforts of its early set- 



164 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



tiers, and which render the city of the Alamo famous in tlie annals of Texan 
llistor3^ 

The city is situated upon both banks of the San Antonio river, which rises 
from numerous springs gushing at the base of a low limestone formation that 
constitutes an extending spur of the high cretaceous strata of table-lands. 




San Antonio, 18T8. 



Through devious and winding ways, more in the form of the fantastic trail of a 
frightened Indian than a definite channel, the river flows through the valley in 
which the city rests. The Arroyo San Pedro is a briglit stream, feeding from the 
refreshing springs of that name, upon the northern border of the city, and form- 
ing a junction with the San Antonio river, at its soutlicrn boundary. The range 
of hills which semi-circle the city, are gradual elevations of from 200 to 300 feet, 
and enclose the level ground that borders the streams already described. By a 
system of irrigation the lands within the corporate limits are freely watered, and 
the luxuriant growth of trees, the bloom and fragrance of flower and garden, the 
ample shade and foliage, the tropical blossom and the shining river, the gray old 
cathedral and mission buildings, the solemn and sacred Alamo, and the hallowed 
associations of deathless memory, are the wondrous attractions of San Antonio. 
Its streets are narrow and crooked, its squares and plazas are barren places, its 
population is cosmopolitan and mixed, its better society is refined and cultivated, 
its lower classes have little of the enterprise and vigor of the genuine American, 
its merchants are financially stable and prosperous, its market men and women 
are Mexican in habit, custom, character, and the itinerant trader and huckster is 
thriftless and shabby. Tlie mansions of the opulent are handsome and comfort- 



CITIES AND TOWJSrS OF TEXAS. 165 

able, the leading hotels are modem in structure and well kept, the homes of the 
middle classes are cleverly arranged, and e\en the jacols offer a hospitality equal 
to the open prairie, and a shelter as inviting as mesquite brush; but every vrhere, 
among all classes and conditions, there are gardens, and trees, and grateful shade. 
This is the San Antonio of to-day, and the progress of its future can not remain 
a difficult problem so long as the fresh energy and enterprise of immigration 
stimulates it to activity. 

Its location is in latitude 29 degrees 30 minutes north, and 21 degrees 25 min- 
utes vFest, at an altitude above the level of the Gulf of 687 feet. Its mean tem- 
perature for the seasons is as follows : spring, 69.94 degrees ; summer, 83.56 de- 
grees ; autumn, 68.95 degrees ; and winter, 52.94 degrees. The average rain-fall 
for a series of years, 36.90 inches. The atmosphere is dry and invigorating, and 
the Gulf breezes are a nightly luxuiy. The health of the city is good, and free 
from miasmatic influences. Average mortality about 13 in 1,000. 

During the year 1876 there were constructed in San Antonio 199 buildings, of 
which 15 were stores, 131 dwellings, one brewery, and the remainder of a miscel- 
laneous character. Since the incoming of 1877 many additions to the building 
list have been made, and notably for the superiority of architectural style and 
the material of which they are constructed. In connection with the buildings of 
this city it is proper to state that the Alamo is in good preservation, and that a 
movement will soon be inaugurated to raise money for the purchase of the build- 
ing, and to erect a suitable monument on the plaza in front, to commemorate the 
bravery and sacrifice of Milane, Boice, Crockett, Travis and their heroic asso- 
ciates, all of whom fell in the defense of their " lone star " country. Among the 
buildings that attract the attention of the visitor, are those constituting the new 
Government Depot of Supplies for the Military Department of Texas, a full and 
complete description of which may be found in the chapter relating to the mili- 
tary posts and forts in this department. The new military headquarters is an 
elegant and imposing stone structure, situated on Houston street, and is arranged 
with every convenience for the transaction of the business of that department. 
The County Court House, on Solidad street, and the City Hall, at a corner of the 
old Military Plaza, are quite ordinary structures, and with fair conveniences. 

PLAZAS AND PARKS. 

There are but four of these open spaces in the city, and they have little attrac- 
tion excepting the associations connected with them. They are as follows: Main 
Square, or La Plaza de los Islos, so called in honor of the colony from the 
Canary Islands; the Military Plaza, immediately west of the former, and so 
named because it was first used by the garrison, but now used as the market- 
place ; the Alamo Plaza, irregular in form and unattractive, excepting the 
renowned Mission Church, which is located at its northwest corner, and which 
has until quite recently been occupied as a government storehouse since the 
admission of Texas into the Union; and Milam Square, which was but recently 
laid out, and is yet in an embryotic state. There are only two parks, Travis and 
San Pedro. The former is yet in its infancy, but from its surroundings of 
churches and fine dwellings is destined to be the favorite breathing spot in the 



166 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

heart of the city; and the latter, a very pleasant resort at the northern boundary 
of the city, which will at some future day develop into the proportions and 
attractiveness of a park that will commaud the attention and patronage of 
visitors. 

■WATER SUPPLY. 

From the earliest settlement of San Antonio to the present time, the San An- 
tonio and San Pedro springs and rivers, with a system of irrigating ditches, have 
been the only sources of a water supply for household and gardening purposes. 
Recognizing the inadequacy of this crude system, and comprehending the future 
rapid growth of the city, it was determined to erect a system of water-works, 
" in order to supply the city with an abundance of pure water, for fire protection, 
sanitary, public and domestic purposes, using the head of the San Antonio river 
as a source of supply." 

These works are now completed and furnish the city with an abundance of 
the purest water to be found in any State. The head force raises the water to a 
height of 34 feet at the point from whence it is forced by suitable machinery to 
an additional height of 85 feet into the receiving reservoir, which is erected upon 
a space of six acres known as the city rock quarries, having a capacity of five 
millions of gallons. From this capacious reservoir the water is distributed 
throughout the city. The cost of these works amounted to about one hundred 
thousand dollars. 

HALLS AND PLACES OP AMUSEMENT. 

There is a notable absence of places of amusement in this city, especially 
such as to commaud the patronage of those who appreciate the legitimate drama 
and the artistic skill of the actor. Situated upon the border of the frontier, and 
having heretofore a limited influx of visitors, because of the want of railway facil- 
ities, San Antonio has been able to give little encouragement to places of amuse- 
ment. But now that a new era is dawning upon the city, and the progress of its 
growth sure and steady, the erection of a suitable and well-appointed dramatic 
academy will attract investment. The halls now in use are those of the Alamo 
Literary Association and the Casino. They are both respectable halls, but have 
a limited capacity and few conveniences. 

MARKETS. 

The street and market-place scenes of this city more readily remind the vis- 
itor of the customs of an old Spanish town than any other feature of the place, 
with the possible exception of the Mission buildings. Here may be seen beggars 
on foot and beggars on horseback,* old men and young, the swarthy Mexican 
and the dark-eyed siguorita, both with their peppery vegetables ; a huge black 
moustache, " horsed " upon a pony, and surrounded with dime bundles of hay — 
the man being invisible, yet speaketh ; another with a mountain of stove-length 

* Under an old Mexican custom, only one day in each week, Saturday, is allowed for mendi- 
cants to follow their occupation upon the streets or plazas. This license prohibits their appear- 
ance upon any other day of the week, and our description of market scenes applies to that day 
exclusively. At other times the market-place is orderly, and free from the presence of beggars. 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 



167 



faggots, and still another with bundled stacks of green maize, all vociferating the 
superior quality of their merchandise. Here again comes the broad-brimmed 
driver with an attachment of four lazy oxen and a load of mesquite wood, and 
there again is the able-bodied vendor of black candy, cakes and gnarled apples; 
the explosion of a Mexican whip and the cry of the stalwart " peppery man " is 
but a moment of the strange confusion, while the more modest of the senoras, 
on the plaza in front of the cathedral walls, are serving black coffee and choco- 
late. These proceedings are interspersed with the appearance of a Mexican band 




Breakfast in Market Square, San Antonio. 

of music, composed of all sizes, sexes and ages, and the jargon of strange sounds 
is sufficient to awaken the sleepers under the pavement of an Alamo. In the 
immediate vicinity of these grotesque scenes is a very good market-house, sup- 
plied with the usual variety of meats and vegetables. One of the singular con- 
ditions of this climate is, that fresh meats are left to hang in the stalls through 
the day and night, however warm the weather may be, without injury. 

The population of San Antonio numbers about 20,000, and is divided, accord- 
ing to the city assessor's report, among the following nationalities : Americans, 



168 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

English and Irish, about 5,500; Germans, 6,000; Mexicans, over 4,000; French, 
128; Spanish, 12; Polish, 58; Swiss, 48; Italian, 15; Dutch, 6; Hungarian, 5; 
Chinese, 4; Africans, about 2,500, to which may be added the miscellaneous list. 

In this age of municipal indebtedness and taxation, it is a satisfaction to refer ' 
to the financial condition of San Antonio. The annual report of the mayor, 
Hon. James H. French, submitted March 1st, 1877, gives a complete exhibit of 
the financial affairs of the city which has honored him with the chief executive 
office. At the time referred to, the bonded and floating indebtedness amounted 
to the sum of $123,757.28, divided as follows: bonds, $101,000.00, and notes and 
other evidences of debt, $22,757.28. Owing to a recent change in the organic law 
of the State, as applicable to the subject of taxation, it is limited to a fixed per- 
centage, and, wisely or otherwise, the authorities must comply with its provisions. 
The revenue to pay interest and ordinary expenses is derived from a general tax 
of one-half of one per cent., to which may be added the receipts from market 
rents, fines, license tax, rents from city lands, and State and county pro-rate tax 
on school account. The total valuation of taxable property of all kinds, as shown 
by the report of the city assessor for the year 1876, is as follows : 

Real Estate $5,892,211 

Personal property 711,000 

Merchandise stocks 815,135 

Banking capital 345,000 

Total assessed valuation $7,763,346 

The total assessment in 1878 is over eleven million of dollars. 

The rule of assessment is about one-third of actual valuation, and therefore 
the total real wealth of San Antonio reaches beyond the round sum of twenty 
millions of dollars. 

It is of interest to note the following facts. The total number of tax payers 
is 2,323. Of this number one is assessed over $175,000, one over $160,000. three 
over $125,000, three over $100,000, one over $90,000, one over $80,000, one over 
$70,000, two over $60,000, eight over $50,000, six over $40,000, thirteen over 
$30,000, thirty-seven over $20,000, eighty-six over $10,000, one hundred and sev- 
enty over $5,000, and 1,990 under $5,000. This statement must be understood as 
the number assessed from $5,000 to $10,000, from $10,000 to $20,000, from $20,000 
to $30,000, and so on to the highest amount. 

The German, Polish and Alsacian elements are the largest property holders, 
the American next in magnitude, and the African the lowest in the scale. 

The city government is confided to the care of a mayor and twelve council- 
men, three from each of the four wards. There is also an organized police force, 
and a fire department consisting of two steam fire-engines, two hand engines and, 
one hook and ladder company. 

THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

Are creditable to the city, and with the ample provision made for their support 
by the State will very soon equal in efficiency and progress the schools of the 
older cities of the country. The number of scholars at present enrolled is 849.. 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 



169 



and the average attendance is 82 per cent. There are five public school build- 
ings, fifteen teachers, and one superintendent. The cost of maintaining these 
schools is $1,150 per month, which is derived from the city's pro-rate share of 
the State school fund, interest from a city fund of $108,000, and a percentage of 
the Peabody fund. There are also eight private and select schools, which are 
liberally patronized, one Catholic college, one convent, and one English and Ger- 
man school. 




Catuedkal de San Ferkando. 



CHURCHES. 

In the settlement of San Antonio the Franciscan monks and the later colonists 
from the Canary Islands, transplanted the religious customs and faith of the 
Spanish Church, and nourished them into a vigorous growth upon the fresh soil 
of a newly-discovered country. Therefore the churches and missions erected at 
that early day still bear the impress of the religious faith that emanates from the 
temporal head of the Catholic Church, and reflects the solemn ceremonials of the 
Vatican. 

The earnest energy of that Church had much to do in moulding the character 
and giving direction to the religious thought of that period, and the sounding 
aisles of the forest were its pathways to the present generation. The first mis- 
sionary labors in the vicinity of this city began with the advent of the venerable 
Antonio Margil in 1730, and to his efibrts belonged the erection of the first church 
in San Antonio, which was completed in 1733. It was the present Mexican 
Cathedral, and called the Church of San Fernando. It is situated upon the west 



170 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

side and fronting Main Plaza. Originally it was built in Moorish style, a part 
of which still remains, forming the sanctuary and sacristy of the new cathedral. 
The congregation is mostly Mexican, numbering nearly 4,000, and under the 
pastoral charge of Rev. Father Neraz. 

The English Catholic Church, St. Mary's, was founded in 1856, and is an im- 
posing and beautiful structure. The congregation, numbering about 1,500, is 
under the care of Rev. Father Johnston. 

St. Joseph's (German) Catholic Church is situated a few blocks east of the 
river, and is a massive stone edifice. It was founded in 1868, and opened for 
divine service in 1872. It has a fine chime of bells, and is in charge of Rev. L. 
Feltine. 

St. Michael's (Polish) Catholic Church is built in the quaint style characteris- 
tic of their native land, has a congregation of about 400, and is in charge of Rev. 
S. Wojciechowski. 

The diocese of San Antonio was erected from a portion of the diocese of Gal- 
veston, in 1874, with the Right Rev. Anthony Dominic Pellicer as Bishop. 

The institutions under the fostering care of the Catholic Church are the Ursu- 
line Convent, established in 1851, and has 150 pupils ; the college of the Brothers 
of St. Mary, dating from 1853 ; the Parish of San Fernando School, in care of 
the Sisters of the Incarnate Word ; St. Joseph's German School, the Orphan 
Asylum, and the Santa Rosa Hospital. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church was first established in San Antonio in 
1850, by the Rev. John T. Fisk, then a chaplain in the United States Army, and 
under the direction of Bishop G. W. Freeman. In 1859 the organization of the 
present parish of St. Mark's was perfected, and on Thursday, December 22d, of 
that year, the corner-stone of the beautiful and imposing edifice that now occu- 
pies the northern boundary of Travis Park, was laid. It was completed and 
dedicated March 28th, 1875. The present Rector, Rev. W. R. Richardson, Dean, 
has olficiated since 1868. 

The Methodist Episcopal Church, known as Paine Chapel, was built in 1853, 
and is situated on Solidad street. The present pastor is Rev. Homer S. Thrall, 
and his labors are greatly prospered. In connection with the Methodist Church 
of San Antonio an interesting fact needs to be stated, and it also applies to the 
Presbyterian Church. In the spring of 1844, Rev. J. W. Devilbiss, of the Meth- 
odist Church, and Rev. John McCullough, of the Presbyterian Church, while 
visiting San Antonio, held divine services in a house on Commerce street, Mr. 
Devilbiss preaching the sermon and Mr. McCullough conducting the service. 
So far as known this was the first Protestant service ever held in this city, and as 
a singular result both gentlemen subsequently became citizens of San Antonio, 
and organized churches here. 

The Presbyterian Church is located on the corner of North Flores and Hous- 
ton streets. The edifice is a large stone structure, and because of its unfinished 
and unroofed tower it has the appearance of an ancient cathedral. The corner- 
stone of this substantial building was laid in 1860, and it has cost $20,000. The 
present minister is Rev. John W. Neil, and his ministrations have met with suf- 
ficient success to encourage the purpose of building a new church edifice. 

The Baptists have a fine, stone structure, in the lower part of which services 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 



171 



are held, the main building being yet in an unfinished condition, and which is 
desirably located on the southeast corner of Travis Park, and with its neighbor, 
the elegant Jewish Synagogue, situated upon the opposite corner, add materially 
to the beauty of that part of the city. 

The African churches are four in number, and of different denominations. 
They are neat, substantial buildings, are well attended, and their worship is 
characterized by the well-known devotion of the race. 

ASSOCIATIONS. 

San Antonio is well provided with social and benevolent societies and orders, 
having Masonic, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, and kindred organizations ; 
also a German Casino, shooting club, musical societies, jockey club, an Irish- 
American and Mexican Society, an Association of Mexican War Veterans, an 
Agricultural, Stock and Industrial Association, and others that largely contribute 
to the well are, prosperity and social advancement of the people. 




Commerce Steeet. 



172 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



BUSINESS OCCUPATIONS. 

A list of the various kinds of business and occupations will be of interest, and 
answer a hundred questions regarding the character of business at this point. 
The list is complete, and is taken from the books of the city assessor, which shows 
the following: 5 wholesale grocers, 4 wholesale dry goods houses, 1 wholesale 
cigar and tobacco dealer, 24 dry goods dealers, 43 dry goods and grocers, 36 gro- 
ceries, 10 hardware and tinware dealers, 4 dealers in firearms, 4 furniture dealers, 
4 dealers in watches, clocks and jewelry, 3 books and stationery, 1 glass and fancy 
goods dealer, 7 druggists, 15 fruit dealers, 2 confectioneries, 5 candy stores and 
manufacturers, 3 soda and mineral water dealers, 11 tobacconists, 5 boot and shoe 
stores, 7 milliners, 5 merchant tailors, 3 piano and music dealers, 3 produce deal- 
ers, 3 feed stores, 2 forwarding and commission merchants, 3 farm brokers, 3 sew- 
ing machine agents, 4 banking houses, 3 auction houses, 4 photographic galleries, 
4 lumber dealers, 4 livery stables, 5 feed stables, 4 breweries, 3 soap manufacto- 
ries, 3 sash, door and blind factories, 1 gas factory, 7 insurance agencies, 6 ho- 
tels, 15 boarding houses, 8 restaurants, the usual number of saloons, 1 wine cellar, 
3 dentists, 14 physicians, 36 lawyers, 2 vetermary surgeons, 5 surveyors and engi- 
neers, 5 architects, 1 artist, 3 undertakers, 3 machine shops, 26 blacksmiths, 
1 wheelwright, 27 carpenters, 9 saddle and harness makers, 8 tmsmiths, 3 paint 
shops, 3 locksmiths, 4 printing offices, 3 book binderies, 3 daily and 1 weekly 
newspapers, 38 butchers, 3 tanneries, 17 barber shops, 3 gunsmith shops, 8 build- 
ers, 4 planing mills, 11 bakeries, 1 brass and iron foundry, and 2 ice factories. 

The newspapers of this city are ably conducted, and enterprising. They have 
a leading influence in this section of the State, and the scope of their editorials, 
the liberal supply of news from every part of the world, and ample local notes, 
place them in the front rank of newspapers in the South. The Express is pub. 
lished daily and weekly. Subscription rates |10 per year in advance for the 
daily, and $2 annually for the weekly. The Herald is also a daily and weekly. 
The price for the daily is $8 per annum, weekly $2. 

The leading hotels are the Menger Hotel, the Central House, Herd's Hotel, 
and the Vance House. 




.\U;n(;ku Hit:. 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 173 

JUDICIARY. 

The Twenty-second District Court, having civil and criminal jurisdiction, is 
held at San Antonio on the first Monday of February, April, June, October and 
December ; Judge George H. Noonan presiding. 

The Bexar County Court is held on the first Monday of each month, for the 
trial of criminal cases ; and the same court is held on the third Monday of each 
alternate month, for the hearing of civil cases ; the Hon. Thomas A. Dwyer pre- 
siding. 

The Commissioners' Court has regular sessions on the second Monday of Feb- 
ruary, May, August and November. 

For the trial of petty offenses against the ordinances of the city, courts of a 
more limited jurisdiction are held daily, and woe be to the offender if he hap- 
pens to be a second trespasser upon the law and good name of the city. 

Of the commercial importance and advantages of San Antonio, little need be 
added. Its geographical position will at once suggest the explanation of its 
steady growth and prosperity. A glance, however, at the magnitude of its pres- 
ent trade can not be uninteresting. Being the base of supplies for nearly all of 
the military posts in the department of Texas, surrounded by an immense stock- 
producing country, and commanding the trade of the Northern States of Mexico, 
its commercial development is natural and progressive. 

It is estimated that the freights of all kinds, shipped from this distributing 
point *to the various sections of the State of Texas and portions of Mexico, 
amount annually to ten millions of pounds, and its transportation gives constant 
employment to over four hundred ten-mule teams, each with a capacity for carry- 
ing six thousand pounds, and averaging four trips a year. 

From the report of Thomas N. Vail, General Superintendent of the Railway 
Mail Service, we compile the following facts: During a period of four weeks, 
commencing January 15th, 1877, there were posted at the San Antonio oifice, 
41,230 letters, and that the total number of pieces of mail matter sent from this 
office was 65,134. The aggregate weight was 3,786 pounds, making a daily aver- 
age of 2,326 pieces, weighing 135 pounds. 

The receipts for freight alone at the San Antonio office of the Galveston, 
Harrisburg & San Antonio Eailway, from the time of its completion, February 19th, 
1877, to May 31st, 1877, a period of three months and two weeks, amounted to 
$125,273.86. 

The following statement exhibits the amount of shipments of four leading 
articles of commerce from February to July, 1877: hides, 1,452,480 pounds; cat- 
tle, 400,000 poimds; sheep, 482,100 pounds; mules and horses, 179,000 pounds. 
The number of buffalo hides handled at this point during the first six months of 
the present year is estimated at 40,000, and valued at |150,000. The valuation of 
dry and green hides handled during the same period, is over one million of dol- 
lars, and the amount of wool for the same time over 1,500,000 pounds, and valued 
at $450,000. The cotton handled at this point amounted to about 3,000 bales. 

We give a careful estimate of the mercantile trade during the past year, in a 
few of the leading articles only, as a partial review of the business of this city : 



174 



SOUTHEKN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



Dry Goods and Clothing $3,000,000 

Groceries 2,500,000 

Hardware .' 500,000 

Furniture ,. . 100,000 

San Antonio offers many opportunities for manufacturing, but thus far they 
liave not been utilized to any great extent. The field for this industry is broad 
and open, and only awaits occupation by energy and capital. 

The railroad facilities of this place consist of the extension of the Galveston, 
Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway, with its present terminal point at San Antonio, 
and the prospective construction of additional roads is promising. A complete 
history and description of the " Sunset Route " Railway is given in another 
chapter, to which we invite attention. 

In closing this description of San Antonio, it is proper to add that we have 
"nothing extenuated, or set down aught " in prejudice. It only embraces facts 
which are everywhere visible in this city. That its business opportunities and 
commercial stability are exceptional, and greatly in advance of other cities of its. 




View on Commerce Street, San Antonio. 

magnitude, is evidenced in the fact that the courts have adjudicated hardly a 
case of bankruptcy occurrmg in the city during the past four years of financial 
depression. The contiguous country is the finest in the world. The soil is 
abundantly productive, and adapted to the highest state of cultivation. It offers 
rare inducements to the industrious immigrant, who would meet with a cordial 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 



175- 



and honest welcome from its people. The climate is salubrious and healthy, the 
springs and streams abundant, and a comfortable, happy home is the promise 
and the reward of industry. The thriftless and the indolent have no home in 
any place or clime, because they never secure one; while those who labor with 
an honest purpose, fill their homes with comforts, and enjoy them. Come and 
see ! 

SHERMAN. 

The city of Sherman is one of the oldest settled towns in Northern Texas, 
and its present population numbers about 8,000. Its situation is in the central 
portion of Grayson county, nine miles south of Denison, and at the intersection 
of the Transcontinental branch of the Texas & Pacific and the H. & T. C. Rail- 
ways. These advantages alone would make that town one of prominence, but 
when we take into consideration the surrounding country, which is fertile and 
abundantly productive, the real cause of its present growth and expansion is 
easily understood. Its situation is upon the verge of a vast prairie country on 




Court House, Sherman. 



.176 SOtTTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

the south, and fringed upon the north by an extensive timber belt. Its geograph- 
ical position necessarily stimulates its numerous industries, and makes it the 
leading distributing point for agricultural implements in that section of the 
State. It contains flouring mills, carriage and wagon manufactories, three lum- 
ber yards, three hotels, among them the Binkley House, one of the best and 
most elegant in the Southwest ; excellent public schools and one high school, 
eight elegant church edifices, and all of the smaller industries that are necessa- 
rily associated with a growing city. Its stores are mostly constructed of stone, 
and add a substantial appearance and credit to the town. The water supply is 
mostly from wells, but an excellent system of water works which will furnish 
any needed supply, is now under constriction and will soon be completed. The 
dwellings are chiefly of wood, and being surrounded with large yards and 
gardens, with foliage and flowers, pres: ;it an inviting hospitality, and the ease 
and comfort of prosperity. It has also ;i large cotton compress, and two banks 
that supply the needed capital for the various industries. The court house is an 
elegant stone structure and one of the attractive features of the city. Its design 
is elaborate, and construction substantial. It has a system of gas works, street 
railways, and other conveniences of a city. The people are intelligent, progres- 
sive and reliable. They have and maintain a high moral character, and the 
merchants of Sherman have a credit throughout the State. We know of no 
better town in Texas where the investment of capital will command more 
activity, or a better remuneration. The newspapers published in this city are, 
the daily and weekly Courier, an able and judiciously edited paper; the Begister, 
daily and weekly, and the weekly Patriot, both of which are enterprising and 
well conducted journals. 

WACO. 

The Brazos river divides Waco into East and West Waco, although the two 
are under one municipal organization and government, being joined by a splen- 
did iron suspension bridge, 475 feet long, and costing $160,000. "Old East 
Waco " so called, is now a suburb of the East Waco that has been built since the 
railway penetrated to the town, and established its depots nearer the Brazos 
river. The new town has a thriving population of some 1,200, and has reached 
all of its commercial importance since 1872. All of the shipment of cotton and 
other products are made in this portion of the city, and all of the lumber, mer- 
chandise and other commodities are here received. It is of the city as a whole 
that general reference is made. The population numbers about 9,000, and is 
receiving accessions from a portion of the enterprising immigration that is now 
flowing to Texas. From an old "standstill" town, it has become one of the 
most flourishing interior cities of the State. Its shipment of cotton alone was 
over 50,000 bales during the past year, and will increase as the country increases 
in the production of that staple. The transportation facilities of this city are 
excellent, as it has connection with other cities by a branch of the Houston & 
Texas Central Railway, known as the Waco Tap Road, which extends from Bre- 
mond, on the line of the Houston & Texas Central Railway. The projected exten- 
sion of the Northwest Branch of the Houston & Texas Central Railway starts from 
Waco. The industries of this city are 1 cotton compress company, 1 cotton mill. 



CITIES AND TOWNS OF TEXAS. 



177 



\ 



2 large flouring mills, 2 foundries and iron works, 3 planing mills, 2 lumber 
yards, 1 distillery, 2 wagon manufactories, 1 cooperage, 7 hotels, 3 banks, 30 dry 
goods and 50 grocery houses, 4 wholesale liquor dealers, 50 lawyers, 25 physicians, 
and many other industries, such as harness and blacksmith shops, markets, 
bakeries, boot and shoe shops, etc., etc. In the matter of educational opportuni- 
ties, Waco is well and favorably supplied, having 5 free and 7 private schools, 
with an enrollment of 1,561 scholars between 8 and 14 years ; among them the 
Waco University, and a flourishing Female College, and a Catholic Convent 
School. There are also eleven church organizations, and nine church buildings, 
all of which find a liberal attendance and support. There are also extensive 
brick yards in the city, and the material for their manufacture is of the best 
quality and inexhaustible. " It is estimated," says the Telephone, a paper pub- 
lished at this city, '* that of the two thousand buildings, of all kinds, standing 
within the city limits, at least one thousand are built of brick." The streets are 
broad, regular, and elevated so as to secure a good drainage. With so large a 
combination of industries, a location central and accessible, in the midst of a 
surrounding country which for fertility and productiveness is unsurpassed, and 
having the advantages of an energetic and intelligent population, the city of 
Waco may well be regarded as among the most proajierous in the Southwest, and 
having before it a future that but few others can boast of It oifers great induce- 
ments for the investment of capital, and the security is a rapidly increasing 
valuation of property. Her citizens are hospitable and give cordial encourage- 
ment to the honest and industrious who come to share their prosperity. We take 
pleasure in mentioning the new water works which are now completed. The 
pumping station and reservoir are upon the west bank of the Brazos river, an 
imposing brick building enclosing the pumps, and a steam engine of sixty horse 
power which can, in an emergency, be largely increased. The reservoir is formed 
by the excavation of a rock, and has a capacity of 70,000 gallons. As the steam 
pump can supply 800 gallons per minute, the volume of water is ample for all 
purposes. The force of the water is sufficient to throw a stream over any build- 
ing within the fire limits. The water is taken from clear springs, and is therefore 
excellent in quality. Three miles of mains and service pipes are already laid, 
and will be continually extended until every portion of the city is supplied. The 
water is conducted across the bridge, and three hydrants furnish East Waco with 
a needed supply. The works, being new, are in perfect and complete order, and 
their construction cost about $40,000. There are also gas works and an ice fac- 
tory in the city of Waco, as well as a convenient system of street railways. 
There are two fire engine companies, with Wiley Jones as chief of the depart- 
ment. Hon. O. A. Sturges is the present Mayor of the city. The principal 
hotels are the McClelland and Taylor, both well kept and public favorites. 
There are three newspapers published in the city, all of which are well edited 
and conducted, viz. : ^^ Telephone," daily and weekly; '■^Examiner," daily and 
weekly; and the weekly Register, a Republican journal. Waco has a bright 
future, and the rich and fertile country surrounding it, together with increasing 
Tailroad facilities, immediately contribute to its rapid growth. 

12 



178 SOTJTHEBN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

WEATHERFORD. 

The capital of Parker county is the surprisingly active city of "Weatherford. 
It is upon the line of the proposed extension of the Texas & Facitic Railway, 
which will be completed to this point at an early day, and thence to the Pacific 
coast. This city has the surroundings of a magnificent and fertile country, and 
its rapid growth has been as marvelous as are the productions of the soil 
surrounding it. The population now exceeds 3,500, and when touched by rail- 
way facilities it will rapidly rise into prominence, and challenge the progress of 
Forth Worth, which is east of this city thirty miles. There is a division of 
prairie and woodland, field and forest, encircling the northern view from the 
city, while to the west and south spread away the vast rolling prairies that only 
terminate with the Gulf upon the south, and the distant mountains upon the 
west. The altitude of this city is 1,200 feet above the level of the sea, and the 
climate is salubrious, healthy and delightful. A clear stream of water flows 
through the city from northwest to southeast over a gravel bottom, affording a 
supply of water and perfect drainage. Excellent water is obtained from wells 
at a moderate depth. The schools and churches of this city are liberally sup- 
ported. There are five church organizations and church buildings. Among the 
educational advantages is the Weatherford high school, under the management 
of a citizen directory, and having a capacity for the accommodation of several 
hundred scholars. The building is Constructed of brick, and has all of the 
conveniences required. There are about twenty dry goods and grocery dealers, 
three hotels, two banks, one saw mill, one furniture factory, two stove and tin 
shops, wagon and blacksmith, shops, two steam flouring mills, one saddlery and 
harness shop, two drug stores, and all of the other industries that belong to a 
progressive town. The proposed new court house and public school building 
will compare with the best to be found in the State. The school building will 
cost not less than $35,000, and when constructed, will be a credit to the State. 
There is also a building association, board of trade, street railway construction 
company, and gas works company. The live, progressive character of the 
people will find means to supply their growing city with all of the improve- 
ments and conveniences that are needed, and which are found in the more 
advanced cities of the country. There are two weekly papers published in the 
city of Weatherford, both of which are ably conducted. 



CHAPTER VI. 
WINTER RESORTS OF TEXAS. 



There are more solid and substantial reasons why the invalid and the prosper- 
ous capitalist should seek and find a winter resort where health and comfort 
abound, than the cool lakes and springs that invite to a summer shade and recre- 
ation. Especially in the cold climates of the North and East there are thousands 
who would avoid the extreme weather, and promote health, life and comfort in a 
more genial clime. To the invalid the summers of the North are a thousand 
times more advantageous than the frigid blasts of winter, particularly in diseases 
of the lungs, rheumatism and kindred infirmities. While the benefits of winter 
resorts are much larger to the invalid than summer watering places can be, the 
delights and pleasures of exemption from chilling frosts are so many that a win- 
ter in the South argues itself into almost a necessity to the afflicted, and invites 
others, who can aftbrd the moderate expense, to the enjoyment of delightful 
climes. 

So widespread throughout the North and East has become the desire for win- 
ter resorts, that a notice of a few of the many in the State of Texas will not fail 
to attract attention. The health-restoring properties of mineral waters are every- 
where recognized, and from afar, in all directions, come the afiiicted to drink at 
the fountains and bathe in the waters. It must not be forgotten, however, that 
the conditions of climate, the seasons, the temperature, and the natural surround- 
ings, have as much to do in restoring health, and more, in their wondrous con- 
tributions to pleasure and comforts through an invigorated system, than the 
acknowledged medicinal qualities of mineral waters. In this respect the State 
of Texas is far in advance of the marshy swamps of Florida and Cuba, because 
in the extreme heat of summer they are as healthy and genial as the hills of 
Vermont or New Hampshire, and in winter the stimulating atmosphere is tem- 
pered with the delicious breeze of the tropics. It is appropriate, therefore, to 
note the more attractive features of 

SAN ANTONIO 

As a winter resort. Its dry and splendid climate, its bold elevation above the 
sea level, its remarkably clear and invigorating atmosphere, the charm of foliage, 
flower and garden, the spreading beauty that surrounds it, the glory and grandeur 
of its illustrious cathedrals and missions, the numerous springs that emerge from 
the base of sandstone formations, and flow off in the channel of the beautiful 
San Pedro ; and still farther to the north the marvelous fountain of the San 
Antonio, both of which are matchless even in comparison with the clear waters 
that leap from the side of the Adirondack mountains — all combine to render the 

(1T9) 



180 



SOUl'HEEN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



ancient city of Sau Antonio the most delightful and most healthful winter resort 
upon the wide continent. The waters of these springs, including both the San 
Antonio and San Pedro, are as crystal and they came forth in the shade and 
sweeten the fragrance of the flower and' bloom which surround them. In and 
about the city are delightful drives, and a hundred places of interest to be visited. 
The hotels are excellent and aflbrd all of the comforts and luxuries to be found in 
any city. 




Head of San Antonio Eivek. 

For consumptives there is no healthier and more desirable place in the United 
States, especially during the winter season. It is conceded by physicians that 
the mild invigorating climate, the dryness of the winter atmosphere, and the 
altitude of the city above the Gulf, are almost a certain cure for that terrible 
disease, if the invalid has not already passed beyond the possibilities of relief. 
This city is easy and convenient of access over the G., H. & S. A. Railway, the 
present western terminal point of which is at San Antonio. Among the manj 
noted mineral waters in Texas, those known as the 



LAMPASAS SPRINGS 

Are regarded with much favor, and are visited by large numbers of people. The 
nature and quality of the waters are white sulphur, and being strongly impreg- 



WINTER KESORTS OF TEXAS. 181 

nated with that mineral, are said to surpuss the celebrated Virginia Springs. 
These springs are as widely and favorably known throughout the Southwest, as 
the Congress Springs at Saratoga are known throughout the North. They are 
situated upon the high table lands of Texas, about 60 miles north of Austin, at 
Lampasas city, which is the county seat of Lampasas county. The surroundings 
are delightful, and the mild, genial climate in winter, invites the invalid to its 
charming embrace. These wonderful springs are accessible by stage from Austin, 
and there is hardly a place in Texas where a winter can be passed with more com- 
fort and pleasure than in the beautiful little town of Lampasas. On the Texas 
& New Orleans Kailway, forty-five miles east from Houston, is the situation of 
the famous 

SOUR LAKE. 

The surroundings of this wonderful lake have never been improved, and 
therefore aside from the water itself there are no attractions for the visitor, but 
at no distant time it will doubtless become one of the prominent winter resorts 
in Texas. Its location is in Hardin coimty, and its area is about two acres. The 
water is sulphurous, aluminous and ferruginous, and is used in bathing. It is 
regarded as a specific for rheumatism and cutaneous diseases. For scrofula, scald 
head and other eruptive diseases, the water is a certain and complete cure, and 
when buildings shall be erected for the convenience and comfort of visitors, the 
waters of Sour Lake will be sought for with that general desire which is now 
centered upon Hot Springs. There is an oil rising upon the surface of the water 
which possesses wonderful curative qualities, and while it eradicates every par- 
ticle of a disease of the skin, it clears and beautifies the complexion as no other 
remedy has yet done, and leaves it in a glow of health which can never be suc- 
cessfully imitated by dangerous cosmetics. Upon the margin of the lake are 
numerous wells and springs, the waters of which are used for bathing and as a 
beverage. 

Avery careful analysis of these waters exhibits twenty-seven diflerent qualities, 
and the experiments of thirty years demonstrate the fact that with the exception 
of consumption, these waters will cure almost every disease that flesh is heir to. 
For chronic diarrhea and dyspepsia they efl'ect an immediate relief, and by a 
continuous use for a period of from three to six weeks perfect a permanent cure. 
Perhaps the waters of the Hot Springs are not so valuable for the cure of a dis- 
eased or disorganized urinary system as those of Sour Lake. They act with won- 
derful and powerful effect upon these organs. As soon as the litigation between 
the several claimants to the property of these wells and the lake has terminated, 
there will be made improvements in buildings and surroundings so that visitors 
will avail themselves of the virtues of these waters. The curative qualities of 
the 

LULING SPRINGS 

Have come to be of marvelous value during the past few years, and they have the 
advantages of good hotels and places where invalids can be properly and comfort- 
ably cared for. Luling is situated in Caldwell county, on the line of the Galveston, 
Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway, 155 miles west from Houston and 57 miles east 



182 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



from San Antonio. The reputation of tlie Luling sour water is wide spread, and 
large numbers from the North and East are seeking its benefits. It is also being 
shipped to different parts of the couutrj^ and furnished to those wlio can not 
afford the expense of visiting the springs. As a winter resort Luling is one of 
the most desirable in Texas. The climate is like|that of San Antonio, and in 
addition to the great value of its waters is the mild and invigorating atmosphere, 
which alone will restore health to a system that has become weakened and de- 
pleted. The most alarming cases of inflammatory rheumatism, and indeed all 
diseases of an inflammatory order will yield in the use of these waters. It is 
also a specific for the cure of chronic diarrhea, and many other of the diseases 
that afflict mankind. 




Mexican Women Selling Mocking-Bieds at San Antonio. 



The following is the analysis of the Luling sour water: Sulphate of lime; 
sulphate of magnesia, in large quantities ; chloride of sodium ; chloride of potas- 
sium; carbonate of iron, in moderate quantity; phosphate and chloride of lime; 
sulphates of alumina, and baryta, and traces of eilica and strontia, and large 
quantities of free sulphuric acid. Its benefits extend to all diseases that proceed 
from an abnormal condition of the biliary secretions. 

Near the town of Sutherland, in the northeast portion of "Wilson county, and 
southeast from San Antonio, 30 miles, are situated the celebrated 



WINl'EU RESORTS OF TICXAS. 



SUTHERLAND SPRINGS. 



183 



Tliey are in a delightful and healthful section of country, and much resorted 
to by invalids. These waters are tonic, diuretic, cathartic, alterative and anti- 
bilious. They are specially recommended for the relief and cure of those suflFer- 
ing from dropsy, liver complaint, dyspepsia, consumption and all diseases of the 
kidneys. There is nearly as great a variety in these waters as there is in diseases, 
and among them may he found seltzer, iron, sulphur, aperient, sour and other 
varieties, all of which are composed of valuable mineral substances, and experi- 
ence commands their use. The white and black sulphur waters are highly recom- 
mended for bathing purposes, and give a delicate smoothness and a rich glow of 
health to the skin. As a winter resort it is becoming one of the most celebrated 
in Texas, and the climate is as genial and refreshing as can be found upon the 
continent. There are many other places in the State that invite the invalid to their 
healthful climes, and restore the system to its normal vigor and health. In the 
North and East there are thousands who would add both to their life and health, 
if they would pass a winter in Texas, at some of its attractive resorts. They 
would find pleasure and cultivated society, they would renew their youth, and 
return again to home and friends in the happy possession of physical strength 
and health which are more to be coveted than wealth or honors. 



CHAPTER YII. 
Stock Raising and Sheep Hnsbandry. 



One of the most important interests in this country is that of stock raising- 
and sheep husbandry, and the State of Texas is fairly entitled to the first position 
upon the continent as a stock producing and stock sustaining region. Its vast 
prairies ; abundant, luxuriant and nutritious grasses ; its springs and streams of 
clear and sparkling waters ; and, still more, its uniform and delightful climate, 
in which the rounding seasons give not only a simple promise, but the full pro- 
tection of a genial clime — these are a few of the substantial reasons why Texas 
excels all other States in the profitable industries referred to. While almost every 
county is adapted to these industries, there are sections in which a wider range 
and larger opportunities are ofi"ered for prosecuting the business successfully. 

It is in Western and Southwestern Texas that public attention is specially di- 
rected in this chapter without the remotest purpose to detract from the great 
and almost immeasurable advantages ofi"ered in other sections of the State. It 
would not be a just illustration to select the few who have become "cattle 
kings," and encourage the belief that all can achieve the limits of their success, 
for the i^rocess of success in any particular industry consists in utilizing every 
advantage and possibility surrounding it. 

To note the progress made by poor men in the industry of stock raising and 
sheep husbandry, is but to lead the way for thousands of others to follow. A 
basis of one thousand dollars will establish a stock raiser upon 300 acres of land, 
stock it with 20 cows, 100 ewes, 3 mares, all of the agricultural implements for 
the cultivation of a few acres and a comfortable place to live in, with all of the 
needed furniture for cooking, etc., and leave him a surplus for contingencies and 
current expenses, of $250. The grasses will support his stock and the products 
of a few acres will give him more than is needed for subsistence. The natural 
increase of the stock will not be less than 66 per cent., and as it costs as 
little to raise a steer or horse in this State as it does a thrifty pullet in New 
England, it is safe to estimate the annual net profit at 33)^ per cent. With 
industry and economy, and yet having all the ordinary comforts of life and the 
enjoyment of a delightful climate, the product of ten years will be a substantial 
competence, amounting to nearly $18,000, without taking into account the 
advantages of an increase in the general improvement of property, and starting 
upon the next decade with an income of about $6,000 for the first year. This is 
an under estimate of a mixed herd. In the specialty of sheep husbandry the 
increase is still larger, because all of the possible losses in lambs can not reduce 
the increase of stock to 66 per cent., and the annual crop of wool from the flock 

(184) 



STOCK RAISING AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY. 185 

will reach an average of at least four pounds. The greater expense is in caring 
for the flock and clipping the wool. The climate afibrds sufficient shelter and 
the soil yields without cultivation all of the grasses needed for their support. 
To more than substantiate the proposition advanced, the following instances are 
noted, and the facts are all from reliable sources : Twenty years ago a man who 
had been a poor cabin boy upon a vessel, came to Texas with a capital of energy 
and pluck and no money. He settled at Santa Gertrudes, which is located west 
from Corpus Christi thirty-five miles. He engaged in the industry of stock 
raising upon the most limited scale, attending in person to his little stock, which 
had neither semblance nor numbers of either flock or herd. But he persevered 
and the product increased from year to year until the ranche at Santa Gertrudes 
was not only known in every part of the country, but throughout the world. It 
is now the lordly domain of the once poor cabin boy, Capt. Richard King, and 
his princely landed ijossessions are over 60,000 acres in area, and all fenced. His 
herd of cattle numbers over 50,000 head, his horses aud mules exceed 10,000, his 
flocks of sheep are over 20,000 in numbers, and his goats 8,000. Verily the 
flocks upon a thousand hills are his, and each year he brands 15,000 calves, the 
increase of his cattle, and sends from 5,000 to 10,000 beeves to market annually. 
His increase of horses and mules and sheep and goats and thirty thousand fleeces 
a year, are the evidences of a fortune larger than can be found in many a city. 

Near San Patricio, which is northwest from Corpus Christi, on the Nueces 
river, lives Thomas O'Connor, who was discharged from the army of the Repub- 
lic of Texas in 1837. A writer has given the following description of him at 
that time: "His entire earthly possessions then consisted of a Spanish pony, 
saddle and bridle, two old belt pistols, one of which was broken ofl' at the 
breech, and one rifle gun, all of which were much the worse for having been in 
constant use in obtaining our independence." He began the raising of stock, 
and his herds increased until they numbered 80,000 head of cattle, and 500 
saddle and stock horses. His lands upon the river front extended six leagues, 
and comprised 26,664 acres. In 1851 a gentleman started a ranche twelve miles 
west of San Antonio, with only 200 head of cattle. Upon his death his sous 
continued the industry, and the increase had been such that in 1877, when the 
Adams brothers desired to sell their stock, they were able to deliver to the 
purchasers 68,000 head of cattle. 

Instances of this kind might be multiplied, but these are suflicient to show 
the fact that stock-raising in Texas is more profitable than gold mining upon the 
Pacific slope, and 95 per cent, more certain of substantial results. 

It is proper to mention that five years since, the horned stock of Texas was 
con^ned to the native breed, and ran wild upon its grand prairies with little more 
care than the trouble of branding the calves. Since then a great improvement 
has taken place in the quality of the stock by mixing it with the finer grades of 
imported breeds, and this policy is not only found to work a valuable improve- 
ment in the stock itself, but adds greatly to the already large profits of the 
industry by increasing the quality and price of beeves that are now in so great 
a demand in the Eastern markets, and for the new traffic of exportation to 
Europe. 

The increase of 100 cows, 2 bulls, and 100 calves, in twelve years, according to a 



186 SOUTHERN AWD \VESTEEN TKKAS GUIDB. 

well demonstrated percentage, would be 14,537. The sale of a portion of the 
increase, from year to year, at a fair market valuation, and the remainder at the 
end of twelve years to close out the business, would show the aggregate receipts 
to be not less than $101,759, if the stock sold realized only $7 per head. From 
this sum must be deducted, of course, the expenses, which would be one extra 
hand after the fifth year, and an increase of one for each succeeding year. The 
stock would support itself without the expenditure of a dollar in the gathering 
of hay or of grain. 

These results are achieved only through industry and perseverance. They 
do not come by sitting about a coal fire in the North, nor by a continuous discus- 
sion of the subject. The climate, the soil, the grasses and other advantages of 
Texas for these industries are all provided, and are beyond the best anticipations 
of the northern farmer, and only need to be utilized by the vigorous touch of 
husbandry to yield a fortune. As has been stated, the raising of sheep and wool 
presents a still more favorable result. Conditions and climate have much to do 
in that regard, and all of these are found in Western and Southwestern Texas. 
Warm, genial and dry weather is needed for the successful propagation of sheep. 
They need less water and that less frequently than the ox, they are easily sup- 
ported and seek the nourishment of the finer grasses, and therefore in a clime 
where botn shepherd and his flock can repose in safety under the canopy of 
heaven, during every month in the year, the industry finds its greater profit and 
increase. Deducting all ordinary losses and casualties, the increase will average 
hardly less than 80 per cent. A young man with a moderate capital can do 
more towaid building up a fortune in sheep and wool raising in Texas, in ten 
years of faithful and earnest labor, than the merchant of a large city with an 
established credit and capital. Many will fail and few will succeed in all enter- 
prises, but with energy and application the advancement in sheep raising reaches 
far beyond the sanguine expectations of those who speculate with fortune. This 
industry has a steady, certain and prosperous growth. Any school boy can easily 
calculate the result of ten or twenty years in the business, without taking from 
the aggregate of receipts and increase the costs of a six months winter. The vast 
area of territory in Texas alone, adapted to sheep culture, has been hardly 
touched by that industry. Its expansion can hardly be limited, and when we 
consider that the Argentine Confederation, in South America, contains over 
70,000,000 of sheep, while the "United States has only about 40,000,000 at the present 
time, it will be admitted that the industry has hardly reached beyond a vigorous 
infancy in this country. It is natural that the wool product should increase as 
population increases, and the demands for it in all parts of the world are 
enlarging from year to year. In 1866 the amount of wool received and shipped 
from San Antonio, was about 600,000 poimds, and in 1877 it reached over 2,000,000 
pounds. The estimate of the wool clip, in 1878, in Southwest Texas, is 6,500,000 
pounds. Pushing this subject of production a little farther, we find by the latest 
and most reliable authorities, which are no less than government statistics, 
that there are at present in the whole of Europe 194,026,236 head of sheep, 
while in all of the United States there is hardly 19 per cent, of that number. 
Russia alone contains 46,432,000 sheep, or nearly 7,000 more than there 
is in all the United States. The cost of raising and supporting a sheep in the 



STOCK RAISING AND SHEEP nrSBANDKT. 187 

•cold climate of Russia is as great as it is in Canada, while in Southwest Texas 
the actual cost is hardly more than the watching of the flock, the clipping of the 
wool and its transportation to market. England has nearly three-fourths as 
many sheep as the United States, and they are supported at a cost of five times 
larger than the amount required in the State of Texas. Why then should not 
that important industry concentrate in the sections of country where it can be 
prosecuted at the least expense ? It will in time, and the colder climes of Russia 
and some other of the European countries, will abandon the industry as soon as 
they can procure a supply of wool at a cheaper rate from elsewhere. Nothing 
now need be urged to demonstrate the almost inexhaustible demand for the 
staple of wool, and the superior and cheap advantages offered in Western Texas 
for its production. Although France has a stock of 25,035,114 sheep, and a genial 
climate, its land is too valuable to be devoted to that industry even with all of 
the characteristic economy of that country. France, England, Russia, Austria 
and Germany would become large importers of American wools if we would but 
increase the quality and quantity of production, and be able to stock the market 
at a cheaper rate than it costs to winter and care for a sheep in the snows of 
Northern Europe. 

Comprehending these conditions, and at the same time having knowledge 
of the fact that a pound of wool could be produced in Texas at 20 per cent, 
of the cost of production in Europe, a millionaire and banker in Paris closed 
up his business and came to this country with the single purpose of engaging 
in sheep husbandry. He traveled extensively throughout the West, and es- 
pecially in Colorado, investigating all advantages offered, and finally purchased 
a large tract of land in Texas, where he now is engaged in the industry of grow- 
ing sheep and wool. 

At the head of the beautiful Los Morris creek, a tributary of the San Saba 
river, having its source in Menard county, is situated what is known as " King 
Carlin's Ranche." The proprietor is Earnest Carlin, a French nobleman, born 
and bred in Paris, and who gave up the fascinating delights of that capital, its 
ease and comforts and entertainments, to build the great industry of sheep hus- 
bandry in Western Texas. His estate consists of 30,000 acres of splendid rolling 
prairie in one body; 30,000 sheep, with a present annual increase of 20,000 
lambs ; and a rock palace, which is perhaps the finest residence in Western Texas. 
He came from France only two years ago, and his possessions cover the Los 
Morris from source to mouth, with a frontage of about five miles on the San Saba 
river, thereby controlling a series of the finest water privileges in that section of 
the State. His wool clip averages S% pounds to the fleece, and his stock of 
sheep is being graded up by the best blooded importations. His product of wool 
is, perhaps, the largest of any one individual in Texas, and he has in contempla- 
tion the building of large woolen manufactories at an early day, for the purpose 
of working into fabrics the staple that is grown in Western Texas. It may be 
well to state that he proposes to give employment and a home to large numbers 
of the worthy poor women of his native city, and build about him a prosperity 
and wealth of comfort that could never be reached in Europe in that particular 
industry. Of course this is an illustration of what capital and experience can 
do in Texas, and the same success will attend the efforts of those with moderate 



188 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TJiXAS GUIDE. 

capital and industry, in a like proportion. The raising of goats is no less prof- 
itable and successful in Western Texas. Their growth is adapted to the climate,, 
and the increase is large. To raise them costs but a little care and attention, and 
their fleeces are of great value, and command a ready price in the market. 

The subject of stock raising in Texas is one of such magnitude that a chap- 
ter can hardly exhaust one of its branches, and therefore we have attempted to 
generalize that industry, and give but a few of the illustrations of its profitable 
increase among the hundreds that could be named. Regarding the exportation 
of stock to Europe, and alluding to its production in the Southwest, we desire to 
give the disinterested opinion of an English gentleman, who has visited Texas, 
and contributes the ro'vlt ^f his observations and experience in a commuuica^ 
tion to the New York Time . That gentleman says : — 

" Considerable information has found its way into the newspapers recently 
respecting the exportation of live stock from this country to Great Britain, and 
yet many facts have been omitted. Will you kindly permit me, through the 
medium of your valuable paper, to give some interesting particulars of this 
largely increasing business. I am visiting this country in the interest of an 
English firm who have agents and salesmen in all the principal English and 
Scotch markets. I have recently visited the chief cattle raising districts in the 
West, including Texas, and was not a little surprised to find such large numbers 
of fine beeves roaming upon the plains in a semi-wild state in the southwestern 
portion of that country. On the journey from Houston to San Antonio we 
passed several immense herds in the vicinity of the latter city ; but after leaving 
San Antonio on horseback for the large ranches 100 miles below, I found the 
numbers considerably increased, and some very fine breeds of stock. The pas- 
turage is very rich, and will bear favorable comparison with the much-admired 
pasturage of the West Central States. The climate is very healthy, and the high- 
est point of heat reached was 96 degrees, while it was quite 10 degrees hotter in 
St. Louis. There is an abundance of pure water, and fruit is in great plenty. I 
found everywhere most excellent crops, and comfort and prosperity on every 
hand. The modern Texans are an enterprising people, and though rough in 
their manner, very kind-hearted, and of amiable disposition. They take great 
pride in improving the breed of their cattle, and so far have been very success- 
ful. Few people are aware of the vast resources of this, the largest State in the 
country. Statistics give the number of cattle last year as considerably over 
4,000,000 head in this State alone. The cattle are large and very strongly built, 
most of them reaching l,rj00 to 1,600 pounds each in weight. The horses are 
very plentiful, but rather small, 'this being the only possible objection to them.' 
They are very well bred and suitable for city use. They require little or no 
training and are very fast. The sheep are also small, but are very heavj- in wool, 
and make excellent mutton. There are several available means of transit be- 
tween Texas and the East ; the St. Louis & Iron Mountain and the Missouri, 
Kansas & Texas Railroads have admirably-arranged through communication 
with all Eastern points for the transportation of live stock, and have numerous 
depots en route at which the cattle are fed and watered, and the transfer accom- 
plished with as little delay and inconvenience to the stock as possible. They 



STOCK RAISING AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY. 189 

lose no time in tlie conveyance, running their live stock trains at as great speed 
as is cousisteut with, the safety of the valuable cargoes intrusted them. There 
are also steamships, well adapted to the conveyance of live stock, sailing from 
Galveston and other Texas ports for New York, etc., which system of transpor- 
tation is coming into increased favor, the transfers being avoided, and the time 
occupied little longer than by rail. There are numerous steamers sailing from all 
Eastern ports every week carrying large cargoes of live stock. The largest con- 
Bignment ever shipped (550 head) arrived in Liverpool on the 17th, per the War- 
ren Line steamer Massachusetts, from Boston, in first-class condition, without a 
single accident. The conveyance of live cattle across the Atlantic Ocean has 
been subject to much comment, many being of the opinion that it is cruelty to 
ship them alive. This is not so, for when at sea they are subject to suffer from sea- 
sickness, but with suitable treatment speedily recover; and I have seen numer- 
ous cargoes landed in Liverpool without the slightest sign upon any one of them 
to indicate that they had been twelve days at sea. They require experienced 
attendants, a supply of medicine in case of illness, perfect sanitary arrangements 
and plenty of ventilation. With these conditions there would never be any stock 
lost at sea, except through ordinary disease. Every facility is offered on both 
sides of the Atlantic for the development of a large business. There are conve- 
nient ports to all the principal markets in Great Britain, nine of which have an 
average sale of 16,000 head of cattle per week in the aggregate, in which Ameri- 
can cattle are in great demand, and realize very high prices. There is commo- 
dious lairage accommodation at all the ports at which the stock is landed, and 
the English railroad companies are doing their utmost to encourage the business 
in reduced freight and fast live stock express trains. The opposition raised some 
little time ago to the importation of American stock into Great Britain has 
almost died away, and there is little prospect of the American cattle being 
brought under the provisions of the very " restrictive measure " now in theEng- 
lish Parliament, some English newspapers having stated that they are now ex- 
empted from the provisions of the bill, and it has been proved that in the last 
seven years there have only been two single instances known of diseased Ameri- 
can cattle being landed in Great Britain. There is but one drawback to the ex- 
portation of live stock becoming one of the largest and most important branches 
of trade between America, Great Britain (and possibly France) ; this is the high 
rate of freight charged by the steamship companies for conveying the stock to 
Europe. The shipper must provide attendants, buckets, brooms, and all the nec- 
essaries for the voyage, except stalls and water, and yet the present rate for 
horses is $60, and cattle $30 to $40 per head. If the steamship companies would 
reduce these high rates it would encourage shippers to send considerably heavier 
consignments, audit would benefit the steamship companies materially in the 
end. The vast quantities of live cattle in all the Western States have been so 
recently given in published statistics that it is needless for me to repeat them, 
except to say there is an endless supply available at the present time for expor- 
tation, and no better or more remunerative business presents itself to the notice 
of the ' American capitalist ' than the exportation of cattle or horses to Great 
Britain." 



ISO SOU! HERN AKD WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

A visit to Southwestern and Western Texas, and a thorough investigation of 
the whole subject, will fully sustain all that has been written in relation to the 
subject of stock raising in this State. The only possible failure would be from 
a lack of industry and judgment. The climate, the soil, the grasses and the 
water are all supplied by nature, and to carefully and prudently utilize these ex- 
traordinary advantages is all that is needed to realize even extravagant anticipa* 
tions of success. 



CHAPTER VIII. 
FEUITS, HORTIOULTUEE, ETO. 



There is no State in the Union better adapted to the propagation and growth 
of fruits than Texas. It has been supposed by many that a more nortliern lati- 
tude offered larger inducements and better advantages for the cultivation of fruits 
and grapes, but after a thorough trial and exhaustive experiments it has been 
fully demonstrated that there is hardly a region in any country that can develop 
the quality and quantity of a greater variety of fruits than the State of Texas. 
They need cultivation and care, as all crops do if a fine and choice quality is 
expected, but with less labor and less expenditure of money the fruit can be 
raised to a much higher degree of perfection than in many other States lying in 
the same latitude. This is owing in a great measure to the strength and adapta- 
bility of the soil ; and in addition, the pure and genial climate has a greater 
invigorating effect upon vine and shrub and tree than in wet and marshy coun- 
tries having an equally warm temperature. Then again the uniformity of tem- 
perature has much to do with perfecting the growth of fruit, and giving that 
superior flavor and excellence to the grape that renders the products of the vine- 
yards of Spain and France of so much value. In these respects Texas is partic- 
ularly and peculiarly favored. To discuss the whole question of fruit growing, 
and follow the subtle and delicate process of its cultivation from the germ to the 
full flower and ripened product, would be of exceeding interest and cover the 
limits of a book. To note the fact that Texas is the natural clime for its cultivar 
tion, and that the industry is of great expansion and profit, will meet every pres- 
ent requirement. Especially in Anderson county, and others that could be 
named, the cultivation of fruits of all kinds has been a great success, and the 
first, from year to year, that appears in the St. Louis and Chicago markets, is 
from that section of the State. It is not alone the early product, but its flavor 
and perfection that commands the best rates in those markets. It is not an 
unusual incident to find peaches and pears growing in this State which are as 
fine and large as can be produced in any part of the world, and yet the cultiva- 
tion of fruit in Texas is only in its infancy. In 1875 there was a pear grown 
upon a three-year old tree, upon the farm of R. C. Nelson, in Cooke county, 
which weighed 33 ounces, and it was one of 14 that fruited. That product equals 
the astonishing growth of that fruit in California, and demonstrates the adapta- 
bility of Texas for its cultivation. It may be observed that it is an eatable fruit, 
and with proper cultivation its production would become general. As an in- 
stance of the adaptability of the climate and soil for the growth of fruit and 
grapes, it may be stated that a professional gentleman residing in Houston, hav- 
ing a farm m the vicinity of that city, has devoted a few hours in the morning 
and evening of each day, for the past six or seven years, to the cultivation of 
fruits and grapes. The result shows ten thousand pear trees of twenty-two vari- 
eties, upon fifteen acres of land, and there is not an unhealthy or scrubby growth 

(191) 



192 SOUTHEKN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

among them all. The fruit is of the finest flavor and ample size. From a little 
patch devoted to grape culture the crop realized 167 bushels in 1877, the larger 
portion of which was made into wine of a quality and flavor that rivals the ex- 
cellence of the French product. Throughout the State peaches, apricots, plums, 
pears, berries, cherries, apples and grapes, have a large growth, although the 
northern counties are better suited to the apple product. Many varieties of the 
apple, especially in Cooke, Anderson, Cherokee and other counties in Northern 
Texas, attain great perfection, while much of that fruit in Southwestern Texas 
is of excellent quality. 

The tree that is left to propagate itself, without care or cultivation, in any 
section of country, will not yield the quality of fruit nor the quantity that comes 
forward when the touch of husbandry aids it. So, if the peach tree is cared for 
and properly cultivated in Texas, the yield of fruit will be astonishing. In the 
county of Anderson, and many others in that section of the State, as already re- 
ferred to, the success in fruit raising has been of a character to establish the fact 
that it can be grown hardly without limit in quantity and variety. 

The cultivation of flowers in Texas can hardly be called an industry, because 
they come forth to bud and blossom, as the rain comes to water the earth, and 
the sunlight comes to gladden the morning, and the leaves put forth to yield a 
grateful shade. It is more of a recreation and pleasure than an industry to cul- 
tivate the flowers in a climate where there is perpetual bloom. Every variety 
known to a tropical clime ?& there grown, and the wondrous plumage of the 
birds of South America has not more beauty and combination of colors than 
the flowers of Texas. They adorn the garden, the home and the prairie, and are 
everywhere the cheerful emblems of a cultured and refined civilization. A State, 
therefore, that adds to its magnificent crops of cotton, grain, vegetables, its vast 
herds of cattle and horses, and flocks of sheep, the fruits and the flowers that 
enrich and make happy its citizens, justly cliiims the favorable attention of the 
world. 

TOBACCO CULTURE IN TEXAS. 

Previous to the late war, tobacco was cultivated with considerable success in 
most of the Southern States, and more especially in Virginia and the Carolinas, 
and yet a considerable portion of the export supply, before and since the war, 
has been produced in Connecticut, Ohio, Indiana and other Northern States, 
where the climate and soil are far inferior to the growth of that product, 
to that of the Southern States. 

During the past few years, experiments of a most satisfactory character in 
tobacco growing have been made in many counties in Texas. These experi- 
ments have shown most conclusively that the soil in many sections of this 
State is most admirably adapted to the different varieties of this staple. It is 
true, that these tests have been made chiefly in the central counties of the State, 
yet it is the opinion of experienced tobacco planters in other States, that tobacco 
can be produced advantageously in nearly every portion of the State, and that 
Texas is destined in the immediate future to become one of the largest and most 
excellent tobacco producing States in the Union. There are less dangers to the 
crop there from early frosts than in Virginia, and the same is true, when pro- 
tracted droughts are taken into consideration. 



CHAPTER IX. 
ST. LOUIS AS A OOTTOI^ MARKET. 



Previous to the commencement of the rebellion in 1860, New Orleans was 
the important cotton market of this country. It was at that market, that a large 
per cent, of European orders for cotton were filled, as also the demands of do- 
mestic manufacturers. As the chief cotton mart of the nation, it, for more than 
half a century, controlled values as it were of that important staple. The war, 
however, together with the marvelous increase of railroads in this country 
during the past fifteen years, has completely shorn New Orleans of her prestige 
and advantages, in this particular, and the cotton product of the South has been 
■diverted into other channels, and is now shipped to the diiferent manufactories of 
this country by rail, directly from the hands of agents located at all railroad 
shipping points throughout the cotton-growing districts. And while New Orleans 
and other Soutliern seaport markets handle some considerable portion of the cotton 
shipped to Europe, a large trade in that direction, has, through our liberal rail- 
road system, been turned toward New York and other Eastern market centers. 

Within the time mentioned, there has also been a gradual change of base, in 
the cotton factories of this country. Western and Southern producers are real- 
izing the fact that commercial economy, and the speedy development of the re- 
sources of the South and West demands that manufacturing industries should be 
carried on, in, or contiguous to such sections of country as produce the raw 
material. They realize the fact that it is a useless expense to the producer and 
■consumer to freight their cotton and wool to the New England and Middle States 
to be manufactured and then freight back the products for distribution, when the 
West and South, and more especially that section of country embraced within the 
great Mississippi Valley, possess greater manufacturing advantages than are 
•ofiered in any other sections of the Union, and thanks to the march of improve- 
ment and enterprise, these advantages are beginning to be utilized. It has been 
■contended by our most eminent commercial writers, that this question could only 
be determined by the laws of trade, or in other words, economy, the substructure 
•of the law of supply and demand, would regulate and control the location of the 
various manufacturing industries of this, as well as all other nations. This may 
be true, yet we can not refrain from entering a protest against a law that has for 
years enriched the New England States at the expense of Western industries. 
The granaries of the West and South, as also the products of its herds and flocks, 
have, for more than half a century been poured into the greedy lap of the Eastern 
States, thereby building up their commercial and manufacturing industries, while 
those of the West have been neglected. But as we before stated, the late war 
and the net-work of railroads that intersects the country from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific have wrought a change in the interests of the West, and now the music of 
13 (193) 



194 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

the spindle and loom are added to the hum of other manufacturing enterprises of 
the great West. 

As a cotton market, St. Louis is rapidly assuming an importance, both as a man- 
ufacturing and distributing point, and as in many other branches of commerce, 
the time is not far distant when she will occupy a leading position among her 
sister cities as the chief cotton market of the Southwest. 

Before the late war a bale of cotton in St. Louis was a curiosity, while to-day 
that city has developed into the second inland market in the United States for 
that important staple. At the close of the war the business men of St. Louis 
saw an opportunity of diverting a large per cent, of the cotton trade in that 
direction, and the result shows that they were not slow in availing themselves of 
the opportunity to its fullest extent. With its almost unlimited resources in the 
way of transportation by water and its superior system of railroads spanning the 
richest and best cotton producing sections of the South, all that remained for St. 
Louis to do to turn the cotton trade in her direction, was to invite by making 
preparations to receive and accommodate it. This has been done on a scale of 
such magnitude as to claim the attention of planters and cotton brokers even at 
points contiguous to New Orleans and other market centers on the Gulf. At the 
present time shipments to the Atlantic seaboard markets, and also to the New 
England States are being made via St. Louis, while the statistics show that nearly 
or quite one-third of the net receipts at that point during the year 1876, were taken 
for shipments to foreign markets. 

The constantly increasing receipts from markets on the Mississippi river as 
low down as Vicksburg, is conclusive evidence that the tide of trade has set in 
toward St. Louis, which in the immediate future will make it the great high- 
way between points of production and consumption. It is a fact worthy of 
mention in this connection, that while the trade of 1876 was nearly twice as large 
as during the year 1875 there was not a single failure or suspension among the 
cotton brokers of that city. Factors, buyers, exporters and speculators, all op- 
erated on a basis so broad, wise and judicious as to crown their enterprises with 
complete success. 

It is not alone to those directly interested in the cotton trade, that St. Louia 
has so rapidly developed into one of the important markets of the nation for that 
staple. The banks, merchants, and business men generally, of that city, have 
worked and are working, shoulder to shoulder, in their efforts to invite the cotton 
trade in their direction. Money and supplies in the way of provisions and 
machinery have been furnished to planters by the banks and merchants of that 
city, on credit, favors that other market centers were either from over prudential 
motives, or inability, unwilling to extend. Such liberality and confidence on the 
part of the business men of St. Louis in extending aid to the producers of the 
cotton States, many of whom were most seriously crippled by the devastating in- 
fluences of the war met with a corresponding liberality in the largely increased 
consignments of cotton to that market. But this is not all, a feeling of confidence 
has been established between the planters and "middlemen" at the South, and 
the brokers, buyers and exporters at St. Louis. The former finds in sending their 
cotton to that market, they are sure of getting a " square deal," and when they 
need a helping hand in the way of money or supplies to enable them to make a. 
crop, it is extended to them. 



ST. LOUIS AS A COTTON MARKET. 195 

ST. LOUIS COTTON" EXCHANGE. 

The St. Louis Cotton Exchange was organized in 1873, and incorporated un- 
der a liberal charter, according to the laws of Missouri, in 1874. To show its 
breadth of character and standing in commercial circles it is only necessary to 
state that it is officered by such well known, solid business men as M. C. Hum- 
phrey, President ; J. H. Dowell, Vice-President, and C. W. Simmons, Secretary 
and Treasurer ; while its Board of Directors is composed of such men as Wm. 
M. Senter, Wm. P. Shryock, Julius Scherck, Theo. G. Meier, R. B. Whittemore, 
W. N. R. Beall, O. M. Edgerly. Its present membership is about one hundred, 
but should St. Louis increase in her importance as a cotton center during the 
next five years at the rate she has during the past five years, we may safely pre- 
dict that in 1882 the members of the St. Louis Cotton Exchange will number 
three hundred. 

RECEIPTS AND SHIPMENTS OP COTTON INTO AND OUT OF ST. LOUIS FOR THE 
PAST TWELVE YEARS. 

As a matter of interest to all, we give the receipts and shipments for each 
Cotton year for the past twelve years : — 

Tears. Receipts— Bales. Shipments— Bales, 

1866-67 19,838 30,285 

1867-68 39,024 33,823 

1868-69 16,646 13,321 

1869-70 ^ 18,518 14,264 

1870-71 20,270 14,400 

1871-72 36,421 32,048 

1872-73 59,700 51,795 

1873-74 103,741 92,218 

1874-75 133,966 128,640 

1875-76 245,209 242,989 

1876-77 219,010 217,509 

1877-78 246,674 248,338 

THE ST. LOUIS COTTON COMPRESS COMPANY 

Is probably the largest establishment of the kind in the world, and owing to the 
rapid growth of St. Louis as a cotton market, this company has been compelled 
to annually increase its facilities. 

As at present completed, the conveniences and accommodations oflered by the 
company will embrace the following : Storage capacity under cover for 75,000 
bales, with, ample room to work in all departments, and giving a handling capac- 
ity for at least 250,000 bales per annum ; aggregate floor surface of buildings and 
platforms, about eighteen acres. With the new buildings added since last year, 
the whole comprises five new structures, four of which will be used exclusively 
for storage, and one for shipped marked cotton to be compressed, which will en- 
able the handling of the cotton with great promptness and dispatch. 

The warehouses now have a front on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & South- 
ern Railway of 1,000 feet, the same on the levee, and all with a depth of 300 feet. 



196 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 




ST. LOUIS AS A COTTON MARKET. 197 

The compresses have been thoroughly overhauled, and are in complete order, 
and capable of compressing from 1,500 to 2,000 bales per day, with the greatest ease. 
In addition to all other facilities, the company have a track on the north side of 
their warehouses for receiving cotton from the Missouri, Kansas & Texas 
Railway. 

FACTORS' AND BROKERS' COTTON COMPRESS COMPANY. 

The Factors' and Brokers' Cotton Compress Company occupy the entire 
square, bounded by Lafayette, Emmett, Columbus and De Kalb streets, being 300 
feet on each street. It has a storage capacity of some 18,000 bales, and can han- 
dle promptly during the season from 50,000 to 60,000 bales of the staple. 

Their press is in first-rate order, is of the Tyler patent, and can compress 
sixty bales per hour, or 600 bales each day. The affairs of the company are 
managed by very efficient and responsible parties, who have the means to and 
are ready to increase their facilities for business whenever the prospects of the 
trade call upon them to do so. 

PEPEN COTTON COMPRESS COMPANY. 

The new warehouse of this compress company has a capacity of 23,000 bales 
of uncompressed cotton, while their press has a capacity of 1,500 bales per day. 

HOME COTTON MILLS. 

These mills were established in 1868 by the present proprietors, Bemis, Mar- 
riott & Co., Judson M. Bemis, of Boston, Mass., Stephen A. Bemis and J. G. 
Marriott, of St. Louis, comprising the firm. The Home Cotton Mills occupy an 
important position among the manufacturing industries of St. Louis, and their 
products are widely known throughout the Southwest. These mills are situated 
about two miles from the heart of the city, on the corner of Columbus and Bar- 
ton streets, having a frontage of 230 feet on the former and 146 feet on the latter 
thoroughfare. The buildings are constructed of brick, two and three stories in 
height, and are both commodious and convenient. The establishment furnishes 
employment for 135 persons, with an average daily product of 6,000 yards of 30 
and 36 inch goods, the average daily consumption of raw cotton being about 
3,000 pounds. 

Besides brown sheetings they manufacture a special class of goods which are 
manufactured into flour sacks, by the well known bag factory of Bemis, Bro. & 
Co. They also manufacture from 350 to 400 pounds of cotton batting per 
day. Besides which they make a specialty of superior carpet warp and cotton 
yarns, of which they turn out about 400 pounds per day. They are also turning 
out ducks and osnaburgs of standai-d weights. 

In connection with their mills, they have a machine shop, under the charge 
of competent machinists, in which they repair all of their own machinery and in 
some instances manufacture new. Messrs. Bemis, Marriott & Co., have aided 
much toward building up the manufacturing industries of St. Louis, and it is 
to such men and such enterprise that the West must look to for a more full 



198 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

development of its manufacturing resources. It is to such men that producers 
and consumers must look to as their emancipators from the greedy manufacturers 
of the Eastern States. 

BEMIS, BROTHER & CO. 

The above widely known bag manufacturing house was established in 1858, 
and it was the first to introduce the bag trade into the State of Texas, and it is 
not exaggeration to say that no house in the country is better known or enjoys a 
larger trade throughout the Southwest. This house is situated at Nos. 104 and 
106 North Main Street, St. Louis, and is one of the largest and most complete 
establishments of the kind to be found in the West. The building employed by 
the firm is 40 by 96 feet, four stories and basement, all of which is occupied as 
sales-rooms and for manufacturing. Their machinery is of the most approved 
description, and their products embrace seamless bags, cotton and paper flour 
sacks, burlaps, gunnies, ham bags, salt sacks, ore sacks, etc., etc. Being manu- 
facturers of cotton goods, gives them a most decided advantage over competitors, 
and it is in a measure due to this fact that their trade has expanded to such an 
extent during the past few years. 




CHAPTER X. 
RAILWAYS. 



The American Railway System is tlie marvel of the age and the most signifl- 
•cant expression of American enterprise. To epitomize the subject, it is lilte the 
arterial currents of the human body and no less important for the full develop- 
ment of commercial life than blood for the complete growth of a man. From an 
abstract theorem it has become the complex machinery that weaves all interests 
and productions into a commercial and social web. It is the revolutionary 
agency of the 19th century and yet the strongest conservative power in the 
nation. To trace its history from the first crude experiment to the completed 
lines now in operation, extending a distance of 75,117 miles in every section of 
our country, would require immense labor and research, and hence for the pur- 
pose of this chapter to generalize the subject will afford greater interest, leaving 
the more specific and detailed aspects to be referred to under the separate heads 
of particular railways which are to follow. 

Although the motive power of steam had been discovered and used in pro- 
pelling vessels, and although in 1784 the first locomotive engine was patented by 
Watt, the first railway was not constructed until 1825, extending from Stockton 
to Darlington, and operated with a stationary engine. For centuries, straight 
parallel rails of timber fitting the wheels of carts had been used, and as early as 
1676 they were employed at the Newcastle collieries. In 1765, flanges upon 
wheels of carts were adopted, and in 1767 iron rails were introduced, but no one 
had j'ct comprehended the possibilities of a steam railway. Four years after the 
opening of the Stockton & Darlington Road, George Stephenson built a locomo- 
tive called the "Rocket," and in 1829 it dashed along the track of the Liverpool & 
Manchester Road at the rate of fourteen miles an hour. 

The first American locomotive was completed by the Kimbles, engineers, in 
New York, in 1830, and was used upon the South Carolina Railway, which in 
1833 was the longest road in the world, extending a distance of 136 miles. In 

(199) 



200 



SOUTHEKN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



1830, the Moha-wk & Hudson Railway was commenced, and in 1831 the con- 
struction of the Harlem Road and the Camden & Amboy Road began. 

The Baltimore & .Ohio Railway was the first passenger road projected in this 
country, and was operated by horse power up to 1831. In that year it was ex- 
tended 61 miles and operated with an engine of American manufacture. In 
1878 it operates a line of 1,456 miles, and its cost per mile has been less than any 
other road in this country having a uniform gauge. 

In 1830, there was in operation in America only 23 miles of railway, which 
rapidly increased to 1,273 miles in 1836, and to over 4,000 miles in 1842. The 
average number of miles constructed up to the California gold fever of 1849, wa» 
310 miles per annum. Since that time the yearly average of increase has reached 
over 2,000 miles, not including 1875, 1876 and 1877. The following table will show 
the period of the largest increase in the construction of railways in thi& 
country : 

In 1869, the number of miles built was 4,999 

" 1870, " " . " 6,145 

" 1871, " " " 7,453 

" 1872, " " " 7,340 

" 1873, " " " 3,883 

" 1874, " " " 2,025 

"1875, " " " 1,483 

During the years of 1876-77, there has been but little activity manifested in 
the extension of railroads, with the exception of those under construction in the 
State of Texas. The following table will more fully exhibit the wonderful devel- 
opment of our railway system since 1841, taken in periods of ten years, and 
closing July 1st, 1876. 

NUMBER OF MILES OF RAILWAYS. 



STATES AND TERRITORIES. 


1841. 


1851. 


1861. 


1871. 


July let, 
1876. 


Ohio 


36 
138 


688 
379 
558 
271* 
50 


2,947 

810 

2,175 

2,917 

933 


3,740 
2,235 
3,529 
5,904 
1,725 
1,612 
8,160 
1,760 
1,124 
2,580 


4,455 
3,491 
4,010 
7,050 
2,500 








22 


Wisconsin 






1,999 
3,900 








701 


Kansas 






8,156 


Nebraska 








1,399 
2,957 


Missouri 






838 


Indian Territory 






279 


Dakota 










290 


Wyoming 










459 


Utah 








375 
392 


48& 


Colorado 








900 












Total 


196 


1,846 


11,321 


28,136 


37.331 



The following classification of the other States exhibits an equal progress 
in the construction of railways, and affords some valuable and interesting in- 
formation. It is taken in decades from 1841, and closes July 1st, 1876. 



EAILWATS. 



201 



NUMBER OF MILES OF RAILWAYS. 



STATES. 



1841. 



1851. 



1861. 



1871. 



July 1st, 
1876. 



New Enoland. 

Maine 

Kew Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Ehode Island 

Connecticut 

MroDLK. 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland and District of Columbia. 
West Virginia 

Southern. 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisian.^ 

Texas , 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Arkansas 

Pacific. 

California 

Oregon , 

Nevada 

Washington Territory 



873 
50 
102 

5.38 
186 
74 
39 
259 
61 

223 

87 

204 

271 



293 
537 
413 
1,038 
68 
451 

1,628 
303 

1,297 

39 

274 

159 

520 
283 
378 
795 
21 
183 
75 
80 



28 



94 
112 



472 
661 
562 
1,264 
108 
830 

2,700 
587 

2,802 
127 
386 
361 

1,379 
937 
973 

1,420 
402 
743 
862 
335 
392 
549 

1,253 



23 



871 
790 
675 
1,606 
1.36 
820 

4,470 

1,265 

5,113 

227 

820 

485 

1,490 

1,190 

1,201 

2,108 

466 

1,671 

990 

539 

865 

1,123 

1,520 

258 

1,013 

1.59 
593 



Total. 



2,659 



9,036 



19,966 



32,464 



967 
933 
810 
1,802 
173 
918 

5,500 
1,510 
5,855 

285 
1,127 

576 

1,638 
1,378 
1,335 
2,314 

484 
1,722 
1,018 

539 
1,784 
1,326 
1,630 

738 

1,603 
251 
714 
110 



39,040 



RECAPITULATION. 

NUMBER OF MILES OF RAILWAYS. 



1830. 


1841. 


1851. 


1861. 


1871. 


July Ist, 1876. 


14 


2,855 


10,882 


31,287 


60,600 76,371 



While the amount of roads constructed reached 76,371 miles, on the 1st of 
July, 1876, the number of miles in operation on the 1st of January, 1877, was 
73,508, and on the 1st of January, 1878, the number of miles in operation was 
74,112. The number of miles completed from January 1st to August 23d of the 
present year amount to 1,005, and the grand total reaches 75,115 miles. All of 
this stupendous work has been accomplished within a period of forty-eight years, 
and at an expenditure of an average of $43,476 per mile, swelling the grand total, 
including the miles constructed and not in operation, to the enormous sum of 
about $3,360,000,000. 

This does not include what is known as "watered stock "nor lictitious valu- 
ations, but is approximately as close to the actual cost of all of our railroads as 
can be obtained by the most rigid investigation. While Mr. Poor, after very 
careful research, gives the total cost of our railways up to 1875, at $4,221,763,594,, 
dividing this sum into capital stock amounting to $1,990,997,486, and into funded 
and other indebtedness amounting to $2,230,766,108, he probably includes extraor- 



203 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

dinary expenses and losses which are inseparable from the actual operating of 
72,623 miles of railway which was then completed in 1875. Again, he computes 
the cost per mile at $60,425, which is certainly in considerable excess of the orig- 
inal cost for construction and equipment. The same authority gives the total 
receipts for 1875, from passengers, $140,999,081, and from freight, $347,016,874, 
making the total receipts (including other miscellaneous sources) $520,466,016, 
which is an average per mile of $7,344. The operating expenses were $330,895,058, 
or 63.6 per cent, of the receipts. The net savings being 36.4 per cent., aggregat- 
ing $189,570,958. The amount of dividends paid averages 3.37 per cent., and 
amounted to $67,042,943. 

The averaged dividends of the roads in New England were 6.21 per cent., in 
the Middle States 5.71 per cent., Western States, 1.92 per cent.. Pacific States, 3.92 
per cent., and Southern States, 0.50 per cent. Thus it will be seen that in less 
than fifty years the great problem of transportation has been solved and the 
distance across the Continent has been abridged in time, from three months to six 
daj^s, and a territory larger than all of civilized Europe, has been opened up to 
cultivation and to the arts and sciences of a vigorous and progressive lite. It is 
the American system of railways that has brought under successful husbandry 
4,527,860 square miles of fertile lands which are now exclusively devoted to the 
production of corn, and 15,943,640 square miles of wheat fields. This only in 
part shows the magnitude of the results, and alfords a satisfactorj^ estimate of 
the value of the roads, even if every dollar of their original cost was a total loss 
to the stockholders. The product of grain in all of the Western States in 1840 
was about 100,000,000 of bushels. In 1850 this product was increased to 
250,000,000 bushels, and in 1875 these States produced 1,260,000,000 bushels, in 
1877 over 1,400,000,000 of bushels, and the prospects for 1878 largely exceed that 
amount. 

Before the construction of railroads it cost 20 cents per ton per mile to trans- 
port grain, which absorbed the full value of corn, at a distance of 125 miles, 
while wheat would bear transportation only 250 miles. Hence the area of a corn 
producing circle being 49,087 square miles determined the limited extent of 
territory that could be profitably cultivated. We now see more than 40,000 
miles of railways traversing the Western States, and the rates of transportation 
such as to enable the producer to ship his cereal crops a distance of from 1,000 
to 4,000 miles to the Atlantic seaboard, leaving him a fair compensation for the 
products of his fields. Nor is this the only benefit derived from railroads. 
They bring to the doors ot the Western farmer, at a nominal cost, all of the 
manufactured articles of the East, supplying his want of agricultural imple- 
ments and his domestic comforts with all he may need or require. Those who 
have given to the subject very careful and exhaustive study estimate the actual 
benefits of railroads to the country at not less than $90,000 to each mile of road 
in operation. How senseless then has been what is known as the "Granger 
Movement " to arbitrarily regulate the cost of transportation and the general 
management of railroads. As well might they determine by legislation the cost 
of production, and abrogate the inevitable laws of supply and demand. Their 
opposition to railway enterprise develops into a standing army in their grain 
fields and a "man on horse-back" in their front door yards. If a reduction in 



RAILWAYS. 203 

transportation from 20 cents per ton per mile to one cent per ton per mile is not 
a sufficiently progressive step during a period of forty-eight years, it would be 
difficult to conceive what would be. Again, the railways afford labor to immense 
numbers, no less than 250,000 being required to operate them in this country 
alone, and this does not appear to displace in any material way the labor of 
teamsters, for a good horse is now worth from $90 to $125, while in the old days 
•of the stage coach they brought only $65 to $80. 

Another phase of the swift progress in freight transportation is the fact that 
in 18G5 the six trunk lines going east employed about 2,000 freight cars, while 
in 1873 four trunk lines used 47,439 cars. As an investment, railroads do not 
appear so valuable as they are to business, commerce, agriculture, etc. In 1877, 
the defaulted bonds of all roads in this country amounted to about $900,000,000, 
and the worthless bonds to $250,000,000. The amount in default and not fore- 
closed was $642,000,000. The aggregate stock, exclusive of the Union Pacific 
Road was $2,157,000,000, two-thirds of which ($1,519,000,000) paid no dividends. 
The following tables showing the cost of transportation from Chicago to New 
Tork, for a series Of years, are of interest : 

BY LAKE AND CANAL. 
Years. Years. 

1860 17.7 cents per bushel. 1875 9.9 cents per bushel. 

1870 17.0 " " 1876 8.7 " 

1878 17.1 " " 1877 7.4 " « 

PER BUSHEL BY RAIL. 

1860 36 cents. 1873. . . .33 cents. 1876 . . . .16.8 cents. 

The average receipts on the six great trunk lines leading to the seaboard for 
all kinds of freight per ton per mile: 

I860.... $1.96. 1873.... $1.49. 1876 96.8 cents. 

The average reduction since 1860 has been over 50 per cent. 
To illustrate the recent clamor for more pay and less labor among the railroad 
employes, and which broke out into riot and bloodshed, and the destruction of 
millions of dollars of property, it is only necessary to notice the reduction in 
the cost of transportation since 1860, a period before the war, and a fair com- 
parison of wages then and now paid, together with the cost of living. It will 
be observed, as already stated, that the price of freights has been reduced since 
1860 over 50 per cent., while in that year on sixteen leading roads the average 
"wages were as follows : 

Engineers, per month $60 

Firemen, " 30 

Brakemen, " 30 

In that year the Erie Road paid its brakemen only $26 per month. On twenty 
leading roads since the reduction of a few months ago, the average wages of 
employes are as follows : 

Engineers, per month $91 . 26 

Firemen, " 47.06 

Brakemen, " 42 . 64 



204 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS QUTDB. 

Showing an average increase for the same lahor over 1860 of nearly 50 per 
cent., while the cost of fifty different articles, including all kinds of provisions, 
in the New York market has increased only six per cent, since 1860, and since 
1873 the decrease in price has been over 30 per cent. In other words, what could 
be purchased in 1860 for $61.55 could be bought for $66.76 in 1877. In the light 
of these simple facts, it would be absurd to set up a claim for more wages, upon 
the theory that railroad employes can not live and support their families upon 
the compensation they receive, and attempt to enforce the claim by interrupting 
and destroying the commerce of the country. 

While urging the great benefits that flow directly from our system of railways,, 
and which has given a new birth to commercial America, there is much to be 
written in regard to their mismanagement. This opens a wide field for suggestion 
and criticism which it would be vain to traverse in these pages. Eminent pub- 
licists and statesmen have given much time and study to the general management 
of railroads, and while some of them, especially Mr. Adams, of Massachusetts, 
are advocates of consolidating the management of long lines, others can only 
find monopoly and extortion in such a policy. 

It must be readily admitted, however, that when railroads shall be operated with 
the same strict economy and prudence which characterize the management of pri- 
vate business affairs, and the integrity that is demanded inmercantile circles, there 
will be less to complain of, and larger dividends to the stockholders. Useless 
and incompetent officers would no longer deplete the treasury, and scheming 
manipulators would no longer be tolerated in seeking to make combinations for 
the control of a road for the sole purpose of aggrandizing themselves. Nor would 
there be a "ring within a ring " wherein a majority of the controlling interest 
would become the proprietors of numerous freight cars, and establish separate 
lines for transportation crediting the road with a nominal sum for drawing them 
over the track, and pocketing the profits of the freight. All of these conditions 
of mismanagement would pass away, and the business principles of legitimate 
management would obtain. 

The future of our railroad system is what now engages public attention. As the 
country again enters upon a fresh career of prosperity, the contemplated Southern 
Pacific Road will be pushed to completion, and the vast trade we enjoyed with 
China and Japan before the war, will be retrieved and advanced to an importance 
that will make the cities of the Pacific the rivals of the metropolis upon the 
Atlantic. And to our progressive railroad system, with all of its magnificent 
equipments, and grand lines of steel rails, we shall look for the means to recon- 
struct and rebuild our commercial marine until it shall again whiten every sea 
and trade in every port of the world. 

GALVESTON, HOUSTON & HENDERSON RAILROAD. 

This line of road is fifty miles in length, and connects Houston, the railway 
center of the State, with Galveston, the present chief seaport city of Texas. 
Although passing through a country of little agricultural wealth, being the only 
rail transportation route between the two important named commercial points, it. 
is most liberally patronized, and ranks among the most prosperous lines of road 
in the State. 



GALVESTON, HABEISBUKG & SAN ANTONIO RAILWAY. 205 

The charter for this road was granted in 1848, but the line was not completed 
•until 1854. In December, 1871, the road was sold to its present owners, who, in 
1876-77, relaid the entire track with the fish-bar rails, built new bridges, and 
supplied it with an ample equipment of rolling stock, including 15 locomotives, 
9 passenger coaches, 6 baggage, mail and express cars, and 442 freight cars. The 
net earnings of this road for 1876 were $203,374.39, and $287,684.24 for 1877. The 
•management is composed of the following gentlemen : John Sealy, President ; 
H. M. Hoxie, Vice-President and Manager; F. P. Killeen, Secretary; J. H. 
Hutchings, Treasurer: O. G. Murray, General Freight and Ticket Agent; J. H. 
Crowley, Master of Transportation; H. J. Small, Master Mechanic. General 
offices, Galveston, Texas. 

GALVESTON, HARRISBURG & SAN ANTONIO RAILWAY. 

The above popular and important line of road spanning that fertile portion 
of Texas lying between Houston — the great railroad center of the State — and 
San Antonio, a distance of 212 miles, was among the first, if not the first railway 
enterprise conceived in this State. And while its early history abounds with 
incidents of deep interest to the people of Texas, to the general reader a careful 
and impartial review of its present and prospective advantages as the great trunk 
line traversing the State east and west, will be of much greater value. Hence, 
Its past will be dismissed with merely a glance, as its present prosperity and in- 
calculable advantages to the State of Texas are more potent than the pen in 
impressing the mind with its real value, as also of the wisdom and sagacity of 
those enterprising gentlemen who conceived and carried into execution its con- 
struction. 

The Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Road was commenced before the 
late war, vmder a charter granted by the State to the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos & 
Colorado Railway Company, approved February 11, 1850. The incorporators 
named in the charter were Sidney Sherman, Hugh McLeod, John G. Todd, John 
Angler, Jonathan F. Barrett, E. H. Allen, William M. Rice, W. A. Van Alstyne, 
J. H. Stevens, B. A. Sheppard and W. J. Hutchins. The charter invested the 
company with the right of building a railway from any point on the Buffalo 
Bayou between Lynchburg and Houston, in Harris county, to some point on the 
Brazos river between the towns of Richmond and Washington. Under this char, 
ter the company were required to commence work on their line within one year 
from the date of the passage of the act, and to have twenty miles completed and 
in running order by the 11th day of February, 1852. In this connection it may 
be proper to state that the above-named company was organized in the city of 
Boston, on the 1st day of June, 1850, a proceeding, the legality of which being 
questioned, the Legislature of Texas legalized by a special law passed on the 4th 
of September of the same year. The company having forfeited its charter, 
through a failure to commence or complete any part of its line as mentioned 
above, on the Slst of January, 1852, the Legislature passed an act extending the 
time for the completion of the first twenty-five miles of the line until February 
11, 1853. In 1854, the company were again compelled to ask an extension of time 
for the completion of the first twenty miles of their line, which was granted by 



206 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

the Legislature by an act passed on the 29th of January, 1854, granting an ex- 
tension until the 11th day of February, 1854. In the same act the company were 
granted eight sections of land, of 640 acres each, to the mile for every mile of 
road completed and put into running order. By an act passed on the 4th of Febru- 
ary, 1854, the company were empowered to extend their line of road to Austin, in 
Travis county, crossing the Brazos river at any point between the town of Rich- 
mond, in Fort Bend county, and Hidalgo Falls, in Washington county ; also to 
extend their line from Austin, to connect with any road running north of Aus- 
tin toward the Pacific Ocean ; such connections to be made between the ninety- 
sixth and ninety-eighth parallels of longitude west from Greenwich. 

Under the above-mentioned charter, and subsequent legislative acts, the line 
of road now known as the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway was 
commenced and completed from Harrisburg to Alleyton, on the east bank of 
the Colorado river, prior to 1860, where its western terminus remained until after 
the close of the rebellion, when the road and all of its franchise was purchased 
by its present owner, Col. Thomas W. Peirce, of Boston. 

In 1870, through the agency of Col. H. B. Andrews, present Vice-President 
and General Manager of the road, a new charter was obtained from the State, 
granting the right to make either Houston or Galveston the eastern terminus, 
with either Austin or San Antonio as objective western points, with the right to 
build a road to the Pacific coast south of the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude. 
Under this last charter the State granted to the company sixteen sections of land 
of 640 acres each, for each mile of road completed, which lands were located in 
the counties of Wharton, Colorado, Fayette, Gonzales, Guadalupe, Bexar, Me- 
dina, Kendall, Uvalde, Gillespie, Menard, Kimball, Llano, McCulloch, San Saba 
and Atascosa. From the day that this line of road passed into the hands of its 
present owners it has not only proved a financial success, but has served to de- 
velop the vast resources of Western Texas, which, previous to its completion to 
San Antonio, were in a great measure unknown, even to well informed persons 
throughout the Eastern and Middle States. For years before the construction of 
this line of road the rich bottom lands along the larger rivers leading to the Gulf 
from the interior were cultivated by planters of cotton and cane, who amassed 
princely fortunes in such pursuits, while the vast prairies were employed as 
grazing fields for the innumerable flocks and herds of cattle breeders. And sin- 
gular as it may seem, these planters and cattle growers were decidedly opposed 
to any increase in the population ; hence, in place of inviting immigration by 
advertising the many advantages offered in that section of the State, as a rule 
everything was done to discourage enterprise and capital from seeking employ- 
ment in that direction. Then again, previous to the advent of railroads in that 
portion of the State, the means of visiting it were both limited and tedious; 
therefore very few learned from personal observatiofi its almost imlimited re- 
sources in an agricultural and commercial point of view. Even to-day these 
adverse sentiments relating to immigration, on the part of the older and more 
wealthy inhabitants, are not unfrequently encountered. Yet the thrift, enter- 
prise and general prosperity that have followed in the footsteps of immigration,, 
during the past few years, have done much toward dispelling from the minds of 
the old citizens the idea that their industries were in danger of being crowded 



GALVESTON", HARRISBURG & SAN ANTONIO RAILWAY. 207 

through an increase of population. Following in the wake, as it were, of this 
important railway, they see colonies, composed of men of industry, enterprise 
and capital, organized at different points in that section of the State, with a view 
of developing its. agricultural and manufacturing resources. They also see towns 
and villages springing up throughout their country, affording ample market 
facilities at largely increased prices for their products, and at the same time 
greatly lessening the cost of their supplies. In short, in an increase of popula- 
tion they see an increase of production, and as a result a marked advancement 
of their section of the State in the scale of prosperity and importance. In this 
case, as in all others, the whistle of the locomotive was the only music to which 
immigration could keep step successfully. 

To such as may not be familiar with the line of road, a brief description of 
it, as also of the country through which it passes, may not prove uninteresting. 
As before stated, its eastern terminus is at Harrisburg, a pleasant, thriving town 
of some one thousand inhabitants, situated five miles from Houston, on the 
Buffalo Bayou, a navigable stream for large steamers, emptying into Galveston 
Bay. All trains on this line of road arrive at and depart from the Union depot at 
Houston, which for all practical purposes may be called its eastern terminus, as 
it is there that connections are made with the International & Great Northern, 
the Houston & Texas Central, Houston & Galveston, and in brief, the entire 
railway system of Texas, whereby any portion of the State traversed by railroads 
can be reached. 

As a railroad center, Houston is to Texas what St. Louis is to the Western 
States. The extensive machine shops of this road are at Harrisburg. The 
buildings employed for which purpose, are commodious and amply provided 
with the most approved system of machinery. These shops afford constant em- 
ployment for a large number of persons. The company are large property owners 
in Harrisburg; in fact, a considerable portion of the land on which the town is 
built, is owned by this company. 

Leaving Houston at a distance of eight miles from Harrisburg, Peirce Junc- 
tion, which derives its name from Col. Thomas W. Peirce, President of the road, 
is reached, where the Columbia Division of the International & Great Northern 
Road intersects the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Line. Continuing 
west over a broad prairie, conspicuous for its uniform flatness, at a distance of 
twenty miles from Harrisburg, Stafford, a small station devoted chiefly to the 
handling of cotton and other products, is reached, while three miles further on, 
the road enters the famous bottom lands of the Brazos river, a most uninviting 
stream, which winds and twists in its course, as though it were a difficult task to 
find its way through dense forests and luxuriant vines and wild-fruit shrubbery 
that flank it on either side. The bottom lands average about six miles in width, 
and for cotton, cane, corn, and all descriptions of vegetables, they are not sur- 
passed by any other section of the South. The cotton grown on these bottoms, 
ranks favorably in the Liverpool market with the " bender " cottons of the lower 
Mississippi. The soil ranges from five to ten feet in depth, and is generally of 
chocolate-colored loam, and is easily tilled. 

It was on the rich bottom lands of the Brazos river, that the first Anglo- 
American settlement began. In 1820, Moses Austin made application to the 



^08 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDK. 

Mexican government for authority to introduce a colony of three hundred fam. 
ilies into that portion of Texas, and on the 17th of Januaiy in the following year, 
the application was granted. Pending which application, however, Moses 
Austin died, and was succeeded by his son, Stephen F. Austin, in the work of 
carrying out the project, and on the 16th of July following the confirmation 
of the application made to the Mexican Government, he entered the wilds 
of Texas with the first American pioneers, among which was Edward 
Lovelace, and Henry Holstein from Louisiana ; James Beard and William Little 
from St. Louis, Mo.; "W. Smithers from Indiana, Doc Hewitson, Irwin Burnam, 
Polly Marple, Gasper Bellew, "William Wilson, and several others whose names 
the writer was unable to learn. They reached their destination by the overland 
route, while another portion of the pioneer colony much larger than the first, 
went by water, landing at Valasco, at the mouth of the Brazos river, at and near 
which point the first settlement was made. Stephen F. Austin was commissioned 
by Governor Mortinez, civil commandant of this new colony, and its success, 
and the bright page in the history of Texas that it has left to its descendants 
— many of whom are now honored citizens of the State — was in a great measure 
due to their commander, Stephen F. Austin, who skillfully and bravely sur- 
mounted all impediments. He not only managed to gain the full confidence of 
the vacillating and ever changing Mexican officials, but developed into form 
and character the first successful colony planted on Texan soil. 

West from Stafford some five miles on the Brazos bottoms, is situated the 
thriving little town of Walker, another important shipping point for cotton, 
sugar, corn and other field products. At and near Walker station, are located 
some of the largest sugar houses in the State, prominent among which is the 
extensive establishment of W. P. Quigg, Esq., who for years past has been one 
of the largest and most successful sugar producers in the State. In this connec- 
tion it may be stated, that for a full description of the different counties through 
which this line of road passes, the reader is referred to the chapter on Counties 
in another part of this work. 

Delightfully situated on the west bank of the Brazos river, its streets flanked 
on either side with luxuriant shade trees, is Richmond the county seat of Fort 
Bend county, one of the oldest towns in Texas, having been first settled in 1837. 
At the present time, it contains a population of about 2,300, and with its charming 
climate, beautiful surroundings, and its liberal religious and educational advan- 
tages, renders it one of the most inviting inland cities in the State. Richmond 
is six miles from Walker, and thirty-two miles from Harrisburg. The Brazos 
river at this point is spanned by a railroad bridge of great solidity. 

Leaving Richmond, the road passes through a rich undulating prairie, where 
vast droves of cattle and horses are seen in every direction, to Random, the next 
station, a distance of ten miles. There are but few inhabitants in this place, and 
yet it is one of the important shipping points for cattle in that section of the 
State, the railroad having provided the most ample accommodations for that pur- 
pose. Cattle raising in Fort Bend, Brazoria, Wharton, and Matagorda counties, 
is a prominent industry, the nature and characteristics of which must prove of 
deep interest to such as contemplate seeking homes in this State. There are two 
• classes of cattle breeders, the large and small; and while the small breeders 



GALN'ESTON, HARRISBURG & SAN ANTONIO RAILWAY. 



209 



there would be considered extensive stock growers in the Northern States, their 
herds are comparatively insignificant — although numbering many thousand head 
— when compared to the enormous droves of the larger dealers, who can, in the 
language of Holy AVrit, say, "the cattle on a thousand hills are theirs," yet both 
the moderate and extensive dealers were poor immigrants a few years ago, a few 
• cows only, being the basis of their present extensive herds. The natural increase 
of stock on these vast ranges, where neither labor nor care are required in pro- 
viding food and shelter, are truly marvelous. There, no man can claim the 
distinction of a large cattle breeder until he has placed his brand upon at least 
five thousand head. And even then, such breeders usually conduct their business 
on a ranche or farm, where grain and cotton growing is combined with stock 
raising. 

The business of the large dealer is, however, conducted differently; the 
■extent of range depending upon the extent of the herd. A drove of 50,000 or 
' 75,000 head would require a range of an area of from fifty to 100 miles, the 
supply of grass and water in a great measure controlling their bounds. 
Among the more prominent cattle breeders of Southwestern Texas, may be men- 
tioned the Adams brothers, whose father commenced the business in 1851, with 
200 head of stock cattle. They now own about 75,000 head. James Law com- 
menced in 1856 with ten cows and calves, and his brand is now on 65,000 head. 
Capt. Richard King, living near Corpus Christi, went to Texas a poor boy in 
1844, and he now owns 50,000 cattle, 10,000 head of horses and mules, 22,000 
sheep, and 8,000 goats. L. B. Harris, Esq., commenced stock raising in 1856 
with 150 head of cattle, and he is now worth $850,000 in real estate and stock, 
including 60,000 cattle, and 500 horses. M. S. Culver commenced life in 
Texas a poor boy in 1865, and he now owns 8,000 head of cattle, 100 horses, 
and an enclosed ranche of 400 acres. His property at the present time is worth 
at least $50,000. Thomas O'Connor became a citizen of Texas in 1834, and in 
1837 was discharged from the Army of the Republic, his entire wealth being a 
. Spanish uniform, a pony, saddle, bridle and a brace of pistols. He now owns 
36,000 acres of land and 80,000 head of cattle. We could give the names of 
hundreds of others that have been equally successful in the cattle industry, had 
we the space to do so, but the above will serve as a stimulant for others to go 
and do the same, as the opportunities are just as favorable now as they were 
years ago. 

The following table showing the increase from 100 cows, two bulls, and 100 
■ calves, for the period of twelve years, is worthy of attention : 





Cows. 


Bulls. 


Calves. 


Year- 
lings. 


2 Years 
Old. 


3 Years 
Old. 


4 Years 
Old. 


5 Years 
Old. 


Ist year 

2nd " 


100 
147 

204 

284 

395 

5.51 

769 

1.075 

1,497 

2,085 

2,900 

4.083 

5,684 


2 
3 
5 
8 
11 
14 
16 
19 
27 
37 
56 
78 
110 


100 

117 

163 

227 

316 

4 to 

615 

860 

1,197 

1,668 

2,320 

3,2H6 

4,349 


50 

57 

81 

113 

158 

220 

307 

430 

598 

834 

1,160 

1,633 










50 

87 

SI 

113 

158 

220 

307 

430 

598 

834 

1,160 








3rd " 


50 
57 
81 
113 
158 
220 
307 
430 
598 
834 






4th " 


5Ct 

57 
81 
113 
158 
220 
c07 
430 
5'J8 




6th " 

6th " 

7th " 

8th •'.... 

9th " 

10th " 

11th " 

12th " 


50 
57 
81 
113 
1.58 
220 
307 
430 


14 



















210 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

The following would be the result at the end of twelve years : 

Milch cows, 5,684 head ; bulls, 110; calves, 4,349; yearlings, 1,633 ; two years 
old, 1,160 ; three years old, 834 ; four years old, 598, and five years old, 430 ; total, 
14,798 head — which, after making the liberal deduction of twenty per cent, for 
casualties and estrays, would leave 11,839 head net, or at present prices of cattle 
in the State, about $51,000 to the cattle raiser. But if so much time is devoted 
to details, the reader will weary before reaching San Antonio. Ten miles west 
from Random, situated on the boundary line between Fort Bend and Wharton 
counties, is Bernard Station, usually known as East Bernard. This, too, is an 
important point for the shipment of cattle, and especially so to the stock breed- 
ers of Wharton county. Although the general surroundings at East Bernard, as 
seen from the railroad, are not of a particularly inviting character, Wharton 
county presents the most alluring attractions to men of enterprise and means. 
In other parts of this book will be found the statement — and it will do no harm 
to repeat it here — that the class of immigrants desired in Texas are men of en- 
terprise and means. Such men could utilize to advantage the large surplus of 
unemployed labor that already exists in this State. It is true that the poor man 
who possesses industry -and enterprise can do better there than in most other 
States, yet there have been so many overdrawn pictures of the advantages oflered 
the poor man in that State, so many fanciful ideas advanced, and so much high-- 
heeled rhetoric indulged in by all classes of writers in describing the advantages 
of Texas as the poor man's El Dorado, that quite a volume of immigration has 
been turned in that direction that are of no advantage whatever to the State. Men 
without means, industry or enterprise have been captivated by overdrawn pic- 
tures of Texas, and have gone there by the thousands, their only ambition cen- 
tering in the one idea of prolonging an existence without toil or trouble. 

But that ever-heeded warning "all aboard!" cuts short any further lingering 
at East Bernard, and a twenty minutes' ride takes one to New Philadelphia, 
where is situated a fine eating-house, and near which is located a large colony 
from Pennsylvania. This town is situated on the east line of Colorado county. 
In ante bellum times the rich country for many miles in each direction from this 
station was owned and cultivated by opulent cotton and cane planters; and some 
remain there still, while others have moved away, and their plantations either in 
whole or part are offered for sale at prices that are claiming the attention of buy- 
ers. Large plantations, that were cultivated to advantage before the war, have 
thus far proved too cumbersome under the system of free labor to be profitably 
worked; hence, in many instances they are being parceled out in smaller farms 
to new settlers, many of whom secure cheap, pleasant and profitable homes in 
that way. 

Eight miles west from New Philadelphia, and sixty-eight miles from Harris- 
burg, is Eagle Lake station, a thriving ofi"spring of this line of road, as it has 
grown up almost entirely during the past ten years. Eagle Lake is the home of 
James Converse, the able and efficient Chief Engineer of this line of railway. 
Mr. Converse has filled the responsible position he now occupies ever since the 
road passed into the hands of its present owners, and no better evidence is re- 
quired to prove his merits as a careful and efficient officer than the excellent con- 
dition of the road-bed along the entire line, and the solidity and safety of every 



GALVESTON, HARRISBURG & SAN ANTONIO RAILWAY. 211 

bridge and culvert constructed under his supervision. There are some good 
buildings at Eagle Lake, both in the way of business houses and dwellings, yet 
like a majority of new towns, the structures are chiefly of wood, and temporary 
in character. 

Eagle Lake, from which the station takes its name, is a lovely body of water, 
of an area equal to about six and a half full sections of land. This lake is 
one of the favorite resorts in the State for sportsmen, as on its densely timbered 
banks are found an abundance of game, while its waters swarm with fish, 
including such favorite varieties as the black bass, trout, perch, pike, and pick- 
erel. There is little doubt, but the advantageous location of Eagle Lake geo- 
graphically, aided by its attractive surroundings and business enterprise, will 
soon make it one of the important towns on that line of road. 

Alleyton, the next station is some twelve miles west of Eagle Lake, and eighty 
miles from Harrisburg. This is one of the largest shipping points for cotton and 
live stock on the entire line of road. In fact, it is the only railroad shipping 
point for a vast tract of country lying to the north and south of it. Some four 
miles from Alleyton are the Kessler Springs, which have attained considerable 
prominence during the past few years on account of their valuable curative 
properties, for a number of diseases, including that most painful and pi-ovoking 
malady — rheumatism. 

The following quotation from a letter written to the iWw Yor-k Tribune, by 
the late Mr. Horace Greeley, on the 27th of May, 1872, while making a trip 
through Texas, will be read with interest: 

" I traversed yesterday the railroad which runs westward from Harrisbur"- 
near Houston, through Harris, Fort Bend and Colorado counties, by Richmond 
to Columbus, eighty-three miles. Most of this route lies through a rich, level 
prairie, covered with horses and cattle; but timber is always in sight on one side 
or on both, and we pass through the generally forest-covered intervals of the 
Brazos and Colorado, with those of Oyster Creek, San Bernard and CaneJ^ 
This is one of the earliest settled portions of Texas, and its population has 
largely increased since the war. 

" The railroads have land grants ; all want the population and production 
along their lines rapidly increased. Their interest leads them to invite settlement 
and encourage the transfer of lands from non-residents to cultivators. Hence, 
while lands near railroad junctions and other locations of predicted cities are 
held for higher rates, I judge that half the soil of Texas is this day in market 
at prices ranging from fifty cents to two dollars per acre, and that one dollar per 
acre in cash would buy the greater portion of it. And, while a rapid rise alono- 
some of the railroad lines is inevitable, I judge that two dollars per acre will 
buy good wild land in this State for at least ten years to come. The least favora- 
bly situated of this vacant laud is more eligibly located to-day than the best was 
twenty years ago. Railroads are bringing markets and comforts to every man's 
door." 

Some four miles west of Alleyton, the road crosses the Colorado river, on the 
west bank of which, nestled in a grove of giant live oaks, is Columbus, the couaty 
seat of Colorado county, containing a population of about 4,000. The surround- 
ings of this town are so inviting, and the streets, flanked as they are on either 



213 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

side by shade trees, so attractive that w^riters often describe it as the " Savannah 
of Texas," an appellation that it richly deserves, for it is truly one of the most 
charming towns to be found in the State, and without the least exaggeration, we 
might add, that it is one of the most enterprising towns in the State. The Colo- 
rado river at this point makes a bend of some fifteen miles, the distance across 
the bend being only from one to one and a half miles, and it is on this horse- 
shoe neck of land that Columbus is built. The railroad have constructed one of 
the finest bridges in the State, over the Colorado at this point. A short distance 
to the north and east of Columbus is that famous stretch of land known as the 
Colorado Prairie, which extends diagonally from the northwest to the southeast, 
commencing near Webberville in Travis county, and ending in Wharton county 
near the head waters of the Caney. This prairie may be classed as second bottom 
land, which before the war was all under a high state of cultivation, its entire 
extent being covered by the cotton, cane and corn plantations of wealthy gentle- 
men. This prairie is skirted all along with fine timbered lands, and being very 
rich and easy of cultivation, these advantages in an agricultural way are 
unsurpassed in the State. These lands are offered for sale very cheap, in fact 
many of the larger plantations have been cut up into small farms during the past 
few years, and sold to immigrants at a mere tithe of their value before the war. 
Columbus is the market center for a large area of country, and as her mercan- 
tile and manufacturing industries are liberally represented, a large trade has 
centered there during the past two years. There is one point in the advantages 
offered to manufacturing industries at Columbus that capitalists should not over- 
look, and that is, that the situation of the Colorado river there, is such that it 
affords a water power, when utilized, sufficient to drive all the machinery now 
employed in Texas. As before stated, the river makes a bend at this point, that 
is to say, it approaches one side of Columbus, then makes a circuit of fifteen 
miles, and returning, borders the town on the opposite side, the distance through 
the town from one channel to the other being a little less than one thousand 
yards. Competent surveyors and engineers have demonstrated the fact, that to 
cut a channel through this one thousand yards, a fall of eighteen feet could be 
obtained. This would secure a water power equal to all demands, and as lasting 
as time itself. With ample facilities for freighting, here would be a most 
advantageous point for locating cotton and sugar mills, oil and flouring mills, 
also factories for manufacturing furniture and agricultural implements. There 
is an abundance of the different varieties of timber of superior quality, for 
manufacturing purposes, including choice descriptions of black walnut, and with 
such resources at hand, it is a matter of surprise that a water power like that is 
allowed to lie idle, while the required supplies of agricultural implements, 
furniture, etc., are shipped at a large cost from the factories at the North and 
East. 

Ten miles west of Columbus and ninety-four miles from Harrisburg, the 
engineer whistles "down brakes" for the snug little town of Borden, which 
derives its name from the late Gail Borden, inventor of the present system of 
canning milk. 



GALVESTON, HAKRISlUIEG & SAN ANTONIO RAILWAY, 213 

The siirrouRding; country for miles in every direction, is most Jidminibly adapted 
to the cultivation of cotton, cane, and the different varieties of grain. 

Now let us move on to Weimar, which is six miles west of Borden, and 
100 miles from Harrisburg. Weimar is another oflspring of the Galveston, 
Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway, the accouchement of which occurred under 
the most propitious circumstances, on the 3rd day of October, 1873, by surveying, 
and lajdug it off into lots. In establishing this town a most urgent want in 
shipping facilities was provided for, and it was not long before it became one of 
the most active stations on this line of road, drawing in its direction a very 
large portion of the business of La Grange, Hallettsville, Hackberry, Oakland, 
Content, Osage, and other sections of country tributary to it. Weimar has now 
just crossed the threshold of her fifth year, and should the next five years of her 
history prove as prosperous as the past five years have been, at the age of ten 
years she will be able to challenge any town In the Southwest, of a like age, 
on the score of increase, enterprise, and commercial importance. The railroad 
company are large owners of real estate at Weimar and the country that 
surrounds it, and with a view to settle up and develop the latent resources of 
this section of the State, they are offering immigrants the most liberal induce- 
ments to locate there. The lands are rich and easily tilled, the climate is 
delightful, and there are few if any better localities in the State for the invest- 
ment of capital, muscle and industry. The following table of distances to towns 
tributary to Weimar will be of value to immigrants : 

Name. Distance. Name. Distance. 

Sweet Home, Lavaca County, 28 miles. Oakland, Colorado County, 7 miles. 

Osage, " " 5 " 

Ehlingers, " " 7 " 

La Grange, Fayette County, 15 " 

Fayetteville, " "11 " 

Rossville, " " 9 " 

Oquin, " " 12 " 

Bluff, » » 13 " 

Black Jack, " " 14 " 

Hollman's, " " 5 " 

A ride of nine miles over a magnificent rolling prairie, dotted here and there 
with farm-houses, brings one to Schulenburg, another thriving four-year-old prod- 
igy of this line of road, numbering about 1,500 inhabitants, a large per cent, of 
which are Germans, who brought with them those habits of industry and econ- 
omy incident to their native land. Like other stations already mentioned along 
this line of road, Schulenburg occupies an important position as a shipping cen- 
ter for cotton and other products, including hides, in which it handles a large 
amount. The shipment of cotton from this point for the year 1876 was about 
11,000 bales, which will be considerably larger during the present year. There 
are some five or six steam cotton gins within a radius of three miles of this sta- 
tion. High Hill Village being only about two miles distant. Schulenburg is 
only six miles west of the east line of Fayette county, and about the same dis- 



Hallettsville, " 


" 


22 


Berithall's Store " 


" 


17 


Lawther's Mills, " 


u 


16 


Rhodes' Store, " 


" 


15 


Hackberry, " 


(C 


11 


Skunkville, " 


" 


12 


Wellersburg, " 


" 


10 


Content, Colorado 


County, 


3 



214 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

tance from the north line of Lavaca county, hence it draws in its direction a 
large portion of the trade of those counties, as also from the west portion of Col- 
orado county. There are few counties in the State that are better adapted to 
general agricultural industries than Lavaca. The soil, as a rule, is deep, rich 
. and easily cultivated, while the purest of living water abounds in all parts of the 
country. These are advantages that immigrants appreciate, as is evidenced by 
the rapid increase of the population in that section. The marvelous progress 
and prosperity that has marked the short history of Schulenburg is almost en- 
tirely due to the enterprise, liberality and fostering care of the railroad company, 
who are large owners of land in and surrounding this town. About sixteen 
miles south of Schulenburg station is Hallettsville, the county seat of Lavaca 
county, which has a population of about 1,000. The want of more immediate 
railroad facilities rather retards the progress of this last mentioned town, yet 
surrounded as it is, with as fine a country as the sun ever shines upon, its future 
looks most promising. Its present business, however, is in a measure tributary 
to Schulenburg. To the north of Schulenburg, for miles away, is quite an old 
settled country, where well cultivated farms and neat little villages are seen on 
every hand. Before the advent of railroads this was the main stage route from 
Houston to Austin, which accounts for its being more densely populated than 
the equally or more fertile country to the south and west. 

But we must cut short our remarks, as the conductor, with a graceful wave of 
the hand to the engine-driver, has signaled a forward movement, and for the next 
twenty minutes the opportunity of feasting one's eyes on the charming prairie 
landscape that intervenes between Schulenburg and Flatonia, the next station, is 
afforded. Flatonia is twelve miles west of Schulenburg, and 121 miles from 
Harrisburg. This infant town was put into swaddling clothes and christened on 
the 8th of April, 1874, yet under the excellent care and liberal diet afforded it by 
its progenitor, the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railway Company, it is 
a mighty precocious infant, exhibiting as much vim and business enterprise as 
many other of the older towns in the county. The general surface of the coun- 
try immediately surrounding this town is much the same as that we have already 
described along the line to the east, with the one exception of water, which is 
reached by digging from thirty to forty feet. Building stone of excellent quality 
is abundant at a convenient distance from the town, with a sufficient amount of 
timber throughout the county to meet the demands of settlers. Society there is 
good, with liberal religious and educational advantages. 

A ride of thirteen miles further lands the traveler at Waelder, a thriving little 
town, situated on a beautiful plateau, which in 1874 was a large cotton plantation. 
In this, as in most other towns along its line, the railroad company are the prin 
cipal owners of the land, and in order to encourage immigration, and promote 
social, religious, and educational advantages the most liberal donations have been 
made of lands to that end. This is particularly true as relates to Col. Thomas 
W. Peirce who is a large property owner there. At a distance of four miles from 
"Waelder, are the noted mineral springs of Hopkinsville, particular mention of 
which is made in an article on Gonzales county. 

Harwood, the next station reached, is thirteen miles from Waelder. It is at 
this point the contemplated Gonzales Tap Railroad will intersect the Galveston, 



GALVESTON, HABRISBUKG & SAN ANTONIO EAILWAT. 315 

Harrisburg & San Antonio Line. This Tap Road is of such vital importance to 
the people of Gonzales, and the distance so small — only twelve miles — that its 
construction must be an event of the immediate future. Two miles from Har- 
wood station, is the famous sour well, which has earned such a wide spread rep- 
utation during the past few years, for its medicinal qualities. 

Gonzales may be termed the Concord of Texas, as it was there, that the Texas 
Revolution began, the particulars of which, with other interesting details, the 
reader is referred to the article on Gonzales county. 

Luling, nine miles west of Harwood, is the next station. Here the railroad 
crosses the San Marcos river on a bridge conspicuous for its beauty and solidity. 
Both the river and town, are about three-fourths of a mile from the depot, hence 
the beauties of the latter can not be appreciated by the traveler passing through 
on the cars. This is also a young town, yet its new born railroad advantages have 
given it such an impetus, that it is rapidly gaining both in population and mer- 
cantile importance. There are many fine residences and substantial business 
houses in the place, while its advantages in a religious, educational, and social 
point of view are unsurpassed in that section of the country. Situated as it is, 
on the dividing line of Caldwell and Guadalupe counties, Luling, must in the 
future reach an important commercial position as a shipping center for a vast 
region of country to the south and north. A daily stage line was established 
during the past summer between Luling and Austin, which is of great advantage 
to travel, as it enables one to leave San Antonio on the early morning train to 
Luling and from thence to Austin, by stage making the whole distance in about 
ten hours. One of Luling's chief attractions, is what are known as the Sour Springs, 
situated some seven miles from the town. At these springs ample provisions, in 
the way of hotel and other accommodations have been made for tourists and 
invalids, of which latter class, a very large number affected with consumption, 
rheumatism, erysipelas, scrofula, and many other chronic ailments, have 
visited with the most satisfactory results during the past year. In the statement 
that these springs possess curative power of a high order, is only an echo of 
many an enthusiastic convalescent who has visited them. 

West of Luling twelve miles, and one hundred and sixty-eight miles from 
Harrisburg, in the eastern portion of Guadalupe county, is Kingsbury station 
whose history commences with the year 187G. It is the only railroad point for an 
extensive and rich country, and must soon attain a position of importance as a 
shipping and market center. 

Nine miles to the south and west of Kingsbury, near the center of Guada- 
lupe county, is Seguin, the county seat. It contains about 1,300 inhabitants, and 
is most delightfully situated on a high prairie that extends to the Guadalupe 
river on the west. Seguin boasts of some fine buildings, prominent among 
which is her court house, one of the finest structures of the kind to be found 
in Western Texas. The main portion of the town is nearly a mile from the 
depot, hence it is unnoticed by thousands that pass that way on the cars. 

To the north and west of Seguin, about twelve miles distant, is the thriving 
town of New Braunfels, situated in Comal county, on the Guadalupe river. 
The town is most delightfully situated on the banks of Comal creek, a 
stream emanating from a system of springs in that vicinity. The town was 



216 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

first settled by a colony of Germans under the leadership of Prince Salms 
Braunfels, an officer of the Austrian army, in 1846, and its population at the 
present time numbers about two thousand. One of the peculiar advantages 
possessed by New Braunfels, is her immense water power. The Comal, although 
less than four miles in length, furnishes a fall of such magnitude that its force 
is estimated as equal to a two thousand horse power, a force when properly util- 
ized, amply sufficient to drive all the machinery that will ever be needed at this 
point. Prominent among the present manufacturing industries at this point, is the 
Braunfels Woolen Manufacturing Company that commenced operations in 1868. 
Their factory is abundantly supplied with the most approved machinery, and 
their daily productions are 40 blankets and 200 yards of piece goods including 
some grades of tweeds and cassimeres, as fine as are produced by the best mills in 
the East. The Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroad Company have com- 
menced, and will soon have completed, a branch line of their road from Seguin 
to New Braunfels, which will enhance many fold the importance and prosperity 
of this thriving little city. 

Passing west from Seguin, seven miles, the road passes Marion, a station 
devoted chiefly to the shipments of produce, while eighteen miles further on is 
situated the new and prosperous town of Converse, named after the efficient 
chief engineer of this line of road. Situated as it is in the very heart of a vast 
stretch of rich country that is being rapidly developed. Converse will soon be- 
come an important point on this line. 

The twenty-third, and last station between Houston and San Antonio is 
Upson, which is eight miles west of Converse, while five miles further on, the 
traveler is greeted with a view of that charming quaint old city, San Antonio, 
at present the western terminus of this road, a full description of which is given 
in another part of this book. 

Thus far these remarks have been confined to gi.ving a brief bird's-eye view of 
some portions of the country through which this important line of road passes, 
and the article would be most incomplete, and the writer would betray a want of 
discernment, were he to draw it to a close without particular mention of the com- 
pleteness, and, we might add, the superiority of the construction, equipment and 
general management of this road, both as relates to the carriage of passengers 
and property. Nor could we consistently dismiss the subject without portraying 
to the mind the future importance of this line, and the increased advantages it 
will prove both to Texas and the country at large, when its projected extensions 
shall have been completed to the boundary line of the Mexican States and to the 
Pacific coast. In no country has Nature been more lavish in her gifts than in 
that portion of Texas through which this line of road is completed or projected. 
For nearly the entire distance from Houston to Eagle Pass, on the Bio Grande, 
the completed and projected line traverses the richest and best portion of Texas, 
for agricultural, horticultural or stock growing purposes. Then, again, its cli- 
mate is unsurpassed in the South, fanned as it is constantly by the Gulf breeze. 
No death-dealing malarias are known there. This line, completed to the Pacific, 
will rank among the great railroad enterprises of the world; and in writing 
about it in the future, the journalist can safely say, among the great railroad 
corporations of this country there is one of which it is no discredit to all the- 



INTEKNATIONAL & GREAT NORTUERN RAILROAD. 217 

Others to say, iliat it is facile princeps. In the length of its track, its available 
location, its splendid road-bed and track, its solid and safe bridges and culverts, 
its elegant equipment of passenger coaches, in the character of its officers and in 
the general conduct of its business, the Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio 
Road to-day occupies a first position in the railroad system of Texas. In brief, 
the entire rolling stock on this line of road will compare favorably with that of 
the best equipped roads at the East. Although known as a corporation, it is 
practically an individual enterprise, and its business is managed with the same 
integrity and economy that characterizes well managed private business interests. 
Under such a system of management, its reputation and financial condition, to- 
day, like Caesar's wife, are above suspicion. A large portion of the line is sup- 
plied with the best quality of steel rails, and it is understood that the entire line 
will be relaid with a steel track during the coming year. The road is well sup- 
plied with passenger and freight depots, also feed and shipping yards for stock. 
In short the road was built and intended to do the business of the country 
through which it passes, and it has, with an unusual liberality, made the most 
ample provisions to receive and accommodate such business. Besides the many 
thousand acres of its own lands, which are ofl:ered at the most advantageous 
prices to settlers, the company are the agents for a large number of very fine 
tracts in difi'erent sections of the State. 

While it is not within the province of this work to advocate this or that 
route to the Pacific as the most feasible and advantageous to Texas and the coun- 
try at large, a full understanding of the character and resources of the country 
along the projected extension of this line of road, from San Antonio to El Paso, 
is all that is required to convince the unprejudiced mind that it is not only the 
most economical and advantageous route in point of construction, but that it 
will, when completed, prove far superior to any other of the projected routes in 
developing the resources of Texas and that vast territory lying on its western and 
northwestern borders. That there is the most urgent demand for additional rail 
communication between the Atlantic and Pacific States, is an acknowledged fact 
in all sections of this county, and neither individual interests nor sectional jeal- 
ousies should be allowed to impede or delay the enterprise. And while we are 
opposed to subsidies and appropriations of moneys by the general Government 
for individual enterprises, in the construction of additional lines of road to the 
Pacific, our opinion is that general Government should extend all possible aid 
consistent with law and public policy. 

For a full and reliable description of the country, its topography, climate, etc.^ 
along the projected line of this road, the reader is referred to the chapter on 
Military Posts in another part of tbis book. 

INTERNATIONAL & GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY. 

Among the more important lines of railway in the Southwest is the Interna- 
tional & Great Northern, the main line of which spans that portion of the State 
of Texas lying between Houston and Longview, a distance of 236 miles, with 
the following branches: Palestine to Austin, 181 miles; Troupe to Mineola^ 
44^ miles; Houston to Columbia, 49)^ miles; Phelps to Huntsville, 8 miles.. 



•218 



SOUTHEKN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



Making a total of 519^^ miles, owned and operated by this company. The main 
offices of the company are at Palestine, as are also its machine shops, that being 
near the center of the diflferent lines it operates. 

In its general details, this line of road does not differ materially from other 
first class roads. The road-bed is well ballasted, the track is smooth, while 
the bridges and culverts are constructed in a solid, safe manner. Their passen- 
ger and sleeping coaches compare favorably with those of the more popular lines 
of roads in other sections of the country. In brief, passengers over the Interna- 
tional & Great Northern Road are provided with all the comforts and conveni- 
ences found on the best managed lines in the Eastern and Middle States, as are a 
majority of the Southwestern roads. Second class passengers and immigrants, 
are carried in first class upholstered cars, attached to regular express trains. 
This is in fact, the favorite route for immigrants to Eastern, Central and South 
western Texas. 




Buffalo Batou Bridge, at Houston— I. & G. N. R. R. 



As an index to the popularity and prosperity of this line of road, we will 
mention the fact, that in 1875 its passenger trains run 152,025 miles, against 
208,704 miles in 1877. The local passengers carried over the line in 1876, were 
73,577, against 90,835 in 1877, while the through passenger traffic compared as 



INTERNATIOXAX & GREAT NORTHERN RAILROAD. 219 

follows: For the year 1876, ending May 31, 19,581; for the year 1877, ending May 
31, 27,043. Total passenger traffic for the year 1876, 93,108, against 117,870, car- 
ried during the year 1877, ending May 31, which shows an increase for the 
year ending on the 31st of May last, of 24,770, or a little over 491 passengers per 
week. 

The following statement taken from the company's hooks shows the numher 
of tons of freight transported over their line during the years 1876 and 1877, 
-ending May 31st: 

Tons in 1876. Tons in 1877. 

Lumber, shingles, timber, etc 82,161 84,363 

Cattle, hogs, sheep, horses and mules 16,714 11,648 

Vegetable food 11,950 13,283 

Grain and other agricultural products 37,863 51,545 

Manufactured articles 9,454 23,785 

Merchandise 20,902 28,637 

Miscellaneous freights 3,418 2,801 

Total 182,452 216,062 

The above shows an increase of 33,603 tons, during the past year, which in- 
crease is the more remarkable, when it is taken into consideration that there has 
been a marked prostration in all channels of business, and a general shrinkage 
in values, during the year 1877, up to the present date. It should have been 
stated before, that the shipment of cotton over this line during the year 1876, 
was 133,771 bales, against 180,840 bales for the year ending May 31, 1877, which 
shows an increase of 47,071 bales. 

The International and Great Northern Roads were originally constructed under 
separate charters, but were consolidated in 1873. By the terms of its charter, the 
International was to have built from, or at a point near Fulton, on the Red river, 
to Laredo, on the Rio Grande, passing through the cities of Austin and San 
Antonio. The land grant to this road from the State of Texas is twenty sections 
to the mile, which grant is entirely exempt from State, county, or municipal 
taxation for a period of twenty-five years. Besides, these lands, or rather the 
certificates for the same, have the advantages of "head right certificates," and 
•can be located on any part of the public domain. When completed, this 
branch of the International & Great Northern Railroad will span the State of 
Texas, in almost a direct line from its northeastern to its southwestern boundary. 
Its western terminus at the present time is at Austin, the capital of the State, it 
being the principal and most direct route to that city from the Eastern and 
Northern States. The Great Northern branch of the line, extending from 
Longview to Houston, was chartered under the old law of the State, hence its 
land grant was only sixteen sections to the mile, locatable in the same manner 
as the lands granted to the International. This last mentioned branch was built 
in 1871-73, its present southern terminus being at Houston, and its northern at 
Palestine. The company's branch line from Troupe to Mineola, forty-nine and 
a half miles, formerly known as the Brazoria Tap Road, was chartered before 
the war, from Houston to Brazoria, on the Brazos river. But the company 
hecoming involved the road was sold by order of the court in 1870, Moses Taylor 



220 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



of New York, becoming the purchaser. This branch also received from the 
State sixteen sections of land for every mile of road built. The brunch from 
Phelps to Huntsville, eight miles, was built in 1872. All of the above mentioned 
lines and branches are owned and operated by the International & Great North- 
ern Railroad Company. The company owns four engine houses, one machine 
shop, three blacksmith and repair shops, one car shop, one paint shop, forty 
locomotives, twenty passenger cars, nine baggage, mail and express cars, and 
five combination cars. In fact their passenger equipment in all its details is 
second to that of no other road in the West. And the same is true of their 
freight rolling stock, of which they have a supply fully adequate to meet the 




TRiNiTr EiTER Bridge— Brazos Division, I. & G. N. E. R. 



largest possible demand. The company gives constant employment to 123 
agents and clerks, 100 conductors and brakemen, 71 engineers and firemen, 79 
mechanics, 77 inspectors, watchmen, etc., 564 foremen, laborers, etc., making a 
total of 1,013 men. All that is necessary to show that the road is under the 
management of experienced and competent officers, is to point to its prosperity 
and popularity. 'It is the favorite trunk line in Texas, it is to this State what 
the Pennsylvania Central Road is to the State of Pennsylvania. With its south- 
ern terminus at Houston, the great railroad center of Texas, and its present 
western terminus at Austin, the capital of the State, it is the most direct route 



INTEKNATIONAL & GREAT NORTHERN RAILROAD. 221 

over which to reach San Antonio and other southwestern points in Texas, also 
Oalveston, New Orleans, and intermediate towns on the Gulf. The Austin 
branch, which is properly the main line, will soon be completed to San Antonio, 
a distance of some eighty miles from Austin, and from thence to Laredo, on the 
opposite side of the Rio Grande from Monterey, where connections will be made 
with the Mexican railways. 

The importance attached to the speedy completion of this line of road, so as 
to open an avenue of commercial communication between this country and Mexi- 
co, can not be well over estimated. In contemplating the advantages that our 
mercantile and manufacturing commerce would derive from direct railway con- 
nections with the Mexican States, it is difficult to conceive why there is such a 
delay on the part of the railway companies in filling the gap that now remains 
between the western terminus of the International & Great Northern and the 
Mexican States. The completion of this road to the Rio Grande river, is second 
in importance only to the completion of a southern line of road to the Pacific 
Coast. This important line completed, a new and extended field will be opened 
to the merchants and manufacturers of the Southwest. 

We can not dismiss this subject without calling the attention of the reader to 
the following remarks on a few of the more prominent cities and towns on the line 
of the International & Great Northern Railroad, commencing at Austin, the capi- 
tal of the State, situated on the east bank of the Colorado river, in Travis county. 
The original name of this city was "Waterloo, but when selected for the capital of 
the State, in 1839, its name was changed to Austin. It has a population of about 
15,000, and is one of the most beautiful thriving cities in Texas. It is the market 
center of a highly cultivated country, equal in area to the States of Ohio or 
Indiana, and with its increased railroad facilities, during the past few years, its 
manufacturing and mercantile resources have been largely increased, and both 
business and the characteristics of the citizens are at the present time exhibiting 
the most unmistakable metropolitan airs. The business of the city is in part 
represented by 5 wholesale dry goods and grocery houses, 2 wholesale hardware 
and tin stores, 4 wholesale liquor houses, about 100 retail houses in the different 
lines of merchandise, 3 sash, door and blind factories, 1 flouring mill, 3 corn 
mills, 1 carriage factory, and 3 foundries. In its religious and educational 
advantages, Austin compares favorably with Northern and Eastern cities of a 
like population, having 15 churches, 1 graded school, 1 young ladies' German 
institute, 1 convent under the supervision of the Sisters of the Holy Cross, 
besides many private schools. There are 2 Masonic lodges, 1 Encampment, 
1 lodge of Knights of Pythias, 2 Odd Fellows' lodges, and 1 Knights of Temper- 
ance lodge, each of which have a large membership. 

Travis is one of the best farming counties in that part of the State. The 
country surrounding Austin is a rich rolling prairie, interspersed here and there 
with high hills, most of which are covered with a heavy growth of fine timber, 
such as post oak, black jack, live oak, cedar, etc. The field products, as in most 
other counties in that portion of Texas, are wheat, corn, oats, rye, millet, cotton 
and sugarcane. Cotton, on the uplands, yields from one-half bale, to one and a half 
bales per acre, and from one and a half to two bales on the Colorado bottoms. 
The following is a fair estimate of the yield of grains: corn, 30 to 70 bushels per 



222 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



acre ; wheat, from 10 to 25 ; oats, 60 to 80 ; turnips and sweet potatoes, 75 to 150 ; 
sugar cane, three crops a year. Farming lands in the immediate vicinity of 
Austin, say within a radius of six miles, are selling at $25 to $150 per acre, and 
from $5 to $20 in more distant parts of the country. Cash rents for lands, 
range from $4 to $8 per acre, while crop rents range from one-fourth to one-half 
of the products, the latter rent being paid where the owner of the land furnishes 
seed, teams and farming implements. There is but little really good uncultivated 
land for sale in Travis county, and what there is, is held at $4 to $10 per acre, 
while cultivated lands sell at $15 to $35 per acre, according to location and 
improvements. 

The following are about the ruling prices for stock; horses, good American, 
$40 to $85; Mexican, $10 to $40; Mexican mules, $20 to $50; American, $50 to 
$150; working oxen, $30 to $50 per yoke; milch cows, $10 to $25; two, three, 
and four year old stock, on the ranges sell at from $6 to $15 per head. 

The climate at, and in the vicinity of Austin is delightful, and the sanitary 
character of the country is all that could be desired, chills, fevers, or epidemics, 
are not often encountered. Those visiting Texas, should not fail to take Austin 
in their route. 




EpiscorAL Cnrr.cn, Palestine. 



INTERNATIONAL & GREAT NORTHERN RAILBOAD. 223 

PALESTINE. 

Palestine is the county seat of Anderson county, and is situated upon the 
range of hills which divide the waters of the Trinity river, about ten miles dis- 
tant from the Neches river, and equi-distant from each river. It is at this point 
that the two main branches of the International & Great Northern Road form a 
junction, and, as before stated, the main offices, machine shops, etc., are also 
located here. The town was organized in 1846, but reached no importance be- 
yond a small country village until 1872, when, through the completion of the 
International Line, it received an impetus that placed it on the road to its pres- 
ent prosperity. The completion of the Great Northern Road to the same point 
in 1873, infused additional life into the town, and from a country hamlet it has 
rapidly developed into a thriving, enterprising little city of 3,500 inhabitants, 
and is still growing in size and importance as an inland business center. The 
country tributary to Palestine is rolling, and interspersed with belts of fine tim- 
ber, such as pine, white oak, ash, post oak, walnut, elm, hickory and pecan. ' The 
soil includes the black loam, gray sandy loam, and the yellow and red loam, and 
hence is admirably adapted to wheat, corn, cotton and cane growing. Wild 
lands in Anderson county vary from $1 to $5 per acre, and cultivated lands from 
$5 to $15 per acre. 

For a full description of the above towns, as also of all other towns and coun- 
ties traversed by this line of road, the reader is referred to the description of 
the different counties or cities of Texas as published in another part of this work. 

THE OFFICERS OF THE I. & Q. N. RAILWAY. 

Our limited acquaintance with the operating management of this line of road 
will compel extreme brevity in mentioning them. Samuel Sloan, President of 
the company, resides in New York, and is also President of the Delaware, Lack- 
awanna & Western ; Michigan Central ; Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon ; and 
Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Railroads. He is a gentleman of fine business 
attainments, as is evidenced from the continual prosperityof the company since 
he has occupied the executive chair in its management. 

Mr. R. Somers Hayes, Esq., who fills the position of Vice-President and 
Receiver and who has been an active officer in the company since 1870, is also a 
gentleman of large business experience and fine executive qualifications. 
Previous to his connection with the International & Great Northern Road, Mr.^ 
Hayes was chief of construction of the Texas & Pacific Road. He is also an 
Eastern man, and it was in New York, as we are informed, that he took his first 
lessons in the railroad economy of the country. 

H. M. Hoxie, Esq., well and favorably known in railroad circles throughout 
the country, and who has been an officer of the company since its organization, 
fills the position of General Superintendent. 

The Treasury Department of the company is under the management of 
D. S. H. Smith, who has been with Ae road since its organization. In fact, he 
was with the International branch previous to its consolidation with the Great 
Northern Line. That he is capable and honest, the many years of his connectiou 
with the company fully attest. 



■224 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS (UTII)E. 

Major J. H. Evaus, present Secretary of the company, has been in its employ 
since its organization. He became a citizen of Texas immediately after the 
war, and was elected to the Legislature of the State in 1806. Besides being 
an efficient officer, he is a gentleman of influence in the State. 

Allen McCoy, formerly Superintendent of the Erie & Pacific Fast Freight 
Line, occupies the position of General Freight Agent of this line, and if we can 
rely on general report, no better man could be selected for that position. 

The General Passenger and Ticket Department is under the management of J. 
H. Page, Esq., who for some years past was connected with the Grand Rapids & 
Indiana Road, as its General Ticket Agent. Mr. Page, although comparatively 
a young man, has through a well trained business education, earned an enviable 
reputation among the more prominent railroad men of the country, and in secur- 
ing his services, the International & Gr.-at Northern Road has added much to 
the efficiency of its management. 

THE TEXAS & PACIFIC RAILWAY. 

Prominent among the more important railway enterprises of the Southwest, 
and one that aided largely toward the rapid development of Northern and Cen- 
tral Texas, is the Texas & Pacific, the main line of which is now completed 
from Shreveport, Louisiana, to Fort Worth, a distance of 254 miles. Leaving 
Shreveport, the road runs west, entering the State of Texas at Waskau, in Har- 
rison county, of which Marshall, an enterprising commercial town of about 
5,000 population, is the county seat. At this point are located the machine and 
repair shops of the company, also its general offices. 

At Marshall, what is known as the Jetferson Division, connects with the main 
line. This division has its northern terminus atTexarkana, 74 miles north from 
Marshall. At Texarkana, connections are made with the St. Louis, Iron Moun- 
tain & Southern Railway, also the Transcontinental Division of the Texas & 
Pacific, which spans that fertile portion of the State lying between Texarkana 
and Sherman, where the Houston & Texas Central line is crossed. At Jefferson, 
the Jefferson Division makes connections with the East Line Railway which is 
now completed to Pittsburgh in this State. 

Going almost a due west course from Marshall, the main line of this road 
passes through the thriving little towns of Abney, Hallsville, and Mason Springs 
to Longview where connections are made with the International & Great North- 
ern Railway, oyer which Austin, Houston, Galveston, San Antonio and all other 
portions of Southern and Southwestern Texas are reached. Longview, owing to 
the advantage it derives from the two lines of roads connecting there, has devel- 
oped into an important shipping point for cotton and other products. 

Leaving Longview, the road traverses a fine section of the State, passing 
through the rapidly growing towns of Willow Springs, Gled Water, Neal's, Big 
Sandy, Hawkins, Lakeford, and Mineola, the county seat of Wood county, 
another prominent shipping point, where connections are made with the Mine- 
ola Branch of the International & Great Northern Road. 

Leaving Mineola the line passes through the towns of Silver Lake, Grand 



THE TEXAS & PACIFIC RAILWAY. 225 

Saline, Edgewood, Wills Point, Elmo, Terrell, Lawrence, Forney, Mesqnet, to 
Dallas, 221 miles southwest from Texarkana, and 187 miles west from Shreve- 
port. Dallas is the county seat of Dallas county, and is one of the principal 
cities in the State, having a population of about 18,000, and is the chief market 
center for a large area of as rich country as can be found in the "West. Here the 
Texas & Pacific crosses the Houston & Texas Central Line, which affords an outlet 
to the Gulf via Houston, and to St. Louis and points to tlie north over the 
Missouri, Kansas & Texas Line, which connects with the Houston & Texas 
Central at Denison. a few miles to the south of the south line of the Indian 
Territory. 

West from Dallas the Texas & Pacific passes through the towns of Eagle Ford, 
Orand Prairie, Arlington and Village Creek, to Fort Worth, its present terminus, 
32 miles west of Dallas and 253 miles from Texarkana. 

Less than four years ago, Fort Worth had not over 1,000 inhabitants, and now 
it is a thriving commercial center with a population of over 8,000. The rich 
farming country surrounding Fort Worth in every direction, and the remarkably 
low rates at which lands are sold, make that an objective point for immigrants. 
Fully sixty per cent, of the vast domain extending west from the Louisiana 
line to the Pecos river, on the completed and projected line of this road, is 
adapted to the production of nearly every farm product of the great Southwest, 
including not only the cereals, fruits and vegetables,but cotton, cane and tobacco. 
Cotton, however, may be considered the staple product, as thousands of bales 
are shipped annually, even at this date along the line of this road between 
Shreveport and its western terminus. 

A glance at the map will show the reader that this line of road runs between 
the 32d and 34th parallels of latitude, and being from 300 to 1,200 feet above the 
level of the Gulf, the climate is most healthy and inviting. It is not only 
removed from the rigors of a northern winter, but there the inhabitants escape 
the enervating heat of the more extreme southern portions of the State. 

A writer referring to this subject says : 

"About one-half of this great parallelogram, extending west from the Louis- 
iana boundary, is adapted to the production of almost every farm product of the 
great Southwest, including not only the cereals, fruits and vegetables, but cotton 
and tobacco. Cotton may be considered the staple product, and thousands of 
bales are annually shipped from the various railroad centers. The western 
counties of the district under consideration are admirably adapted to stock 
raising, and thousands of " broad-horns " are annually sent to the Eastern markets 
from this region. 

This country is well watered. The central portion, extending east and west, 
forms the divide between the waters of the Red River and the Gulf of Mexico. 
Numerous short streams and rivers flow north into the river named, while the 
Sabine, Trinity, Brazos and Colorado have their headwaters in the southern or 
eastern counties of the district. Besides these rivers and their numerous tribu- 
taries, whose waters are mostly supplied by the annual rains, many portions of 
the region named are supplied with abundance of living springs, and every- 
where water is obtained by boring or digging from twenty to fifty feet. Consid- 
15 



226 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

eriug all the characteristics of this remarkable region, it may be regarded as the 
"Emigrant's Paradise." 

It is not strange that the dwellers in the frozen regions of the Northwest, and 
the grasshopper-plagued people of the extreme West, should flock to this sunny- 
clime, where winter is almost unknown, and the earth returns bountiful harvests 
to all who have industry to cultivate a most prolific soil. In fact it is doubtful if" 
a similar area could be found on the continent, offering so many and such varied 
attractions to those seeking pleasant homes. 

In addition to the inducements offered by a fruitful soil and genial climate,, 
many of the counties in this district are exceedingly rich in the useful minerals. 
It invites not only the farmer and mechanic, but capitalists and manufacturers 
iu every line of business. It is a region adapted not only to support a large 
population, but to give such variety of employment as to make its people- 
thoroughly self-reliant, self-sustaining, prosperous and independent in the best 
sense of the word." 

The Transcontinental Division of the Texas & Pacific Railway commences 
at Texarkana, and passes through the prosperous towns of Clarksville, Blossom 
Prairie, Paris, Honey Grove, and Bon ham, to Sherman, at which point connec- 
tion is made with the Houston & Texas Central Railway for all points in South- 
ern Texas. This division is now being extended to Whitesboro, a distance of 
eighteen miles from Sherman, which extension wall be in operation early in the 
coming fall. There is no finer agricultural country in the Southwest than the 
section traversed by this division. It is thickly settled by an enterprising class 
of farmers, and offers unexcelled advantages to the immigrant. Sherman, its 
present terminus, is the county seat of Grayson county, with a population of 
about 10,000, and is one of the most solid and enterprising cities in the State. 

The Texas & Pacific Road owns some five million acres of land in Texas, a 
considerable portion of which is situated in what is known as the Reservation 
east of the Pecos river. This land is most admirably adapted for grain, cotton^ 
or grazing purposes. 

In brief, the Texas & Pacific Road traverses a portion of Texas that is well 
-watered, and for the most part well timbered, with coal and building stone in 
abundance. And when the enterprise is completed, it will stand second in 
importance to uo other railway on this continent. It will not only develop the 
vast and varied resources of Northern and Western Texas, but will afford a most- 
advantageous outlet for the mineral and agricultural wealth of that vast country 
Ivin"- between the western border of Texas and the Pacific. The distance from 
Shreveport to El Paso, over this line, is 897 miles. 

This road is among the best managed and equipped in the State. Its officers- 
are among the most enterprising and experienced, and through their ever- 
watchful efforts nothing is left unprovided to render travel over their line safe, 
comfortable and speedy ; while to freight traffic, all of the facilities known to 
modern railroading are provided. The general officers and agents of this road 
are as follows: 

Thomas A. Scott, President, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
Frank S. Bond, Vice-President. 
Hon. John C. Brown, Vice-President. 



ST, LOUIS, IRON MOUNTAIN & SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 227 

T. D. Maurer, Secretary and Treasurer, Marshall, Texas. 

Gi'orge Noble, General Superintendent, " " 

R. W. Thompson, Jr., General Passenger and Ticket Agent, Marshall, Texas. 

W. H. Abrams, Land Commissioner, Marshall, Texas. 

W. H. Newman, General Freight Agent, " " 

General offices at Marshall, Texas. 

S. M. Miller, General Eastern Agent, 415 Broadway, New York. 

Thomas Dorwin, General Northwestern Agent, 104 Clark Street, Chicago, 111. 

J. W. Delaney, General Western Passenger Agent, Dallas, Texas. 

ST. LOUIS, IRON MOUNTAIN & SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 

The St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway occupies the same impor- 
tant position among the railways of the Western and Southwestern States as does 
the New York Central in the Eastern and Middle States. Following the west 
bank of the Mississippi river, in nearly a due south direction from St. Louis for 
about twenty-five miles, when it parts company with that stream, the river run- 
ning in a southeasterly direction, while the road continues on a straight line to 
the South, passing through a rich and highly cultivated agricultural portion of 
country, and piercing the very heart of the great mineral fields of Missouri, pass- 
ing the famed Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob and other hills of iron. At Bismark, 
a distance of seventy-five miles from St. Louis, the road branches off, one line 
running in an easterly direction to Belmont, a thriving town situated on the 
western bank of the Mississippi river, directly opposite Columbus, Kentucky, 
where direct connections are made with the railway system of the Southern 
States east of the Mississippi. There is also a branch line from Mineral Point to 
Potosi, four miles, and from Cairo to Poplar Bluff, seventy-four miles. After 
passing Bismark, the main line inclines to the southwest, passing through the 
State of Arkansas diagonally, and entering the State of Texas at Texarkana, a 
thriving town of about 3,000 inhabitants, the southern terminus of this line, a 
distance of 490 miles from St. Louis. The road passes through Little Rock and 
other important points in Arkansas, where connections are made with the entire 
railroad lines of that State, it being the only direct route to the Hot Springs of 
Arkansas from points to the north of St. Louis. 

At Texarkana, connections are made with the Texas & Pacific Road, by whicli 
Marsliall, Sherman, Dallas and Fort Worth are reached ; while by the Interna- 
tional & Great Northern Line, Austin, the capital of the State, and Houston, the 
railway center of Texas, are reached. At Houston, connections are made with 
the Galveston, Harrisburg«& San Antonio Road, and also with the Morgan Line 
of rail and steamers to New Orleans and intermediate points on the Gulf. 

Thus it will be seen that tributary to the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & South- 
ern Road are the entire railroad systems of Texas and Arkansas and the South- 
eastern States. It is not only the nearest and most economical route for both 
passengers and freight between St. Louis, Arkansas, Texas and Mexico, but is 
the most advantageous avenue of transportation between the Southwest and the 
Eastern seaboard for the vast herds and flocks from the bfoad prairies of Texas. 
There is not a State in the Union that has been so largely benefited from railroad 
enterprises as has the State of Arkansas by the completion of the St. Louis, Iron 



228 SOUTHERN AND ■V\^STERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

Mountain & Southern Road. It is tlie trunk line of that State, and over it and 
its tributaries the products of the soil are shipped out to market, and merchan- 
dise and other supplies shipped into the State. Previous to the completion of 
this line of road, her communications with other States were entirely dependent 
on the tardy and precarious system of water navigation ; but since the opening 
of this road Arkansas has taken marvelous strides forward in her agricultural, 
commercial, and manufacturing interests ; and as the State, in the fertility of its 
soil and general resources, compares favorably with other Western States, which 
shows most conclusively that it was only the want of this road that prevented 
an earlier development of her resources. The tide of immigration that has been 
pouring into that State, and the general prosperity witnessed within its borders, 
are among the advantages afforded the State by this route. In this connection 
we will state that eighty-five miles of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern 
Line, extending from St. Louis to Pilot Knob, was completed in 18-58; but the 
enterprise was suspended during the war, and it was not until 1867, that the work 
was resumed. In 1869, the Belmont branch M^as completed, and in May, 1874, a 
consolidation of the Cairo, Arkansas & Texas and the Cairo & Fulton with the 
St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern was effected. This placed under one man- 
agement 684 miles of road, making the connection between the Northern and 
Southern system of railways. 

For roads entering St. Louis from the East or North, the natural and speedy 
route to Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
the Carolinas, Texas and Arkansas, is over this road. With the completion of the 
branch from Malvern Station to the Arkansas Hot Springs, the St. Louis, Iron 
Mountain & Southern, is the only all rail route by which that popular watering 
place can be reached, and it is over it that the tens of thousands visit that por- 
tion of Arkansas annually. The curative properties of the waters of these 
springs are world-wide in reputation, and as they are the property of the United 
States Government, like the air, their benefits are free to all. 

The entire road-bed of this line, is among the best ballasted in the West, 
while its bridges and culverts are constructed with a view to solidity and safety. 
Their passenger accommodations combine all of the modern appliances for the 
convenience and comforts of travelers. Immigrants to the South and Southwest 
are transported in comfortable, first class cars on express trains, a fact that 
should be borne in mind by that class of travelers. The oflicers of this line, 
from the president down to the brakeman, are courteous and accommodating. 
In brief, it is one of the best managed and most popular roads leading out of St. 
Louis. 

As an illustration of its business importance, it is only necessary to state, 
that its earnings per mile, in 1876, was $5,559.85, while its average expenses per 
mile was $2,944.23, leaving a net earning per mile of $2,615.62. This was an 
increase over its net earnings for 1875, of about 45 per cent., while the increase 
earnings for 1875 over those of 1874, were $5,588.70, which is a most favorable 
showing, considering the general depression in all channels of business during 
that year. Its business thus far during the current year, exhibits a most satis- 
factory increase, notwithstanding the tight times and general shrinkage in 
values. 



MISSOURI, KANSAS & TEXAS RAILWAY. 



229 



The following are the general officers and agents of the road : 
Hon. Thomas Allen, President, St. Louis, Mo. 
W. R. Allen, Assistant President, St. Louis, Mo. 
H. G. Marquand, Vice-President, New York. 

D. "W. Mc Williams, Treasurer, 20 Nassau Street, New York. 

S. D. Barlow, Secretary and Assistant Treasurer, St. Louis, Mo. 
Col. "W. R. Arthur, General Manager, St. Louis, Mo. 
Arthur W. Soper, General Superintendent, St. Louis, Mo. 

E. A. Ford, General Passenger Agent, St. Louis, Mo. 

O. W. Ruggles, Assistant General Passenger Agent, St. Louis, Mo. 

Seth Frink, General Freight Agent, St. Louis, Mo. 

Hon. Thos. Essex, Land Commissioner, Little Rock, Ark. 

W. A. Kendall, Assistant Land Commissioner, St. Louis, Mo. 

W. L. Van Nest, General Eastern Agent, 415 Broadway, New York. 

R. F. Robb, Ticket Agent, 513 North Fifth St., St. Louis, Mo. 

H. H. Marley, Northern Pass. Agent, 104 Clark Street, Chicago, 111. 

John Howard, Southern Pass. Agent, 138 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Richard Couch, Land and Passenger Agent, Pana, 111. 

MISSOURI, KANSAS & TEXAS RAILWAY. 

Since the completion of that wonderful structure, the great bridge across the 
Mississippi river, St. Louis as a railroad center occupies the same importance 
to the South and Southwest, as does Chicago to the Northwest. And among the 
many iron arms that reach out from that thriving commercial metropolis of the 
Southwest, there are none that are of more importance, or that contribute more 
largely to the mercantile and manufacturing development of St. Louis, than the 
Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway. This line of road not only traverses a vast 




Bridge over the South Canadian Kiybr on the Line op the M., K. & T. Uailway. 



230 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

section of the most fertile portions of the Southwest, but it has honestly earned 
the reputation of being among the best equipped and best managed roads in the 
country. In fact, it is deserving of a more extended notice than the limited 
space at our command will permit, for should we surrender ourselves to the task 
of describing its characteristics — the numerous inducements it offers both as an 
avenue of travel and freight, we could fill a respectable sized volume without 
bordering on the tedious. 

In the first place there is no line of road leading as it does from Hannibal 
and St. Louis, Mo., passing through a country that presents such a variety of 
charming scenery as does this road. A glance at the map shows one of the 
advantages it offers to travel between Texas and other portions of the Southwest 
and the Eastern, Middle and Northern States. It spans that vast fertile tract of 
country between Denison, Texas, in the South and West, and St. Louis and 
Hannibal on the Mississippi river at the North and East, the most prominent 
points for freight and travel between the East and West. 

This line offers almost unlimited freight room, and it is over it that a large 
per cent, of the herds and flocks sent from Western Missouri, Kansas, Texas, 
New Mexico and Indian territories, to the East are shipped. Cars are received 
on this line from Eastern, Northern and Southern roads and sent to their desti- 
nation without breaking bulk. 

The main line of this road runs from St. Louis and Hannibal, Missouri, to 
Denison, Texas, with branch lines from Parsons, Kansas, to Junction City, 
Kansas, and from Holden, Missouri, to Paola, Kansas, a total of 786 miles, on 
this entire line. The road-bed is solid, being ballasted in a manner equal to the 
best roads in the country ; the bridges and culverts are all built on the approved 
system ; hence, in point of comfort and safety, this line ranks second to no other 
in the West. 

There is another point deserving of special mention in this connection, and 
that is, 'no road in the country has provided more desirable accommodations 
for what is termed emigration travel to the Southwest. In place of resorting to 
slow emigrant trains for this class of travel, emigrants are transported in first- 
class coaches in first-class express trains, and passengers going West and South, 
pass through the charming Neosho Valley and the beautiful Indian Territory. 

In buying an article of merchandise or a piece of mechanism, personal com- 
forts, attractions and comparative value are the points considered, and the same 
rule should be observed in selecting a route in traveling. In many cases the 
nearest route is not the quickest or most convenient or attractive. Without the 
least desire to prejudice the reader against any other line of road, the writer can 
say from personal knowledge, that one enjoys more comforts, sees more beautiful 
country between the Mississippi river and Southwestern Texas, in taking the 
Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway by the way of Denison, than in passing over 
any other line of road leading in the same direction. 

A glance at the map will show the advantages that this route offers travel and 
freight, to Southwestern Missouri, Kansas, the Indian Territories and Texas. 
That this line passes through the most desirable and attractive portions of the 
great Southwest, no one at all familiar with the topography of the country will 
deny, and it is equally true, that it traverses the most inviting and advantageous 



MISSOURI, KANSAS & TEXAS RAILWAY. 



231 




232 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

portions of the State of Texas, for either agricultural, manufacturing or com- 
mercial industries. It is in fact, the great popular trunk line that spans the State 
north and south, affording a transportation route from the great chain of lakes 
at the North, to Galveston on the Gulf, over this line and its connections, all of 
the prominent commercial centers of Texas are reached. As will be seen by the 
map, this line and its connections traverses the very heart of the agricultural 
sections of Texas, passing in its course through the fertile and rapidly improving 
counties of Grayson, Collins, Dallas, Ellis, Navarro, Limestone, Falls, Robertson, 
Brazos, Grimes, Waller and Harris, in the last mentioned is situated Houston, 
which as a railway center occupies the same relations to Texas, as does St. Louis 
to Missouri, and other portions of the Southwest. 

In conclusion, we will say to parties going to Texas — say to Denison or Sher- 
man, Dallas or Fort Worth, Waco or Austin, Houston or Galveston, or to San 
Antonio— they will find the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway the popular and 
pleasant route. It passes through the famed Indian Territory, which for beauti- 
ful scenery and charming landscape views surpasses any other portion of the 
Southwest. There are two express trains each way every day over this line, 
which enter and leave Texas at its gate — the enterprising city of Denison. Each 
train is furnished with all the comforts and luxuries of travel, including palace 
sleeping cars. Those wishing a beautiful, illustrated guide book, describing 
Texas and Kansas, and containing articles on sheep and cattle raising, and where 
the best and cheapest lands are, it will be sent you free of charge, by addressing 
Jas. D. Brown, General Passenger Agent, M., K. & T. Railway, St. Louis, Mo. 

As an evidence that it is the great medium of transporting live stock and 
other freight between the grazing fields of the Southwest and the markets of the 
East, the following statement of shipments from Denison for the year 1877, as 
taken from the company's books, are submitted : 

Merchandise No. of pounds, 8,644,502 

Cotton No. of bales, 33,660 

Grain and other produce " cars, 114 

Cattle " " 8,824 

Hogs " " 121 

Horses and Mules " " 48 

Machinery and Agricultural Implements " " 13 

Miscellaneous " " 289 

The above does not include any of the company's business. 

ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD. 

The wondrous development of the agricultural, manufacturing and mineral 
resources of this country, especially in the West, Northwest and South, is 
the result of a system of transportation that is as vast and important as the 
products of the soil, the loom, the forest and the mine. The liberal and rapid 
construction of railway facilities is the moving spirit of the age that opens so. 
manv industries to profitable and successful prosecution. In obedience to this 
general demand for new and adequate opportunities to market the products of 



ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD. 233^ 

States distant from the seaboard, the Illinois Central Eailroad was constructed. 
At that time this great work was regarded as stupendous, but upon its completion 
it opened up the great State of Illinois to the industrial arts, and connected the 
growing industries of the Northwest with the South. The construction of this 
great thoroughfare for traffic was commenced in 1852, and in 1856 it was in opera- 
tion. 

In 1852 there were completed 14 miles. 

" 1853 " " 118 " 

" 1854 " " 300 " 

" 1855 " " 195 " ' 

" 1856 " " 77 " 

Total : 704 miles. 

The main line extends through the center of the State, from Cairo in the 
south to Dunleith on the Mississippi river, making a distance of 457 miles. This 
line traverses the central portion of Illinois, and touches the towns of Centralia, 
Vandalia, Pana, Decatur, Bloomington, El Paso, La Salle, Mendota, Dixon, Polo, 
Freeport, "Warren and Galena, a section of the State highly favored in agricul- 
tural and mineral resources. Connecting as it does the agricultural districts of 
the upper Mississippi Valley, with the Southern States and the Gulf of Mexico, 
it stands second in importance to no other road on the continent. 

The Chicago branch of the line starts from Centralia and runs through the 
towns of Tuscola, Areola, Rautoul, Tolono, Effingham, Mattoon, Champaign, 
Gilman, and Kankakee ; affording transportation for the immense cereal wealth 
of the grand prairie. This company also operate under lease, the Dubuque & 
Sioux City Railroad, and the Iowa Falls & Sioux City Railroad, in Iowa, making 
a through route from Dubuque to the Missouri river, a distance of 326 miles. It 
also operates under lease, the Cedar Falls & Minnesota Railroad from Waterloo 
to the Minnesota State line, at Mona, a distance of 80 miles, making a total of 
406 miles of railroad operated in Iowa. These lines are known as the Iowa 
division of the Illinois Central Railroad. The company also owns a line from 
Gilman, Illinois, to Springfield, the State capital, 111 miles, which forms a short 
and direct route from Chicago to Springfield. Thus it will be seen that the total 
length of line owned and controlled by this company is 1,218 miles. The con- 
nection with the Iowa lines from Chicago, is made via the Chicago, Burlington 
& Quincy Railroad, to Aurora, and by the Chicago & Iowa Railroad to Forres- 
ton, and thence by the main line of the Illinois Central Railroad. 

The company has direct connections at Cairo with all important commercial 
points in Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi and Louisiana, and 
forms the shortest all rail line between the South and the North and the 
Northwest, and also between St. Louis and all Southern points, via the Cairo 
Short Line. 

Through cars are run from Chicago and St. Louis to New Orleans daily, via 
the Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Railroad, and transfer of passenger and 
freight cars is made by means of a transfer boat across the Ohio river, without 
delay or inconvenience. 

The distance from Chicago to New Orleans by this route is 913 miles, or 
about the same distance as from Chicago to New York, and is therefore the most 



^34 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

available way of reaching tlie Gulf ports, and all in the Southern States and 
Mexico, and also Central America and New Orleans, between which a regular 
line of steamers is now established. Thus it will be seen that the Illinois Cen- 
tral Road is the great northern link in the chain of communication between this 
country, Mexico and South America, over which the products of field and fac- 
tory find a southern outlet, instead of being shipped via New York, which is 
some two thousand miles out of their regular course. There can be no good 
reason why the large quantities of flour, cereals and provisions required by the 
South American States and Mexico should not be transported direct over this 
line, instead of paying tribute to the seaboard markets of the Atlantic coast. 
Capt. Ead's project of deepening the mouth of the Mississippi river has outlived 
the days of opposition and experiment, and the complete success of the "jetties" 
is no longer a question of doubt. This removes the only real obstacle in the way 
•of a direct trade with Europe and the South American States via New Orleans. 
As an evidence of the importance of this route, it is only necessary to state that 
the shipments to the South American States during the year 1874, of flour, grain, 
meats and timber, were over $16,000,000 worth, to say nothing of the large ex- 
port trade in farming implements and other machinery. 

It seems proper, in this connection, to say that few if any companies in this 
country, have taken greater pains, or been more lavish in their expenditures to 
secure the comfort and safety of passengers, or to insure the speedy transit of 
freights, than has this company. It was among the first, if not the first road 
running out of Chicago, to adopt the steel rail. Its bridges are chiefly of iron, 
and are pronounced equal to any structures of the kind on the continent. Its 
culverts are of solid stone masonry, while its entire road-bed is ballasted in such 
a manner as to render it comparatively secure against accidents from any sinking 
or spreading of its track. Its sleeping coaches combine all the comforts and 
conveniences possible in moving palaces of that description. 

To sum the whole matter up in a few words, as a medium of travel between 
the North and South, its superior equipments and admirable connections make 
the Illinois Central superior to that of any other line. It is the most economical 
route for immigrants to Texas or other Southwestern sections, and hence the 
favorite line for that class of travel. As a medium for the transportation of live 
stock from the vast grazing fields of Texas to the central and seaboard markets, 
it otters superior advantages to any other line of road leading in that direction, 
and it is over it and its connections, that a large per cent, of Texas stock sent to 
market, is shipped. 

Connecting as it does, with the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Road at 
Cairo, a glance at the map shows it to be the most direct route between Chicago 
and Texas. 

This company runs through cars twice every day between Chicago, Cairo, St. 
Louis, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Peoria, Keokuk, Burlington and Springfield, and 
its connections reach nearly every place of note in Southern and Southwestern 
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, as also with all of the other Southwestern 
States and territories. They also run two trains daily between Chicago and 
Sioux City, via Dubuque, which with their connections in Iowa, Minnesota and 
Nebraska enables them to ofl'er to both freight and travel to or from these 
-directions, superior advantages. 



CHICAGO, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 



CHICAGO, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 



235 



This line of road forms an important link in the great system of transporta- 
tion routes uniting the northern lakes with the Gulf of Mexico, and when the 
Kansas City, St. Louis & Chicago Road, which is now under construction 
from Mexico to Kansas City, is completed, the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Rail- 
way will have the advantages of being the shortest and most direct route 
between Chicago and Kansas City, as also between St. Louis and Kansas City. 
Besides its main line from Chicago to St. Louis, this company own and operate 
the following branch lines: from Dwight to Washington and Lacon, 79 miles ; 
from Bloomington to Godfrey, 150 miles; from Roodhouse to Louisiana, 
Missouri, 38 miles; the Louisiana & Marion River Line, 101 miles; and from 
Louisiana, on the Missouri bank of the Mississippi river, to Mexico, 50 miles; 
making a total of 687 miles, 53 miles of which— from Chicago to Wilmington 
— is a double track, and 384 miles is laid with the best of steel rail. 

At the present time this line of road makes connection at Mexico, Missouri, 
with the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern Line, which enables it to run through 
trains from Chicago to Kansas City without change of cars, yet as before stated, 
after the completion of the Kansas City, St. Louis & Chicago Road from Mexico 
to Kansas City, a distance of 160 miles, an enterprise which is practically an 
extension of the Chicago & Alton Road, it will form the southwestern link 
of a continuous and direct line from Chicago to Kansas City, Denver, and the 
cities of Texas. 

The new line from Mexico to Kansas City ranks among the best constructed 
railway lines in the country. It is laid with steel rail, sixty pounds to the yard, 
its bridges are all of iron and steel, constructed on the most approved system, and 
with 3,000 ties to the mile and no reverse curves or heavy grades to encounter, 
it will stand second to no other road in the Union, for speed and safety. It may 
be briefly stated that the Chicago & Alton Railway ranks among the most 
popular and admirably managed roads of the country. It traverses the most 
populous portions of Illinois and Missouri, and a single glance at the map will 
show its connections with other lines as most advantageous, both to travel and 
freight tratflc. Its rolling stock embraces 165 locomotives, 150 of which are coal 
burners, and all are provided with the Westinghouse air brake, 103 first and second 
•class passenger coaches, 94 of which are provided with the Westinghouse air 
brake, and 3,106 freight cars of all descriptions. On all trains between Chicago 
and Kansas City, the Pullman sleepers and Dr. Horton's patent reclining chair 
•cars are run through without change, there being no extra charge for seats in the 
chair car. Elegant dining cars are also run on through trains. On this line free 
transfer tickets are issued to through passengers to the West and South. The 
celebrated Denver express train over this road is not excelled in this country for 
comfort and speed. From Chicago, this line is one of the most popular routes 
to Texas, Kansas, Colorado, and the Indian Territory. 

THE VANDALIA RAILWAY. 

The Vandalia Line, as it is called, is to St. Louis and the East what the Pitts- 
Tiurgh, Fort Wayne & Pennsylvania Central Route is to Chicago and the East. In 



236 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

each case a competition suflSciently sharp exists to impart a spirit of rivalry in 
providing the public with all of the newest inventions for convenience, comfort 
and luxury in railway traveling. The Vandalia, lilve the Fort Wayne & Penn- 
sylvania Route, is the favorite route between the East and the West. There is, 
however, but one reason which influences people in traveling to any given point, 
and sentiment has nothing to do with it. It is to get to their destination by the 
speediest and shortest route, which offers the largest amount of comfort and luxu- 
ries, which in these days have been introduced by enterprising railway corpora- 
tions into that mode of travel. It is the success which has attended the efforts of 
the managers of the Vandalia Line to supply everything which science or inven- 
tion has brought forth calculated to add to the comfort and safety of their patrons, 
and in their fortunate possession of the shortest line of road between St. Louis, 
Indianapolis, Pittsburgh and other points further east, that renders that route so 
popular with the public. So far as their track, bridges and culverts are concerned, 
the Vandalia Company stands second to no other in the West, while their general 
equipment is equal to that of the best managed roads in the Union. A single 
glance at any correct railroad map will show the reader the advantageous position 
occupied in transcontinental routes by the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & 
Indianapolis Railroad. It runs across the States of Illinois and Indiana to the 
capital of the latter State, at just the proper angle to throw it in connection with 
the lines running from that point eastward, on the shortest possible line from the 
great metropolis of the Southwest to the great commercial centers at the East. 
On its route to the East the Vandalia brings the traveler in connection with almost 
every railway line of importance in the country, and especially making its east- 
ern connections with the Pan Handle & Pennsylvania Route enables the passen- 
ger over it to enjoy all the advantages which have made that route the favorite 
for travel to the West and North. In short, its relations with the Pennsylvania 
roads are of such an intimate character, that it enjoys all of the advantages that 
can be secured by the " right of way " over it. It is owing to these intimate rela- 
tions that the Vandalia Line draws in its direction so large a per cent, of the pas- 
senger and freight traffic between St. Louis and the East. The Pennsylvania 
Railroad now runs two mail and the Adams Express cars, or a Special Express, 
leaving New York at 7.30 p. m., which overtakes the fast line leaving New York 
at 6 p. M. ; at Pittsburgh at 8.30 the next morning. From Pittsburgh the Pan 
Handle & Vandalia Line brings the train through, reaching St. Louis at 7.30 
A. M. the second morning after leaving New York. This admirable arrangement 
enables the mails at New York to close two hours later, and yet make the same 
connections as before at St. Louis for all points South and West. The Vandalia 
has earned much of its popularity from the great regularity and speed with wliich 
its passenger trains are moved. This is especially true as relates to their fast 
trains which leave St. Louis mornings and evenings for the East, which are pro- 
vided, their morning train with Pullman Hotel Car and their evening train with 
Pullman Sleeping Cars, which are run through to New York, Philadelphia, 
Washington and Baltimore, there being no change between St. Louis, Philadel- 
phia and New York via the Pan Handle & Pennsylvania Railroad. Besides 
traversing the richest and most inviting portions of Illinois and Indiana, its con- 
nections with lateral lines are such that the traveler over it is enabled to make 



THE WABASH RAILWAY. 237 

-close connections with lines leading to all points North and South. The Vanda- 
liaRoad was chartered in 1865, and completed and put into operation in 1870, and 
no road in the West can show a better record than it exhibits. 

Its officers are gentlemen of experience and high standing in raih'oad circles, 
and under the general management of J. E. Simpson, C. E. Follett, General 
Ticket Agent, and H. W. Hibbard, Manager of the Freight Department, stationed 
at this end of the line, there is little or no danger of the Vandalia Route ever losing 
its prestige as the shortest, safest and most comfortable avenue of travel between 
the two great cities of the Union — New York and St. Louis. 

The principal ticket office of the company is located at No. 100 North Fourth 
street, northeast corner of Chestnut. 

THE WABASH RAILWAY. 

The lines owned and operated by the above company aggregate 680 miles, 
350 miles of which are laid with steel rails. The equipment of the road in every 
particular, will compare favorably with the best managed roads in the country. 
Their rolling stock includes 196 locomotives, 67 passenger coaches, 24 mail and 
express cars, 32 baggage cars, and 4,386 revenue freight cars. 

The passenger equipment combines all of the comforts and luxuries of our 
most popular railways ; there is no new feature of especial importance to notice 
in that respect, although it should be stated that all passenger trains are well 
supplied with all modern appliances for the safety of passengers, including 
automatic air brakes and safety platforms. The road is built on nearly an air 
line the larger portion of the way from Toledo to the Mississippi river, hence with 
but few simple and no reverse curves to interfere with rapid running. The 
Pacific Express West, as also the Lightning Express East, over this line, are 
■credited with making faster time than is reached by any other road in the 
West. 

Under the existing sharp competition between railways, both as relates to 
freight and passengers, it is the aim of every company to render their lines the 
most popular and pleasant, and it is not employing too strong language to say 
that the Wabash Line, in this respect, occupies a prominent position in the rail- 
way system of the country. In many respects this line possesses superior advan- 
tages as a thoroughfare between the East and the West. Starting from Toledo, a 
thriving commercial center of the West, in its course to the Mississippi, it 
traverses the richest agricultural portions of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois; its 
iron arms, with their five distinct western terminal points, grasping and bearing 
a,way toward the Atlantic seaboard the products of the Mississippi Valley. 

Leaving Toledo, the first point of especial importance reached is Defiance, an 
enterprising little city of 5,000 inhabitants ; the city derives its name from Fort 
Defiance. The western division of the Baltimore & Ohio Road crosses the Wa- 
bash at this point, which renders it one of the most important transfer stations 
on the line. After passing a half dozen thriving towns that have been built upon 
this road during the past few years, at a distance of 94 miles from Toledo, 
Fort Wayne, Indiana, is reached, a city of about 32,000 population and one of 
the chief commercial and manufacturing centers of that State. Fort Wayne is 



238 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



tlie junction of six important railways, including the Wabash, and Pittsburgh^ 
Fort Wayne & Chicago, both of which lines have their machine shops located 
there. Continuing west from Fort Wayne, Roanoke, Huntington, Antioch and 
La Grange, are passed, before reaching Wabash, where the Cincinnati, Wabash 
& Michigan road is crossed. This last mentioned town contains about 5,600 in- 
habitants and is situated in a most fertile portion of Indiana. Peru, a city of 7,000 
inhabitants, is the next point of importance reached. At that point the Indianap- 
oils, Peru& Chicago Railway crosses this line, which affords a southern outlet tO' 
Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Louisville. Logansport, the next point of interest, 
is one of Indiana's most prosperous cities; it has a population of about 21,000, 
and both in business and inhabitants it exhibits a healthy increase. Passing 
Clymer, Burrows, Rockfield, Delphi, Colburn and Buck Creek, all oftspriug of 
this line. La Fayette the star city of the State, greets the eye, its 25,000 people all 
giving evidence of its enterprise and prosperity. It is at this point that the 
Wabash Road receives the passenger and freight traffic of the Toledo, Peoria & 
Warsaw Railway, thus affording it superior advantages as an outlet to the East 
for the products of Central Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska and other Northwestern 
States and territories. It is from this source that an extensive live stock traffic 
is secured. 

The Wabash, with its tributary branches, traverses the most inviting and 
productive portions of the three great States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. This,, 
together with the fact that it terminates at five of the most important outlets 
for western products on the Mississippi river, namely, St. Louis, Hannibal, 
Quincy, Keokuk and Burlington, are elements of advantage not enjoyed by other 
lines of road. At these five points named, the most important and popular 
railways traversing the Western States and territories are brought in direct con- 
nection with this line, thus affording the traveler a direct and speedy route to all 
parts of Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, Texas, and the rapidly developing 
tt'i-ritories of the more distant West and South. In brief, the " Wabash " is one 
of the best managed and most popular lines, connecting Lake Erie with the 
Mississippi Valley. 

The main offices of the company are at Toledo. 

OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. 

No change or progress that may come with the future can ever wrest from 
this line of road its great and important distinction of being the most direct 
connecting link between the chief city of the Mississippi Valley, and the chief 
city of the Ohio Valley, and until St. Louis and Cincinnati lose their impor- 
tance the Ohio & Mississippi Railway can not fail to remain one of the greatest 
and most useful thoroughfares in the United States. This peculiarity of being 
the shortest and straightest line between Louisville, Cincinnati and St. Louis 
gives it a strong hold upon the passenger and freight traffic of the West, which 
no amount of competition has been able to shake ; and it is destined to sustain 
and strengthen its popularity and importance with the certain and rapid develop- 
ment of the interests of its three great cities, as well as those of Baltimore, 
which is virtually the eastern terminus of the road. Baltimore is rapidly taking; 



OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. 23^ 

its place as the great market of the East, and one of the greatest agencies toward 
this development is the Ohio & Mississippi Railway, by which Baltimore is 
made accessible to the most important centers of the South and West. 

The main line of the road running eastward from St. Louis, passes through 
the prosperous towns of Sandoval, Odin, Flora — where the Springfield branch 
connects with the main line, Olney, Vincennes, Mitchell, Seymour, North Ver- 
non — where the Louisville branch connects. The distance from St. Louis to 
Cincinnati is 340 miles. Two fast express trains, besides the regular mail, run 
each way daily, and are provided with Miller's platform and coupler, the Lough- 
bride air brake, and all of the most modern and approved appliances for render- 
ing travel safe and luxurious. 

The route between Cincinnati and Louisville is short and direct, and the 126 
miles of road are run in exceptionally fast time. 

The Springfield division, which taps the finest sections of Central Illinois, is 
228 miles in length, and commands an enormous traffic. It runs from Beards- 
town, on the Illinois river, to Shawneetown, lying northeast of Cairo, through a 
magnificent country. 

At Cincinnati and Louisville close connections are made with all roads cen. 
tering at those points and extending South, North and East. From St. Louis to 
Baltimore and Washington, the Ohio & Mississippi Railway offers the shortest 
route and quickest time, as well as the most attractive luxuries of travel. In 
this respect it stands without a rival, and practically above competition. Up to 
the 14th of July, 1871, the gauge of this road was six feet, the same as the Erie 
and Atlantic & Great Western Roads. Finding it necessary in order to accomo- 
date their rapidly increasing traffic and to facilitate the movement of freight by 
the transfer of cars from other roads of a narrower gauge, to their line ; on the 
day before mentioned, between the hours of 6 a. m. and 7 p. m., the gauge of 
the main line from Cincinnati to St. Louis, a distance of three hundred and forty 
miles, was reduced to a four foot eight-and-a-half iuch gauge. This was a feat 
without a parallel in the railroad history of this country. 



CHAPTER XI. 
STAGE LIKES I'N TEXAS. 



After one has been whirled through dust, cinders and smoke, at the rate of 
twenty-five miles an hour, for a thousand miles or more, it is a relief to change 
the rail-car for that dear old relic of the past — the stage coach — with its four 
prancing horses, its ever-merry driver with tin horn ever ready to signal a station 
or a start. From the stage coach one can see the country, enjoy the scenery 
along the route, and be sociable without splitting one's throat in the endeavor to 
be heard above the din and rattle, as is the case in railroad traveling. While 
the stage coach, like many other institutions that were held in high esteem in 
the earlier history of this country, has been forced to fall back before the onward 
march of the inventive genius of the age, still there is a luxury in that medium 
of traveling that neither time nor improvements can efface. The above 
thoughts were suggested while making a trip from San Antonio, Texas, to 
Fredericksburgh, on the popular and well managed 

FOUR HORSE MAIL COACH LINE OF C. BAIN & CO.'S, 

Who own and operate the following stage lines in the State. 

From San Antonio to Fort Concho, (a daily line) 216 miles ; connecting at 
Fort Concho to El Paso, tri-weekly line, 476 miles. 

From El Paso to Mesilla, tri-weekly, 50 miles. 

From Austin via Blanco to Fredericksburgh, daily. 

From Fort Worth to Weatherford, 30 miles, daily. 

From Weatherford to Jacksboro, 40 miles, tri-weekly. 

From Weatherford to Fort Griffin, 100 miles, tri-weekly. 

On their main line, from San Antonio to Fort Concho, the thriving towns of 
Boerne, Comfort, Fredericksburgh, Loyal Valley, Mason, Menardville, Fort 
McKavett, Ben Ficklin, and others of less importance, are reached. These lines 
traverse the most interesting portions of Texas, and in passing over them the 
traveler will gain much valuable information relating to the general topography 
of the country, the development of the various industries, and the characteristics 
of the citizens. The general equipment of these lines embraces all the comforts 
and conveniences that ample means and experience can provide. The coaches 
employed, are of the very best manufactured, while the live stock used are 
selected with a view to promoting the safety and speed of travelers. 

Mr. F. C. Taylor, who is general manager of the company, and who resides 
at Ben Ficklin, in Tom Green county, where their main office is situated, is a 
gentleman of thirty years' experience in the management of stage lines in this 

(340) 



STAGE LINES IN TEXAS. 



341 



■ country, and his fine business qualifications and genial deportment, has made 
him very popular, and earned him numerous warm friends throughout the great 
Southwest. He has grown gray in the business, and yet he is just as enthusiastic 
over four dashing horses and a fine coach, as he was twenty-five years ago. 

Mr. Bain is also a gentleman of fine business attainments and large experi- 
ence, having devoted the past twenty years of his life to the business. Twenty 
years ago he was a driver, then business agent, and through industry and 
integrity he has earned his present position. Mr. Bain resides at Fort Worth, 
having charge of the company's business in that direction. 




Bowen's Bend, San Antonio Eitek. 



16 




/^3 




View of the Capitoi. and Coubt House at Austin. 



CHAPTER XII. 
MISCELLAISEOUS 



Under this head may be found extracts from various sources relating to the 
State of Texas, which will be of interest to the general reader, and esi^ecially to 
those who contemplate a residence in the State. 



CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS. 

The following extracts from the constitution of the State of Texas, were 
adopted on the 18th day of April, 1876: 

ARTICLE I. 

Sec. 18. No person shall ever be imprisoned for debt. 

ARTICLE VII. 

Sec. 2, All funds, lands and other property heretofore set apart and appro- 
priated for the support of public schools ; all the alternate sections of land 
reserved by the State out of grants heretofore made or that may hereafter be 
made to railroads, or other corporations, of any nature whatsoever ; one-half of 



I 



MISCELLANEOUS. 243 

the public domain to the State; and all sums of money that may come to the 
State from the sale of any portion of the same, shall constitute a perpetual 
school fund, 

ARTICLE VII. 

Sec. 3. There shall be set apart annually, not more than one-fourth of the 
general revenue of the State, and a poll tax of $1 on all male inhabitants in 
this State, between the ages of twenty-one and sixty years, for the benefit of the 
Public Free Schools. 

Sec. 5. The principal of all bonds and other funds, and the principal 
arising from the sale of the lands hereinbefore set apart to said school fund, shall 
be the permanent school fund, and all the interest derivable therefrom, and the 
taxes herein authorized and levied, shall be the available school tuud, which 
shall be applied annually to the support of the Public Free Schools, and no law 
shall be enacted appropriating any part of the permanent or available school 
fund to any other purpose whatever, nor shall the same or any part thereof ever 
be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian school, and the 
available school fund herein provided shall be distributed to the several counties 
according to their scholastic population, and applied in manner as may be pro- 
vided by law. 

ARTICLE VII. 

Sec. 7. Separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored chil- 
dren, and impartial provision shall be made for both. 

S^c. 8. The Governor, Comptroller and Secretary of State shall constitute a 
Board of Education, who shall distribute said funds to the several counties, and 
perform such other duties concerning public schools as may be prescribed by 
law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Sec. 9. The State tax on property, exclusive of the tax necessary to pay the 
public debt, shall never exceed fifty cents on the one hundred dollars valuation, 
and no county, city or town shall levy more than one-half of said State tax, ex- 
cept for the payment of debts already incurred, and for the erection of public 
buildings, not to exceed fifty cents on the one hundred dollars in any one year, 
and except as in this Constitution is otherwise provided. 

It is proper to state that the lands set apart by the State of Texas for edu- 
cational purposes amount to about 20,000,000 of acres, all of which are rapidly 
increasing in value. Each of the one hundred and sixty-eight organized 
counties in the State, have 17,712 acres of land appropriated exclusively for the 
support of free schools. In many of the older counties these lands have already 
a valuation of at least $60,000, while the whole amount in all of the counties can 
hardly fall short of thirty millions of dollars. This princely provision for edu- 
cating the present and future generations of the State, has no parallel in the 
world. Since Texas alone, of all of the States, owns her public domain, (that 
reservation being made at the time of admission into the Union), the appropria- 
tion of a large portion of it was made to the best and highest purposes of civil 
organization. 



244 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

HOMESTEAD LAW OF TEXAS. 

WHAT IS GIVEN TO A POOR MAN IP HE WILL SETTLE ON IT. 

AN ACT to regulate the disposal of the public lands of Texas. 

Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the Legislature of Texas, That every head of a 
family who has not a homestead shall be entitled to one hundred and sixty acres 
of land, out of any part of the public domain, as a homestead, upon condition 
that he or she will select, locate and occupy the same for three years, and pay the 
office fees on the same. And all single men, twenty-one years of age, shall be 
entitled to eighty acres of land out of any part of the public domain, upon the 
same terms and conditions as are imposed upon the head of a family. 

Sec. 2. Any person who shall occupy any portion of the public domain as 
a homestead, under the preceding section shall have the same surveyed, and the 
field notes returned to the Land Office within twelve months after settling upon 
the same ; and such person shall be entitled to a patent therefor upon filing in 
the Land Office an affidavit to the effect that such person has occupied and im- 
proved said land in good faith, and has complied with the requirements of this 
act, and paid all fees, and which affidavit shall be corroborated by the affidavits 
of two d isinterested and credible citizens of the county in which the land is sit- 
uated, and all of which affidavits shall be subscribed and sworn to before the 
District Clerk, Who shall certify to the same, and the credibility of said citizens, 
under his seal of office. 

Sec. 3. Any person who shall hereafter, in good faith, actually settle upon 
any part of the public domain, not exceeding one hundred and sixty acres, and 
shall furnish to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, satisfactory evi- 
dence that he or she has, in good faith, actually so settled, shall be entitled to 
purchase the same from the State at the sum of one dollar per acre, and the cer- 
tificate of the surveyor of the county or district in which the land is situate, that 
such person is an actual settler on said land, shall be deemed satisfactory evidence 
thereof. 

Sec. 4. Any person now occupying any part of the public domain, in good 
faith, shall have the right to take necessary steps, at any time within twelve 
months from the passage of this act, to appropriate the same, or a part thereof, 
as a homestead, under the first section of this act, or to purchase the same, or a 
part thereof, under the third section of this act ; and no person shall have the 
right to interfere with said actual settler by file, location or survey, by virtue of 
any land certificate, or other land claim, whatever, within said prescribed time. 

Sec. 5. The holder of any genuine land certificate, or other valued claim 
against the State of Texas, shall hereafter have the right to locate the same upon 
any part of the public domain of the State not subject to the claim of actual oc- 
cupants ; as prescribed in the foregoing sections of this act, and in accordance 
with the law now in force in reference to the location, surveying and patenting 
of lands in this State ; provided, that all such certificates shall be located, sur- 
veyed and returned to the General Land Office by the first day of January, 1875, 
or be forever bai-red. 

Sec. 6. All laws and parts of laws in conflict herewith are hereby repealed, 
and this act shall take efl'ect and be in force from and after its passage. 

Approved Aug. 12, 1870. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 245 

WHEAT GROWING IN TEXAS. 

The results of the past fifty years demonstrates the fact that the future 
wheat-growing sections of this country are to be found in the Southwestern States 
and territories. A glance at the history of wheat culture in this country during 
the past half century makes the conclusions inevitable, that wheat growing has 
steadily receded from the Eastern and Middle States, toward the West and South- 
west. As the older' States, to the east of the Alleghany range, become more 
densely populated, and the lands divided and subdivided into small farms, where 
virgin soil that once produced twenty-five, thirty and forty bushels to the acre, 
became so exhausted that the husbandman had to resort to expensive fertilizing 
systems, wheat culture was gradually abandoned throughout the New England 
States, new and more profitable land being sought after further west. Thus we 
see it driven from the New England States to the valleys of the Hudson, the 
Delaware and Potomac, where it remained until again forced to retire to the fer- 
tile valleys of the Genesee, Alleghany, Susquehanna, where a profitable foot- 
hold was maintained until 1840, when it again retired before the onward march 
of an increasing population, to the great valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi. 
But, like events are usually followed by like results, and as the lines of railways 
increased in the Middle and Western States, and the lands are divided up into 
small farms, the soil losing its virgin vigor, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
Wisconsin, Iowa, and even Minnesota are losing their prestige as wheat- 
growing States, leaving to Southern and Western Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, 
Dakota, Texas, California and Oregon as the future wheat regions of the United 
States. 

The past six years' experience has demonstrated the fact, that with its 
immense area, its climate, soil and topography most admirably adapted, 
for profitableness and productiveness, Texas to-day occupies an unrivaled posi- 
tion in the wheat-producing States of the Union. Its coast range and harbors 
give it advantages over all other wheat sections of the country, and it is no flight of 
fancy to state, that in area and soil, Texas is capable of producing as much or even 
more wheat than is now grown in the entire United States. Nor is it the least ex- 
aggeration to state, that Texas wheat in point of quality surpasses that grown in 
any other portion of the country except in Southern California. In hardness, 
dryness, weight and unfermentable properties it has no superior in the markets of 
the world. It is no uncommon thing for Texas wheat to weigh seventy 
pounds to the bushel. An experienced wheat grower, in writing on this subject. 



" The hardness and dryness are owing to perfect condition of normal growth 
and maturity, and the prime quality of not easily fermenting is due to the perfect 
dryness and absence of water in the structure of the grain. This Southern 
flour will keep in all climates, and is the only American flour adapted to tropical 
trade. It has been long sought for by the British Government for use by its navy 
in the tropical seas. 

Flour made from Southern wheat can be put into the New York market, six 
weeks before the earliest Chicago flour, and of course, will always command a 
premium as new flour early in the season, but when both Western and Southern 



246 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

flour are fairly in the markets the strictly Southern flour commands from two to 
three dollars per barrel more than the Western. 

Throughout the Southwestern region wheat matures three to seven weeks 
earlier than in the West or North. This gives time to absolutely monopolize 
the foreign demand, which is likely to be one hundred millions of dollars in 
value, with a constant increase. 

Owing to the mild climate the lands are more readily worked, and there is 
but little danger of the crop being winter killed or frozen out, while during the 
latter part of April or May and June, the harvest season, fair weather usually 
prevails." 

Governor Hubbard, in his address delivered at the Centennial, in Philadelphia, 
in 1876, says : 

" If Texas has demonstrated her capacity for raising all the cotton required 
to supply the looms of the world, her soil and climate have not less conclusively 
shown that she can produce the cereals to feed the millions of the earth's inliabi- 
tants in a large degree. The grain-growing capabilities of Texas are just begin- 
ning to be tested. For the past few years wheat was only grown to meet the 
necessities of limited sections. In the more recent periods the product has been 
wonderfully increased, and the yield last year in thirteen of the best grain-grow- 
ing counties of Texas approximated to 10,000,000 of bushels. 

There are fifty counties of the one hundred and sixty-eight organized counties 
capable of producing twenty bushels to the acre, which is below the average 
product. 

IT IS SUPERIOR. 

First. Because it is dryer, more dense, and the heaviest known, containing 
less moisture than any wheat west of the Rocky Mountains. 

Second. Because it produces more muscle-producing qualities. 

Third. Because it reaches the market from four to six weeks earlier than flour 
made elsewhere in the United States. 

In quantity the difi"erence is not less marked. Genesee coimty. New York, 
from 1830 to 1840, I believe, stood first on the list. The average yield during 
that time was twenty bushels to the acre. Stark county, Ohio, ranked second, 
with an average yield of eighteen bushels. The average yield in thirteen coun- 
ties in Texas from which statistics have been obtained, exhibits the following 
table : 

Acres. Yield per Acre. 

Wheat 301,000 U% 

Corn 277,000 39% 

Oats 93,000 56 1-6 

I have thus, Mr. President, alluded at some length to the grain-growing 
capabilities of Texas — and, particularly of wheat, which stands first in the list 
of cereals in point of value, and as an article of food for man." 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



247 



TEXAS AS A COTTON GROWING STATE. 

In 1876, Texas produced a trifle over one-seventh of the entire cotton grown 
in this country, while in 1877 its products of that staple fell but a little below 
•one-sixth. For the present year (1878), it is estimated that its cotton crop will 
exceed one sixth of the entire product of that staple in the United States. Sea 
Island cotton produces well along the entire coast, while Petit Gulf or common 
cotton, produces well in all parts of the State except in the mountainous portions 
to the extreme northwest. The bottom lands in all parts of the State are pro- 
nounced by cotton planters as equal, if not superior, to the bottom lands of the 
Yazoo, or Lower Mississippi rivers for the production of cotton, and are much 
easier to cultivate. 

Less than thirty years ago the cotton crop of Texas would scarcely reach 
25,000 bales per annum, while from 1875 to 1878, its yearly products reached 
from 600,000 to 680,000 bales, which gives it the first position among the cotton 
growing States of the Union. To show that this is no assumption on the part of 
the author, the following table taken from official sources, and unless the trite 
saying that figures wont lie, can be disapproved, the evidence offered must stand 
unimpeached : 





Lbs. Lint Produced. 


Actual Acres. 


Actual Yield. 




Aver- 
age. 


1876. 


1874-5. 


1875-6. 


1874-5. 


1875-6. 


1874-5. 




143 
250 
119 
130 
220 
165 


138 
248 
117 
103 
218 
153 
185 
117 
178 
230 


127 
185 
110 
122 
199 
129 
203 
132 
100 
200 


1,850,000 
1,100,000 

225,000 
1,700,000 
1,250,000 
1,900,000 

620,000 
1,200,000 

740,000 
1,300,000 


1,800.000 

950,000 

220,000 

1,650,000 

1,1.50,000 

1,880,000 

591,000 

1,200,000 

700,000 

1,175,000 


580,000 
6:::0,000 
60,000 
400,000 
620,000 
660,1100 
260.000 
320,000 
300,000 
680,000 


520,000 
400,000 
55,000 
460,000 
520,000 
250,000 
273,000 
360,000 
160,000 
535,000 




Florida 










South Carolina 


140 
178 
230 






Total 




167 


240 


11,885,000 


11,316,000 


4,500,000 


3,322,000 























THE RESOURCES OF TEXAS. 

There are few, if any. States in the Union whose financial exhibit stands bet- 
ter, or whose resources are as large, varied and easy of development than the State 
of Texas. She has always met her obligations promptly, and to-day her total 
bonded debt, exclusive of the amount held and owned by her own school fund, 
is about four million dollars. She has an area of 175,500,000 acres of land, of 
which 84,000,000 acres are unappropriated, reserved and owned by the State. 

The taxable property of Texas in 1851, was a little less than $51,000,000, while 
according to official reports, it is at the present time over $400,000,000. With a 
population, in 1851, of about 220,000, it has increased to nearly or quite 2,000,000 
in 1878. Her cotton product in 1860 was about 200,000 bales, while for the sea- 
^son of 1877-78 her products will not fall far short of 1,000,000 bales, with a still 
larger increase in the cereals. She can point to the eighth seaport in point of 



248 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



importance in the Union. In brief, Texas owes less, and has advanced in mate- 
rial wealth and population during the past fifteen years more rapidly, than any 
of her sister States, and yet she is but in the swaddling clothes of her progress. 
Wlien her contemplated railway extensions are completed, establishing transpor- 
tation routes with Mexico and the Pacific States, then will her advancement be 
realized, and her importance as the largest and most prosperous among the sis- 
terhood of States be fully recognized at home and abroad. 



SUGAR PRODUCTS. 

The rapid expansion of the cotton producing interests of Texas is only 
equaled by the increasing areas that are being cultivated for the growth of the 
sugar cane. That industry is assuming vast proportions, and it can hardly be 
limited to sugar producing belts, for in nearly every section the product is in- 
creasing. Along the Trinity, Brazos and Colorado bottom lands, the ribbon 
cane has a vigorous growth, and these sections of the State are regarded as the. 




Scene on Comal Rfver. 



MISCELLANEOTTS. 249. 

best adapted for that product. The quality of the soil and the climate are equal 
in every respect, and superior in many, to the famous sugar plantations of Lou-^ 
isiana. In addition the land is not weakened by long cultivation, and its pro- 
ductive capacities are all fresh ; yet the strength and depth of the soil on the- 
Brazos and Colorado rivers are such that it will bear cultivation for a generation 
without, the aid of fertilizers, and without perceptible deterioration. These 
facts alone are the causes of the large sugar crops in Texas, and in the favored 
regions, which embrace a vast territory, the average product per acre will reach 
from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds. In some districts the crop will produce as high as. 
1,600 and 1,800 pounds per acre. It will be seen that such crops are larger than 
have been gathered from the best producing sections, either in Cuba or Louisiana. 
The profits of the sugar crop are very large, and when the industry is engaged 
in, to any considerable extent, it becomes an almost certain road to wealths 
"While the product is satisfactorily large, the means of transportation to market, 
are ample and advantageous. This is always an important consideration and 
adds largely to the profits of the producer. The worn out plantations of the 
older Southern States are the chief cause of the transfer of the sugar industry to 
Texas. And like its cattle, wool and cotton products, the sugar-producing- 
regions will yield crops that are sufficient to supply a nation. 



LAND TITLES, SURVEYS AND MEASUREMENTS. 

The United States system of surveying lands, — viz. : that of divid'ing the 
country into townships and sections, and describing the subdivisions by number — 
has not been introduced here. During her early history Texas made liberal 
donations of land to her settlers, and especially to those who participated ill her 
struggles for independence. 

To such were issued land, or head-right certificates (land warrants) ; these 
were issued in the name of the party to whom the grant was made, and entitled 
him, or his assignee, to survey and acquire title to, out of any of the unappro- 
priated public domain, the number of acres indicated in such grant. 

The surveys made by virtue of these certificates have been shown ever since 
on our county maps as the head-right survey of such grantee. Since the policy 
of encouraging the construction of railroads by donations of land has been com- 
menced by the State, the several railroads receiving land certificates, or scrip, 
have been required to locate the same in alternate sections of 640 acres each ; 
one section becoming the property of the company, and the other and adjoining 
section, being severed from the public domain, and offered for sale by the State 
for the benefit of the Public School Fund, and are known as " School Lands." 
Title to them can only be acquired by purchase, as they are not open to home- 
stead entry, nor can land certificates be located upon them. 

The original titles of Texas lands commonly expressed the quantity in 
Spanish measurement, viz. : varas, labors and leagues, and at present in measur- 
ing lands, distances are given in lineal varas, instead of in chains and feet. 



350 SOUTHEKN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

RAILROADS IN TEXAS. 

Miles Completed. 

Oalveston, Houston & Henderson Railroad 50 

Oulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad — Galveston to Areola 45 

Oalveston, Brazos & Colorado Railroad (narrow gauge) 15 

Texas Transportation Company's Railroad — Houston to Clinton 8 

Tyler Tap Railroad (narrow gauge) 21 

Texas & New Orleans Railroad — Houston to Orange 108 

Corpus Christi, San Diego & Rio Grande Railway (narrow gauge) 25 

Henderson & Overton Railroad 15 

International & Great Northern Railroad — Houston to Longview — 

main line 236 

Phelps to Huntsville— branch 8 

Palestine to Austin 181 

Troupe to Mineola 45 

Houston to Columbia 50 

530 

^ast Line & Red River Railroad (narrow gauge) 67 

Texas "Western Railroad (narrow gauge) — Houston to Patterson 41 

Houston, East & "West Texas Railroad (narrow gauge, Bremond's) — 

Houston to Trinity river 50 

Houston & Texas Central Railroad — main line — Houston to Denison . . 343 

Hempstead to Austin 115 

Bremond to Waco 58 

516 

Texas & Pacific Railway— Shreveport, La., to Fort "Worth, Texas 322 

Transcontinental Division — Texarkana to Sherman 154 

" " Texarkana to Marshall 68 

444 

Oalveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroad — Harrisburg to Sau 

Antonio ... 215 

Dallas & Wichita Railroad— Dallas to Trinity Mills 22)< 

Rio Grande Railroad — Brownsville to Point Isabel 22 

Gulf, Western Texas & Pacific Railroad — Indianola to Cairo 68 

Denison & Southeastern Railroad 253^ 

Long View & Sabine Valley Railroad 16 

Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway 5)^ 

Neches Railroad 20 

Total 2,319;^ 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



251 



TEES OF DISTRICT AND COUNTY CLERKS IN CRIMINAL CASES. 



-For issuing each, capias or other original writ 

" entering each appearance 

" docketing cause, to be charged but once 

" swearing and ebipaneling jury and receiving and recording verdict. 

" swearing each witness 

" issuing each subpoena 

" each additional name 

" issuing each attachment 

" entering each order not otherwise provided for 

" entering judgment 

" filing each paper 

" entering each continuance 

" entering each motion or rule , 

" entering each recognizance 

" entering each judgment nisi 

" entering each indictment or information 

" each commitment 

" each transcript or appeal, each 100 words 

" each copy of indictment or information, each 100 words 



COUNTY COURT CLERK'S FEES. 

"For filing each paper in relation to estates of decedents or wards $ 10 

" issuing notices, including copies for posting or publication 75 

" docketing each application, complaint, petition or proceeding, to be 

charged but once 10 

*'■ each writ or citation, including copy thereof 50 

^' each copy of an application, complaint or petition, that is required to 
accompany a writ or citation, with certificate and seal, for each 

100 words 10 

■" making and attesting letters testamentary of administration or 

guardianship 50 

" entering each judgment in relation to estates of decedents or wards. . 50 

" all in excess of 200 words in same, for each 100 words 10 

"' recording all papers required to be recorded by them in relation to 
estates of decedents or wards, for each 100 words, not otherwise 

provided for 10 

'" administering oath to an executor, administrator or guardian 10 

" administering oath or affirmation in all other cases, and giving certifi- 
cate with seal, when necessary 25 

*' each writ or citation, including copy thereof 50 

*' docketing each cause, to be charged but once 10 

^' filing each paper in a cause 10 

" each appearance, to be charged but once 10 

•" entering each continuance 10 



252 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

For docketing each motion or rule $ 1(^ 

" entering each final order, decree or judgment upon a motion or rule, 

except for cost, not otherwise provided for 50 

" each 100 words in same, exceeding 200 words » 10 

" swearing each witness 10 

" administering each oath or affirmation, without certificate 10 

" administering each oath of affirmation, with certificate and seal 50 

" each subpoena 25 

" each additional name inserted in each subpoena 10 

" writing, taking and approving a bond in every case where a bond is 

required, except a bond for costs 1 00 

" swearing and empaneling a jury and recording a verdict 50' 

" assessing damages in each case not tried by a jury 50 

" each dismissal or entry of non-suit 25 

" each commission to take deposition 50 

" taking depositions, each 100 words 15 

" swearing witness to deposition, with certificate and seal 50 

" each scire facias, including copy thereof 1 00 

" entering each interlocutory judgment 50 

" entering each final judgment 50 

" each 100 words in same, exceeding 200 words 10 

" taxing the bill of costs in each case, including copy thereof 10 

*' each execution ^^ 

" each order of sale, or venditioni exponas '''5 

" each writ of possession or restitution 50 

" entering and recording the return of each writ of execution, posses- 



sion, etc. 



50 



" copies of petition, interrogatories, cross-interrogatories and of all 
records or papers in their office with certificate and seal, aach 100 

words, when not otherwise provided for 15 

" transcript in any case where appeal or writ of error is taken, with cer- 
tificate and seal, each 100 words 15^ 

" each certificate to any fact or facts contained in the records of his 

office, with certificate and seal, when not otherwise provided for. . 50 

" entering each order, not otherwise provided for 10 

*' each acknowledgment ^0 

" each acknowledgment of husband and wife 1 50 

" each declaration of citizenship 1 00 

" each letter of citizenship, with decree 2 50 

" recording each mark and brand 25 

" issuing each marriage license 1 00 

" recording the same 50 

" making and transmitting the mandate or judgment of the County 

Court, upon an appeal from the Justices' Court 1 00 

" recording any instrument required by law to be recorded, not other- 
wise provided for, each 100 words, including the certificate and 
seal, (see " General Provision ") IS' 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



253 



For all ex-officio services in relation to roads, bridges and ferries, issuing 
jury scrip, and all other public services not otherwise provided for, such sum 
as may be allowed by the Commissioners' Court, not to exceed $100 per annum. 
It is the duty of the county judge, at each term of the court, to inquire into 
and examine the amount of labor actually and necessarily performed by the 
•clerk in the care and preservation of the records of his office, in the making and 
keeping of the necessary indexes thereto, and other labor of a like class, and to 
allow said clerk a reasonable compensation therefor, not to exceed the fees 
therein allowed for services requiring a like amount of labor, to be paid out of 
the county treasury, upon the sworn account of said clerk, approved by the 
county judge, not to exceed $100 per annum. The clerk is allowed necessary 
books, stationery and office furniture, to be paid on the order of the Commission- 
ers' Court, out of the county treasury, and a suitable office shall be provided by 
the Commissioners' Court, at the expense of the county. All clerks and their 
deputies are prohibited from charging any fees or commissions for writing deeds, 
mortgages, bills of sale, or any other conveyance, for any person, unless they pay 
a tax as conveyancers. Said clerk shall receive no pay for motions or judgments 
for costs, or for approving bond for costs, and judgments containing several 
orders shall not be considered as more than one judgment, for which charges 
may be made. The county clerks' fees in criminal cases are same as the district 
clerks. 



COMMISSIONERS OF DEEDS FOR TEXAS RESIDING IN OTHER 
STATES, WITH ADDRESS AND DATE OF APPOINTMENT. 



ALABAMA. 



Oeorge "W. Noble, Montgomery, appointed February 28, 1876. 
Wm. M. Loomis, Mobile, appointed September 1, 1876. 
Samuel C. Muldon, Mobile, appointed December 1, 1876. 

AKKANSAS. 

Dunbar H. Pope, Little Rock, appointed March 20, 1877. 
Mathew Grey, Fort Smith, appointed May 19, 1877. 

ARIZONA TERBITOBY. 

Wm. D. Southworth, Prescott, appointed May 18, 1876. 

CALIFORNIA. 

N. P. Smith, San Francisco, appointed February 25, 1874. 
R. W. Thomas, Sacramento, appointed July 25, 1874. 
Edward Chattin, San Francisco, appointed December 21, 1874. 
William Hoskins, Oakland City, appointed February 24, 1875. 
John H. B. Wilkins, San Francisco, appointed March 9, 1875. 
Edward Cadwalader, Sacramento, appointed February 17, 1876. 
James R. Lowe, San Jose, appointed May 19, 1876. 



254 SOUTHERN ATSTD WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

Jay E. Russell, San Francisco, appointed October 18, 1876. 
Sam S. Murfey, San Francisco, appointed December 8, 1876. 
T. O. Wegener, San Francisco, appointed December 8, 1876. 
William Harney, San Francisco, appointed February 2, 1877. 

COLORADO. 

E. Walden Brewster, Denver, appointed February 13, 1877. 

CONNECTICUT. 

William L. Bennett, New Haven, appointed April 3, 1874. 
Frank F. Starr, Middleton, appointed October 27, 1875. 
Edward Goodman, Hartford, appointed January 14, 1876. 
John Danforth, New London, appointed March 29, 1876. 

DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Joseph T. K. Plant, Washington, appointed April 1, 1874. 
Samuel C. Mills, Washington, appointed May 12, 1876. 
John W. Frazee, Washington, appointed January 29, 1877 

GEORGIA. 

A. G. McArthur, Savannah, appointed December 12, 1873. 
John W. Burroughs, Savannah, appointed May 12, 1874. 
Lionel C. Levy, Jr., Columbus, appointed November 24, 1874. 

Howell C. Glenn, appointed January 18, 1875. Re-appointed April 16, 1877. 
Garland A. Snead, Augusta, appointed June 21, 1876. 

B. R. Freeman, Atlanta, appointed March 10, 1877. 
Matt. R. Freeman, Macon, appointed July 11, 1877. 



Thomas H. Spann, Indianapolis, appointed February 24, 1877. 
Peter Hansbrough Lemon, Indianapolis, appointed April 2, 1877. 



Henry T. Thomas, Chicago, appointed November 5, 1873. 
Phillip A. Hoyne, Chicago, appointed April 18, 1874. 
Charles Knobelsdorff, Chicago, appointed May 11, 1874. 
J. W. Dickson, Chicago, appointed October 16, 1874. 
J. H. Haveyhorst, Jr., Havana, appointed February 16, 1876. 
S. S. Willard, Chicago, appointed February 16, 1876. 
N. B. Haynes, Chicago, appointed March 8, 1876. 
Simeon W. King, Chicago, appointed May 20, 1876. 

KENTUCKY. 

J. B. Harper, Louisville, appointed February 20, 1874. 
Harry Stucky, Louisville, appointed December 28, 1875. 
Fred. L. Harper, Louisville, appointed February 21, 1876. 
W. A. Cooke, Bowling Green, appointed May 8, 1876. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 255 

LOUISIANA. 

M. L. Ainsworth, New Orleans, appointed March 26, 1874. 
Alfred Ingraham, New Orleans, appointed April 2, 1874. 
Andrew Hero, Jr., New Orleans, appointed April 30, 1874. 
J. A. Quintero, New Orleans, appointed November 24, 1874. 

B. C. Cuvellier, New Orleans, appointed June 7, 1875. 
A. J. Armstrong, New Orleans, appointed June 29, 1874. 
Jules Massy, New Orleans, appointed July 23, 1875. 
Marcel F. Ducras, New Orleans, appointed August 27, 1875. 
William B. Klienpeter, New Orleans, appointed December, 1875. 
George W. Christy, New Orleans, appointed May 19, 1876. 

F. A. Leonard, Shreveport, appointed June 26, 1876. 
James Graham, New Orleans, appointed February 26, 1877. 
Dickson Henry Dyer, Shreveport, appointed February 28, 1877. 

C. D. Favrat, Baton Rouge, appointed May 14, 1877. 
John G. Eustis, New Orleans, appointed June 20, 1877. 
J. N. A. Wilson, New Orleans, appointed July 12, 1877. 
Gabriel Montegat, Houma, appointed August 8, 1877. 

MARYLAND. 

William B. Hill, Baltimore, appointed November 1, 1873. 
Henry R. Dulany, Baltimore, appointed March 12, 1874. 
W. W. Latimer, Baltimore, appointed February 20, 1874. 
James S. Key, Baltimore, appointed June 21, 1876. 
E. Swinney, Baltimore, appointed July 25, 1876. 
Murray Hanson, Baltimore, appointed September 1, 1876. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

George T. Angel, Boston, appointed February 16, 1876. 
Charles Hull Adams, Boston, appointed September 22, 1876. 
James W. Chapman, Boston, appointed December 8, 1876. 
Edward J. Jones, Boston, appointed February 26, 1877. 
Samuel Jennison, Boston, appointed March 31, 1877. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

George B. Myers, Holly Springs, appointed May 8, 1876. 
W. C. Bishop, Columbus, appointed April 25, 1877. 

MISSOURL 

George M. Maverick, Sedalia, appointed February 25, 1874. 
J. P. C. Kershaw, St. Louis, appointed July 7, 1874. 
C. D. Green, Jr., St. Louis, appointed August 6, 1874. 
Solomon J. Levi, St. Louis, appointed April 24, 1875. 
Julius Robertson, St. Louis, appointed July 14, 1876. 
John W. Hodgkin, St. Louis, appointed November 14, 1878L 
John P. Coleman, Washington, appointed January 16, 187T. 



^OG SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

NEW YORK. 

H. A. Bagley, New York, appointed December 12, 1873. 
John A. Hillery, New York, appointed Marcli 9, 1874. 
James Taylor, New York, appointed March 18, 1874. 
Frederick R. Anderson, New York, appointed May 6, 1874. 
J. B. Nones, New York, appointed June 11, 1874. 
Henry C. Banks, New York, appointed July 13, 1874. 
Rufus K. McHarg, New York, appointed October 1, 1874. 
George "W. Browne, New York, appointed October 22, 1874. 
Marvin J. Merchant, New York, appointed November 5, 1874. 
Thomas Proctor, New York, appointed February 12, 1875. 
Jacob Dubois, New York, appointed Se])tember 27, 1875. 
George R. Jacques, New York, appointed October 2, 1875. 
W. H. Melick, New York, appointed November 8, 1875. 
Charles H. Thompson, New York, appointed December 13, 1875. 
Horace Andrews, New York, appointed December 24, 1875. 
Charles H. Smith, New York, appointed December 24, 1875. 
William Edwin Osborne, Brooklyn, appointed February 16, 1876. 
S. B. Goodale, New York, appointed February 17, 1876. 
Charles W. Anderson, New York, appointed February 23, 1876. 
Thomas Kilvert, New York, appointed February 25, 1876. 
Richard M. Bruner, New York, appointed March 6, 1876. 
Eleazar Jackson, New York, appointed May 15, 1876. 
James E. Halsey, New York, appointed May 29, 1876. 
N.Pendleton Schenck, New York, appointed December 29, 1876. 
Ed. W.Francis, New York, appointed May 1, 1876. 
Thomas B. Clifford, New York, appointed May 22, 1877. 
Spencer C. Doty, New York, appointed May 1, 1877. 
William H. Bowers, New York, appointed May 3, 1877. 
Charles Nettleton, New York, appointed June 20, 1877. 
Charles Edgar Mills, New York, appointed June 28, 1877. 
Edwin F. Corey, New York, appointed June 30, 1877. 
Henry Bischaff, Albany, appointed August 10, 1877. 
Geo. B. Newell, New York, appointed August 18, 1877. 

NEBRASKA. 

James Sweet, Nebraska City, appointed May 7, 1875. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Albert C. Buzell, Exeter, appointed August 10, 1877. 

OHIO. 

S. S. Carpenter, Cincinnati, appointed February 2, 1875. 
Howard Douglas, Cincinnati, appointed February 28, 1876. 



MISCEIiLANEOirS. 267 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Henry Phillips, Jr., Philadelphia, appointed December 8, 1873. 
John Russell, Philadelphia, appointed May 1, 1874. 
Joseph S. Perot, Philadelphia, appointed May 24, 1874. 
John Spurhawk, Philadelphia, appointed September 10, 1874. 
Theodore D. Rand, Philadelphia, appointed December 30, 1874. 
J. Paul Diver, Philadelphia, appointed September 4, 1875. 
Charles Chancey, Philadelphia, appointed January 3, 1876. 
H. E. Hindmarsh, Philadelphia, appointed February 28, 1876. 
Theodore Albert Stizer, Philadelphia, appointed June 2, 1876. 
Samuel L. Taylor, Philadelphia, appointed August 34, 1876. 
F. C. Fallon, Philadelphia, appointed March 28, 1877. 
Henry Reed, Philadelphia, appointed March 30, 1877. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Charles Selden, Providence, appointed May 23, 1874. 

TENNESSEE. 

E. H. Wyatt, Memphis, appointed April 24, 1874. 

R. Dudley Frayser, Memphis, appointed July 3, 1874. 

H. L. Claiborne, Nashville, appointed May 4, 1875. 

J. M. Coleman, Memphis, appointed June 23, 1875. 

M. B. Trezevant, Memphis, appointed September 32, 1876. 

J. R. Barry, Gallatin, appointed February 34, 1877. 

VIRGINIA. 

Edgar M. Garrett, Richmond, appointed January 11, 1876. 

WISCONSIN. 

Richard Burke, Milwaukee, appointed January 5, 1877. 



WEIGHT OF GRAIN, ETC., PER BUSHEL, IN TEXAS. 

The weight per bushel of grain and other articles, as adopted by the State 
Agricultural Society of Texas, is as follows : 

Wheat 60 lbs. Timothy Grass Seed 45 lbs. 

Rye 56 " Clover Seed 60 

Shelled Corn 56 " Hemp " 44 

Ear Corn 70 " Millet " 50 

Oats 35 " Hungarian Seed 48 

Barley 48 " Blue Grass " 14 

Peas 60 " Corn Meal 48 

Beans 60 " Irish Potatoes 60 

Cottonseed 30 " Sweet " 50 

Flax Seed 56 " 

17 



258 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



TEXAS NORTHERS. 

Much has been said and written, in which fancy in place of facts have given 
shape to opinions regarding the winter northers in Texas, and it is not surprising 
that outside of those familiar with the climate of the State, that erroneous 
opinions should prevail, notwithstanding the fact, that Texas northers are simply 
a bugbear. That they are at times disagreeable and quite severe can not be 
denied, and yet they are no more so, than the severe winds that are so often en- 
countered in the Northern and Eastern States. In one sense, Texas northers 
are beneficial, they have a direct tendency to purify the atmosphere, thereby ren- 
dering the country more healthy, and as they never prevail more than three days 
at a time, they are in fact, less to be dreaded than the severe west winds of Iowa 
or Illinois. The fact is, these northers always occur after a protracted season of 
mild, pleasant weather, and it is the sudden change that makes them so sensibly 
disagreeable. They never assume the proportions of the tornado or cyclone, so 
common during summer months in more northern latitudes, and whose tracks are 
so often marked by the destruction of life and property. 




ViH-w OF San Pedro Springs, San Antonio. 



MISCELT.ANEOUS. 259 

GOV. HUBBARD'S VIEWS OF TEXAS. 

An extract from Governor Hubbard's Oration on Texas, delivered at the 
Centennial at Philadelphia, September 11th, 1876: 

Mk. President — You have asked, and my State has commissioned me, to 
speak of our history, our present, and our hopes for the future. I would not be 
true to that history did I not remind you of the fact that Texas, free and inde- 
pendent, not from fear or force, but because of her ancestral love and blood, 
sought a place in the American Union. She was descended from the same 
English-speaking and liberty-loving people, and her struggle was for the same 
great principles of free government. As the apple of Newton, in physics, fell to 
the earth, so the young republic gravitated to the bosom of the fatherland. You 
purchased with gold, from tottering dynasties, Florida and Louisiana, out of 
which have been carved other commonwealths, now sparkling like jewels in your 
crown. Other nations, all along through the ages, have extended their area by 
bloody conquests, in the eternal war of the strong upon the weak. The great re- 
public did not purchase Texas with either gold or blood. It will be remem- 
bered, too — it is a part of the history of those stormy times — that already Eng- 
land had proposed to become our ally, on terms of right royal favor, and to pro- 
tect us from the invasion of Mexico on the one side and the annexation to the 
United States on the other. Other great powers, whose ministers held court at 
our unpretending capitol, entered with their Talleyrands and Richelieus into 
the artful intrigues of " state-craft " to prevent the annexation of Texas to the 
Union. The subtle whispers of the siren were unnoticed, and the tempting cup 
was dashed from the lips by the statesmen and the heroes of the cabinet, and the 
Congress of the republic. We held high counsel together with Jackson and 
Tyler and Polk and Benton, and that great American Congress of 1844-45, on 
the one side, and Houston and Rusk, and Kaufman and Vanzaudt, and Henderson 
and Jones, and the Convention of Texas, on the other. We became a member 
of the Union by a solemn national treaty, signed and duly attested by the great 
seals of State, on terms and conditions self-imposed, which can never be broken. 
Texas became a more than co-equal State, because she reserved as her own all her 
public lands, then amounting to nearly two hundred millions of acres, and the 
right — to be exercised at will — of dividing her territory into other States for the 
Union: a right — pardon the digression — which will never be exercised, my 
countrymen, until San Jacinto is forgotten, and the martyrdom of the Alamo 
fades from the memory of men. That annexation cost this Government nothing 
— Texas paid her own war debt, amounting to millions of money. It is true, war 
with Mexico eusued ten years after Texas had shattered her lances and routed 
her legions, with the Emperor and Dictator a suppliant captive at her feet on 
the field of victory. What did that war effect ? In addition to the lustre shed 
upon our arms, it extended our possessions to the Pacific — embracing the El Do- 
rado of the West — and making us indeed and in truth an " ocean-bound republic." 
And in addition to all this material wealth, the annexation of Texas brought to 
the Union a history, all illuminated by the noblest sacrifices and the heroism of 
men who were willing to die for their country. She came bringing as precious 
gifts the traditions of the early colonists, and bearing on helmet and shield, 



260 SOUTHBRlSr AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

battle scars of the struggle and of the victories from " '34 to '36." She brought 
to you Goliad and Conception and the Alamo, and points to the inscription on 
the monument made of the stones on which Crockett and Bowie and Travis fell, 
as to the brazen serpent in the wilderness : " Thermopylis had her messenger of 
defeat, the Alamo had none." And last, but not least, she brought to you kindred 
blood and a great heart, beating in unison with the Union, and surrendered the 
ensign of the " Lone Star," hallowed by so many thrilling memories, and took 
her place in the common sisterhood of States. 

I come, Mr. President, a representative from one of a younger generation of 
States. And what has struck me most in my coming has been the fact that the 
moment I crossed the mighty stream which drains the grandest valley in the 
world, I seemed to step from some fabled Atlantis, still girded with primeval 
forests and extended plains, unto one which denotes a finished empire. Its opu- 
lent cities, its splendid highways and bright waters were thronged with millions 
of freemen and the various and wonderful productions of their industry of more 
than a hundred years. From the Mississippi to the eastern slope of the Rocky 
Mountains the march of progress is grandly moving onward to the front. New 
towns, new cities, new States, are rising there like Delos from the sea. Fertile 
lands, rich mines — mocking the wealth of the Indies — underlaid by measureless 
fields of coal and iron, unnumbered herds of cattle scattered over countless 
plains, a genial clime opening to the hand of man the facile culture of all the 
products of other lands. Cotton, wheat, corn, rye, oats, rice, barley and sugar 
grow side by side on the same fertile fields. Ere another centennial, this splendid 
trans-Mississippi empire will rival, in abounding populations, abundance of 
products, and contributions to the happiness of man, all the older commonwealths 
of the republic. Of this " New West," the State I have the honor to represent 
here to-day holds the far left, its proper and only ocean outlet, and keeps steady 
step to the march of this imperial progress and power. 



LAND SCRIP. 

Texas has made large grants of land to encourage the building of railroads 
within her borders. To the several companies, as their roads are completed, 
drafts upon the public domain, and known as land certificates or scrip are 
issued. These certificates are for sections of 640 acres each, and are granted 
usually at the rate of from 16 to 20 per mile of road. By virtue of this scrip, 
surveys of the unreserved public domain can be made, and title thereto acquired 
in alternate sections of 640 acres each. It has been by the location of this scrip 
that the several railroad companies in the State have acquired title to the lands 
which they now own. Several of these companies have pursued the policy of 
selling their land certificates instead of locating the same, and many certificates 
are now in market. We have frequent inquiry as to the present opportunities 
for location of certificates on desirable lauds, and to answer such, we would say 
that while the public domain of the State still embraces the immense quantity 
of 67,580,000 acres, nearly this entire amount lies in the extreme western portion 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



261 



of the State, far beyond railroads or any present considerable settlements, and in 
sections offering comparatively few attractions for present occupancy. Land 
certificates can not be located upon either school, university, asylum, or located 
railroad lands. 



SPANISH LAND MEASURE. 

1 Vara 333^ inches. 

1 Acre 5,646 square varas — 4,840 square yards. 

1 Labor 1,000,000 square varas — 177 acres. 

1^ League 8,333,333 square varas — 1,476 acres. 

1 League 25,000,000 square varas — 4,428 acres. 

1 League and Labor 26,000,000 square varas — 4,605 acres. 

To find the number of acres in a given number of square varas, divide by 
5,646 — fractions rejected. 




Mission of San Jose— Ruins op Vestibule — 1720. 



262 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



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POST OFFICES I'N TEXAS. 



Post Office. County. 

Acton Hood 

Ad Hall Milam 

Alabama Houston 

Alameda Eastland 

Alamo Mills Cass 

Albade Caldwell 

Albany - Shackleford 

Alder Branch Anderson 

Allah Hunt 

Allen - Collin 

Alleyton ..- Colorado 

Alma Rusk 

Alto Cherokee 

Alum Creek . Bastrop 

Alvarado Johnson 

Anahuac Chambers 

Anaqua Victoria 

Anderson Grimes 

Anderson's Mills Travis 

Angus - Navarro 

Anneta Parker 

Annona Red River 

Antioch Lavaca 

Aransas -. -- Bee 

Areola Fort Bend 

Arlington Tarrant 

Armstrong Erath 

Arneckville DeWitt 

Ash Creek Hill 

Ashland - Hunt 

Atascosa - - - Bexar 

Athens - Henderson 

Atlanta Cass 

Audubon Wise 

Augusta Houston 

Aurora - Wise 

Austin - Travis 



Williamson 

Bagwell Red River 

Baileyville Milam 



Post Office. County. 

Bald Prairie Robertson 

Ball Knob Hood 

Bandera. Bandera 

Banquette Nueces 

Barnesville .Johnson 

Barton Anderson 

Basin Springs Grayson 

Bastrop Bastrop 

Bazette Navarro 

Bear Hill Montague 

Beaumont ...Jefferson 

Beaver Anderson 

Beaver Creek Clay 

Beckville Panola 

Bedias ..Grimes 

Bedford Tarrant 

Bee Caves Travis 

Beeville Bee 

Belknap Young 

Belleview Rusk 

Bellville .-. Austin 

Belmont Gonzales 

Belton Bell 

Benchley Brazos 

Ben Ficklin Tom Green 

Ben Franklin Delta 

Bennett Lamar 

Bennett Ferry. Brazoria 

Benton Atascosa 

Ben venue Clay 

Ben Wheeler Van Zandt 

Bernardo Prairie Colorado 

Berry's Creek ..Williamson 

Bethel Anderson 

Beverly Coryell 

Biegel Fayette 

Big Sandy Upshur 

Birdsdale Bell 

Birdston Navarro 

Birdville .Tarrant 

Birthright Hopkins 



(263) 



264 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



Post OflSce. County. 

Black Jack Grove Hopkins 

Black Jack Springs Fayette 

Blackland .Rockwall 

Black Oak Hopkins 

Black Springs Palo Pinto 

Black's Store. Freestone 

Blanco Blanco 

Blanket Brown 

Bleakwood Newton 

Blooming Grove Navarro 

Blossom Prairie Lamar 

Blowout Llano 

Blue Ridge Collin 

BluflF Fayette 

Bluff Springs Travis 

Bluffton Llano 

Boerne Kendall 

Bold Springs McLennan 

Bolivar Denton 

Bonham. Fannin 

Bonner's Mills Angelina 

Bonton Kendall 

Boon's Ferry Tyler 

Borden Colorado 

Boren's Mills St. Augustine 

Boston Bowie 

Bovine Lavaca 

Bovine Bend .Austin 

Boxville Lavaca 

Brackettville. Kinney 

Brady McCulloch 

Brandon Hill 

Bransford Tarrant 

Brazoria Brazoria 

Brazos Point Bosque 

Brazos Santiago Cameron 

Breckenridge Stephens 

Bremond Robertson 

Brenham Washington 

Bridgeport ' "Wise 

Bristol Ellis 

Brookland Sabine 

Brooklyn Shelby 

Brookston Lamar 

Brownsborough Henderson 

Brownsville Cameron 



Post Office. County. 

Brownwood Brown 

Brushy Creek .. .. Anderson 

Bruton Wood 

Bryan .Brazos 

Buckhorn Austin 

Buena Vista Shelby 

Buffalo Leon 

Birnn's Bluff Orange 

Burkeville Newton 

Burnett. Burnett 

Burns Station DeWitt 

Burton Washington 

Buckner Fayette 

Butler Freestone 

Caddo Stephens 

Caddo Grove Johnson 

Cairo .Jasper 

Calahan Calahan 

Caldwell ..Burleson 

Caledonia. Rusk 

Callisburg Cooke 

Calloway Upshur 

Calvert Robertson 

Cambridge Clay 

Cameron Milam 

Camp Colorado Coleman 

Camp San Saba. .McCulloch 

Camp Stockton Pecos 

Caney .Matagorda 

Canton VanZandt 

Carrizo Zapata 

Carrol's Prairie Hopkins 

Carrollton Upshur 

Cartersville Parker 

Carthage Fanola 

Castell ...Llano 

Castroville Medina 

Cat Spring Austin 

Cedar Fayette 

Cedar Bayou Harris 

Cedar Creek... Bastrop 

Cedar Hill Dallas 

Cedar Mills Grayson 

Cedar Valley Travis 

Centennial Panola 



POST OFFICES IN TEXAS. 



365 



Post OfBce. County. 

Center ..Shelby 

Centralia Trinity 

Centre Point Kerr 

Centreville Leon 

Chalk Mount'n Somervell 

Chambers' Creek . . Ellis 

Chappell Hill Washington 

Charles Barker Ellis 

Charleston Delta 

Chase -.. McLennan 

Chatfield .Navarro 

Cheesland Angelina 

Cherino .-- Nacogdoches 

Cherokee San Saba 

Cherry Spring Gillespie 

Chester... Tyler 

China Spring McLennan 

Cincinnati Walker 

Circleville Williamson 

Cistern Fayette 

Clarksville Red River 

Clay Hill Titus 

Clayton Panola 

Clear Spring Guadaloupe 

Cleburne Johnson 

Clifton Bosque 

Clinton. DeWitt 

Coffeeville Upshur 

Coke -McLennan 

Cold Spring San Jacinto 

Coleman Coleman 

Colettoville Victoria 

Coleville Cooke 

Colfax ..VanZandt 

Colita ..Polk 

College Station Brazos 

Collins City Cherokee 

Collinsville .Grayson 

Coltharp's Houston 

Columbia .Brazoria 

Columbus Colorado 

Comanche Comanche 

Comfort Kendall 

Conception Duval 

Concord Hardin 

Concrete DeWitt 



Post Ofllce. County. 

Content .Colorado 

Cooke's Point Burleson 

Cooper. Delta 

Corn Hill Williamson 

Corpus Christi Nueces 

Corsicana Navarro 

Coryell Coryell 

Cottage HilL. Bexar 

Cottondale Wise 

Cotton Gin Freestone 

Cotton Plant Lamar 

Courtney Grimes 

Cove Coryell 

Cow Creek Burnett 

Covington Hill 

Crane's Mill Comal 

Crawford. McLennan 

Crockett Houston 

Crosby Harris 

Cross Gin Cooke 

Cross Timbers Ellis 

Crossville Bell 

Cuero DeWitt 

Cummingsville Goliad 

Curry's Creek Kendall 

Cusseta ..Cass 

Cuthand Red River 

Cypress Mill Blanco 

Cypress Top Harris 

Daileyville Karnes 

Daingerfield Morris 

Dallas Dallas 

Dalton Cass 

Daly's Houston 

Danville Comal 

Davilla Milam 

Dayton .Liberty 

De Berry Panola 

Decatur Wise 

Deckman Dallas 

De Kalb Bowie 

Delhi ....Caldwell 

Del Rio Kinney 

Deming's Bridge Matagorda 

Denison City Grayson 



/ 



266 



SOUTHEEN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



Post Office. County. 

Denman Kimble 

Denton Denton 

Dever's Woods Liberty- 
Dexter Cooke 

D'Hanis Medina 

Dido Tarrant 

Doby villo Burnett 

Dodd Fannin 

Dodge Station .Walker 

Dog Town Mc Mullen 

Dolby Springs Bowie 

Donelton Hunt 

Double Bayou Chambers 

Double Horn Burnett 

Double Springs Tarrant 

Douglass Nacogdoches 

Douglassville Cass 

Dresden Navarro 

Dripping Springs Hays 

Dublin Erath 

< Duffau Erath 

Dugansville Grayson 

Duval Travis 

Eagle Ford Dallas 

Eagle Lake Colorado 

Eagle Pass Maverick 

Eagle Point .Montague 

Eagle Springs Corvell 

East Hamilton Shelby 

Eastland Eastland 

Echo Live Oak 

Edon Van Zandt 

Egypt Kaufman 

Eight Mile Creek Harrison 

Elbee Burleson 

Elgin Bastrop 

Elizabeth Denton 

Elkhart Anderson 

Elliott's Matagorda 

Elm Grove Caldwell 

Elm Mott McLennan 

Elmo Kaufman 

El Paso - . El Paso 

Elysian Fields Harrison 

Elwood - Fannin 



Post Office. County. 

Emory ..Rains 

Engelwood Robertson 

Ennis Ellis 

Etna .Smith 

Eureka Mills Harris 

Fairfield Freestone 

Fairmount Sabine 

Fair Play _. Panola 

Fair View Wilson 

Farmers Branch Dallas 

Farmersville Collin 

Farmington Grayson 

Farrsville Newton 

Fayetteville Fayette 

Ferris i Ellis 

Field's Store Waller 

Fincastle _ Henderson 

Fischer's Store Comal 

Fiskville Travis 

Flanagan's Mills Rusk 

Flatonia _-. Fayette 

Flint Hill. Medina 

Flint Rock Travis 

Florence Williamson 

Floresville .Wilson 

Forestburgh Montague 

Forest HilL... Bell 

Forest Home. Cass 

Forney Kaufman 

Fort Concho Tom Green 

Fort Davis Presidio 

Fort Ewell Lasalle 

Fort Graham Hill 

Fort Griffin Shackleford 

Fort McKavett Menard 

Fort Worth Tarrant 

Fosterville Anderson 

Fredericksburg Gillespie 

Frelsburg ._ Colorado 

Friendship Harrison 

Frio Town Frio 

Frosa . Limestone 

Fulton Aransas 

Gabion. Galveston 



POST OFFICES IN TEXAS. 



267 



Post Office. County. 

Gabriel Mills "Williamson 

Gainesville -.. Cooke 

Galveston Galveston 

Garden Valley Smith 

Garrett's Bluff Lamar 

Gates Valley Atascosa 

Gatesville Coryell 

Gause Milam 

Gay Hill Washington 

Gentry's Mill Hamilton 

George's Creek Somei-vell 

Georgetown Williamson 

Gholson -Brown 

Giddings Lee 

Gilford Shelby 

Gilmer. Upshur 

Gladewater Gregg 

Glenfawn Rusk 

Glen Rose Somervell 

Glenwood Upshur 

Goliad Goliad 

Golinda Falls 

Gonzales Gonzales 

Gordonville Grayson 

Goshen Henderson 

Graball Washington 

Grady's Mills Ellis 

Graham Young 

Granbury -.. Hood 

Grand Bluff. ... Panola 

Grand Lake Montgomery 

Grand Ranche Palo Pinto 

Grand Saline Van Zandt 

Grand View Johnson 

Grange Hill -. Upshur 

Grape Land Houston 

Grape Vine Tarrant 

Grassville Lee 

Gray Rock Titus 

Graytown Bexar 

Green Hill ..Titus 

Greenville Hunt 

Greenwood Wise 

Griffin Cherokee 

Griffinsville Bosque 

Grigsby Bluff. Jefferson 



Post Office. County. 

Groesbeeck Limestone 

Guadaloupe .-- Kendall 

Gussettville ..Live Oak 

Guy's Store Leon 

Hackberry Lavaca 

Hagansport Franklin 

Hailville Houston 

Halesborough .Red River 

Hallettsville Lavaca 

Hallsville Harrison 

Haltom's Montgomery 

Hamburg Van Zandt 

Hamilton Hamilton 

Hammond Robertson 

Handley Tarrant 

Hannaville Brovra 

Happy Hollow .Burnett 

Hardeman Matagorda 

Hardin Hardin 

Harmony Hill Rusk 

Harper's Mill Erath 

Harrisburg Harris 

Harrisville Bell 

Harwood Gonzales 

Haught's Store Dallas 

Haw Creek Fayette 

Hawkins Wood 

Hawkinsville Matagorda 

Hazel Dell Comanche 

Headsville Robertson 

Hearne... Robertson 

Hedwig's Hill... Mason 

Helena Karnes 

Helotes Bexar 

Hemphill Sabine 

Hempsteadt ...Waller 

Henderson Rusk 

Henrietta Clay 

Hermitage Cass 

Hewitt's Store Cooke 

H ickory Denton 

Hickory Creek Houston 

Hickory Hill - Cass 

Hico - Hamilton 

Hidalgo Hidalgo 



268 



SOUTHEKN AWD WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



Poet Ofllce. County. 

High Hill Fayette 

Highland Young 

Highland Station Galveston 

High tower Stephens 

Hill Creek Bosque 

Hillsborough Hill 

Hill's Ferry Clay 

Hiner Parker 

Hochheim -. DeWitt 

Hockley Harris 

Holly Springs Jasper 

Homer Angelina 

Hondo Llano 

Honey Creek -.- Hamilton 

Honey Grove. Fannin 

Hope Lavaca 

Hopewell Burnett 

Houston Harris 

Howard Bell 

Howe Grayson 

Howth Station Waller 

Humboldt Hunt 

Humphrey Hunt 

Hunter's Retreat Montgomery 

Huntsville -.. Walker 

Hutchins Dallas 

Independence - _ - - . Washington 

Indian Creek Brown 

Indianola .Calhoun 

Industry Austin 

loni Anderson 

Iowa Point Clay 

Iredell Bosque 

Iron Bridge _ Gregg 

Iron Mountain ...Rusk 

Ironwood Liberty 

Jacksborough Jack 

Jacksonville Cherokee 

Jamestown Smith 

Jasper ..Jasper 

Jeddo Bastrop 

Jefferson Marion 

Jewell ..Eastland 

Jewett .- Leon 



Post Office. County. 

Jim Ned .Brown 

Johnson's Station Tarrant 

Johnstonville Upshur 

Jones' Mills Coryell 

Jones' Prairie Milam 

Jonesville Harrison 

Kaufman Kaufman 

Keechi .., Leon 

Kemp Kaufman 

Kemper City Victoria 

Kenner Matagorda 

Kentucky town Grayson 

Kerrville Kerr 

Kickapoo .. Anderson 

Kildare Cass 

Kilgore G-regg 

Kimball Bosque 

Kingsbury Guadaloupe 

King Spring Burnett 

Kiomatia .Red River 

Kosse Limestone 

Krohne Burleson 

Ladonia Fannin 

La Fayette Upshur 

Lagarta Live Oak 

La Grange Fayette 

Lake Fork Wood 

Lake Station Robertson 

Lamar Aransas 

Lampasas Lampasas 

Lancaster Dallas 

Landrum Falls 

Lanier Cass 

Laredo Webb 

Larissa Cherokee 

Lavernia Wilson 

Lawrence ...Kaufman 

Laytonia Brazoria 

Lebanon Collin 

Ledbetter Fayette 

Leesburg Camp 

Leesville... ..Gonzales 

Lenterfitt Lampasas 

Leona.. Leon 



POST OFFICES IN TEXAS. 



269 



Post Office. County. 

Leou Springs Bexar 

Lewis' Ferry - -Jasper 

Lewisville Denton 

Lexington - Lee 

Liberty - Liberty 

Liberty Hill _ Williamson 

Lindale Smith 

Linden Cass 

Linn Flat Nacogdoches 

Lipan.. Hood 

Lisbon Dallas 

Little Elm Denton 

Little Mineral - Grayson 

Livingston -- Polk 

Llano .Llano 

Lockhart Caldwell 

Lock Hill Bexar 

Lodi Marion 

Lodwick Marion 

Lone Grove Llano 

Lone Oak Hunt 

Long Branch Panola 

Long Point "Washington 

Longstreet Montgomery 

Longview Gregg 

Looneyville Nacogdoches 

Lovelady Houston 

Loyal Valley Mason 

Luling Caldwell 

Lynchburg Harris 

Lynch's Creek Lampasas 

McCrawville Cooke 

McDade Bastrop 

McKinney Collin 

McLainsborough Hill 

McMillin Bell 

Macksville Harrison 

Macomb Grayson 

Macy Brazos 

Madisonville Madison 

Magnolia Springs Jasper 

Mahomet ...Burnett 

Malakoff Henderson 

Manor Travis 

Mansfield Tarrant 



Post Office. County. 

Maple Springs Bed River 

Marianna - Polk 

Marion Guadaloupe 

Marlin.. Falls 

Marquez-- Leon 

Marshall Harrison 

Martindale Caldwell 

Martin Springs Grayson 

Martinsville Nacogdoches 

Mary's Creek Parker 

Marysville Cooke 

Mason - . .Mason 

Mastersville McLennan 

Matagorda Matagorda 

Maysfield Milam 

Melisa Collin 

Mellville Rusk 

Melrose Nacogdoches 

Menard's Chapel Polk 

Menardville Menard 

Meridian ..- Bosque 

Merrilltown Travis 

Merriman Eastland 

Mesquite Dallas 

Mexia Limestone 

Meyersville. DeWitt 

Middleton Leon 

Midway. Madison 

Milam Sabine 

Milano Milam 

Milford ...Ellis 

Mill Creek Bowie 

Miller Grove Hopkins 

Millheim Austin 

Millican Brazos 

Millsap Parker 

Millwood Collin 

Milton Lamar 

Mim's Store ...Marion 

Mineola Wood 

Mission Valley Victoria 

Modoc Henderson 

Moflfat - Bell 

Monroe Rusk 

Montague Montague 

Monterey Hill 



270 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



Post Office. Connty. 

Montgomery , Montgomery 

Monticello Titus 

Morales .Jackson 

Mormon Grove Grayson 

Moscow - Polk 

Moss Bluff Liberty 

Mott Angelina 

Mott Springs Shelby 

Moulton Lavaca 

Mountain City Hays 

Mountain Spring Cooke 

Mount Calm '. Limestone 

Mount CarmeL- Smith 

Mount Gaynor Hays 

Mount Enterprise Rusk 

Mount Joy Delta 

Mount Olivet McLennan 

Mount Pleasant- - Titus 

Mount Sylvan Smith 

Mount Vernon -. -Franklin 

Mud Creek Smith 

Mustang Denton 

Nacogdoches Nacogdoches 

Navarro Mills .Navarro 

Navasota Grimes 

Navidad Jackson 

Nechanits Fayette 

Nechesville Anderson 

Nelsonville Austin 

New Boston. Bowie 

New Braunfels Comal 

New Fountain _ .Medina 

New Pleasant Grove Lamar 

New Prague ..Fayette 

New Salem Rusk 

Newton Newton 

New Ulm Austin 

New Waverly Walker 

New York Henderson 

Nockenut Wilson 

Noland's River .Johnson 

Norman Hill Bosque 

Nueces Nueces 

Oak Forest Gonzales 



Post Office. County. 

Oak Grove Tarrant 

Oak Hill Travis 

Oakland Colorado 

Oak Valley Hill 

Oakville Live Oak 

Oakwood Leon 

Oenaville ..Bell 

Oliver Springs Comanche 

Omega Upshur 

Onion Creek Travis 

Orange Orange 

Orangeville Fannin 

Overton .Rusk 

Ovilla... Ellis 

Oyster Creek Brazoria 

Pack Saddle Llano 

Paige Bastrop 

Palestine. Anderson 

Palmer Ellis 

Palo Alto Bell 

Palo Pinto ....Palo Pinto 

Paluxy Hood 

Pana Maria Karnes 

Paradise „ Wise 

Paris Lamar 

Patroon Shelby 

Pattonville .Lamar 

Peach Tree .Jasper 

Pecan Delta 

Pecan Grove .Coryell 

Pendleton Sabine 

Penitas Nueces 

Pennington Trinity 

Peoria Hill 

perdido Goliad 

Perry ... _ McLennan 

Perry's Landing Brazoria 

Persimmon Grove Kaufman 

Persley Navarro 

Personville Limestone 

Peyton Falls 

Phelps Walker 

Pidcock Ranch Coryell 

Pierce Junction Harris 

Pilot Grove Grayson 



POST OFFIOEft IlSr TEXAS. 



271 



Poet Office. ^ County. 

Pilot Point Denton 

Pine Hill Rusk 

Pine Mills Wood 

Pineville Tyler 

Pink Hill .Grayson 

Pin Oak .Fayette 

Pipe Creek .Bandera 

Pittsburgh Camp 

Piano Collin 

Plantersville Grimes 

Pleasanton Atascosa 

Pleasant Point Johnson 

Pleasant Valley Dallas 

Plenitude Anderson 

Pond Spring Williamson 

Popalote - Bee 

Porter's Springs Houston 

Port Lavaca Calhoun 

Post Oak Clay 

Post Oak Grove. Lavaca 

Postoak Island -Williamson 

Powell Dale Bosque 

Prairie Lea Caldwell 

Prairie Plains Grimes 

Prairie Point Anderson 

Prairie Valley _ .Hill 

Prairieville Kaufman 

Presidio ...Presidio 

Price's Creek DeWitt 

Procter Comanche 

Queen City Cass 

Queen Peak Montague 

Quinan ..Wharton 

Quitman Wood 

Ragsdale _ Fannin 

Eancho... Gonzales 

Randolph .Houston 

Regan.. Falls 

RedBluflf San Saba 

Red Oak Ellis 

Red Rock Bastrop 

Refugio Refugio 

Reiley Springs Hopkins 

Retreat Grimes 



Post Office. County. 

Rhea's Mills Collin 

Rice Navarro 

Rice's Crossing Williamson 

Richardson Dallas 

Richmond Fort Bend 

Riddleville Karnes 

Rio Frio Uvalde 

Rio Grande City Starr 

Ripley Titua 

Riverside Walker 

Roan's Prairie Grimea 

Rockdale Milam 

Rock Falls Erath 

Rock Hill... Collin 

Rockhouse Fayette 

Rockport Aransaa 

Rockwall .Rockwall 

Rogers Prairie Leon 

Roma Starr 

Rose Hill Harria 

Rosston Cooke 

Rossville Atascosa 

Round Mountain Blanco 

Round Rock Williamson 

Round Top Fayette 

Roxton Lamar 

Running Brushy Williamson 

Rural Shade Navarro 

Rusk Cherokee 

Russell Gap Bosque 

Rutersville Fayette 

Sabaua Creek Comanche 

Sabine Pass Jefferson 

Sabinetown Sabine 

Sage Burnett 

Saint Elmo Travis 

Saint Jo Montague 

Saint Mary's Refugio 

Saint Paul Collin 

Salado Bell 

Salem Newton 

Salt Creek Montague 

Saltillo Hopkins 

San Anders Milam 

San Antonio Bexar 



272 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDI!. 



Post Office. County. 

San Augustine San Augustine 

San Coswe Rusk 

San Diego IS'ueces 

Sandusky Grayson 

Sandy Blanco 

Sandy Mountain ...Llano 

Sandy Point .Brazoria 

SanElizario El Paso 

San Felipe Austin 

San Gabriel ..Milam 

San Marcos Hays 

San Patricio San Patricio 

San Pedro ..Houston 

San Saba... .San Saba 

San Ygnacio Zapata 

Sardis Cass 

Sattler'S Comal 

Savoy Fannin 

Schulenburg ...Fayette 

Scottsville ..Harrison 

Scyene Dallas 

Secret Springs Clay 

Seguin Guadaloupe 

Sempronius. Austin 

Serbin Lee 

Sharpsburg San Patricio 

Shawnee Creek Angelina 

Shaw's Ranch Calahan 

Shelby Austin 

Shelbyville ...Shelby 

Sherman Grayson 

Shovel Mount.. Burnett 

Sidney Marion 

Siep Springs Comanche 

Siesta Data. Medina 

Simsonville Upshur 

Sisterdale Kendall 

Sister Grove ..Collin 

Sivel's Bend ...Cooke 

Skippet's Gap Erath 

Smith Point Chambers 

Smithwick Mills Burnett 

Smithson Valley Comal 

Smithville Bastrop 

Snake Prairie Bastrop 

Snow Hill Titus 



Post Office. CotiBty. 

Snowville Hamilton 

Somerset Atascosa 

Sour Spring Caldwell 

South Bosque McLennan 

South Gabriel _ Burnett 

South Grape Creek _ Kendall 

South Sulphur Hunt 

Spanish Camp ..Wharton 

Spanish Fort .Montague 

Spring Harris 

Spring Branch Comal 

Springfield Limestone 

Spring Hill. - Navarro 

Springtown Parker 

Stafford Fort Bend 

Starrville Smith 

Steele's Grove Tyler 

Stephensburg ...Red River 

Stephensville Erath 

Steward's Mill .Freestone 

Stillwater Henderson 

Stockdale .Wilson 

Stonewall Gillespie 

Strickling Burnett 

Stringtown Hays 

Stubblefield John son 

Sublime Lavaca 

Sugar Hill Panola 

Sugar Land Fort Bend 

Sugar Loaf ...Coryell 

Sulphur Bluff Hopkins 

Sulphur Springs Hopkins 

Sulphur Station Bowie 

Sutherland Springs Wilson 

Sutton .Robertson 

Sweet Home Lavaca 

Tarkington's Prairie Liberty 

Taylor -Red River 

Taylor's Bayou .Jefferson 

Taylor's Creek Lampasas 

Taylorsville Williamson 

Tehuacana Limestone 

Tennessee Colony Anderson 

Terrell ---• Kaufman 

Terry Orange 



POST OFFICES IN TEXAS. 



273 



Post Office. County. 

Tenyville DeWitt 

Texana Jackson 

The Grove Coryell 

Tliomasville Bell 

Thornton. , Limestone 

Thorp's Spring. ..Hood 

Tiger Mill ...Burnett 

Toledo Fayette 

Tomaha ..Ked River 

Towash .Hill 

Town Bluff ...Tyler 

To wnsen Mills Lampasas 

Travis Austin 

Travis Peak Travis 

'Jriuity .Trinity 

Trinity Mills .Dallas 

Troupe — Smith 

Troy Bell 

Turner's Point Kaufman 

Turnersville Coryell 

Turtle Bayou Liberty 

Twin Sisters .Blanco 

Tyler Smith 

Tyuer Blanco 

Union Grove Kaufman 

Unionville Marion 

Uvalde Uvalde 

Valley .Guadaloupe 

Valley Creek Fannin 

Valley Mills Bosque 

Valley View Cooke 

Van Alstyne Grayson 

Vansickle's Hunt 

Vashtel Harrison 

Vaughn's Mill .Trinity 

Velasco. Brazoria 

Verona Collin 

Victoria Victoria 

Vienna. Lavaca 

Virginia Point. Galveston 

Volo Bell 

"Waco McLennan 

Wadeville Navarro 

18 



Post Office. County. 

Waelder Gonzales 

Walker's Station Red River 

Wallace Prairie .Grimes 

Wallisville Chambers 

Walnut Hill Panola 

Walton VanZandt 

Waresville Uvalde 

Warrenton _ Fayette 

Washington .Washington 

Waskom Station Harrison 

Waterville... ..Wharton 

Watson ..Milam 

Waverly Walker 

Waxahachie Ellis 

Weatherfor d Parker 

Webberville .Travis 

Webster Wood 

Websterville Harris 

Weesatche Goliad 

Weimar Colorado 

Welcome Austin 

Weldon Houston 

Wellborn Brazos 

Wenona .Erath 

Wesley Austin 

Westbrook Blanco 

West Falls Falls 

Westfield Harris 

Weston Collin 

West Point .Fayette 

Wharton Wharton 

Wheatville Morris 

Wheelock Robertson 

White Hall .Grimes 

Whitehouse Smith 

White Mound Grayson 

White Oak Hopkins 

White Rock Hunt 

Whitesborough Grayson 

White Sulphur Springs Cass 

Whitman Washington 

Whitt Parker 

Whittville Comanche 

Wichita Clay 

Wless Bluff Jasper 

Wilderville Falls 



274 



SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 



Post Office. County. 

William Penn Washington 

Williamsbiirgli Lavaca 

Williams Ranch Brown 

Willow Gillespie 

Willow Hole Madison 

Willis Montgomery 

Wills Point.... Van Zandt 

Winchester Fayette 

Winnsborough. Wood 

"Winnton Gonzales 

Wolf s Crossing .Burnett 

Wonders ..Nacogdoches 

Woodbury Hill 

Woods . .. Panola 



Pogt Office. County. 

Woodville Ty ler 

Wortham Freestone 

Wren Washington 

Wrightsborough Gonzales 

Wynton Hunt 

Torktown DeWitt 

Youngsport Bell 

Ysleta El Paso 

Zavala Smith 

Zedlar's Mill-. Gonzales 

Zionville Washington 



MISCELLANJEOUS. 275 



THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 

It is appropriate to notice this vast water route to the Gulf in connection 
with the transportation facilities that are afforded to the West and Southwest, and 
urge if possible its early improvement. Although the palmy days of passenger 
traffic by river have gone by, and the era of splendid packet steamers belongs to 
a past age, the importance of cheap transportation for freight to the Gulf is 
greater to-day than ever before, and this necessity will continue to increase as 
the great valleys of the Mississippi river and its tributaries become more densely 
populated and their vast resources and capacities are developed. Upon this 
subject of no less than national concern the St. Louis Texan, says: 

"The rapid construction of railroads in this country from 1869 to 1877, in- 
clusive, with the vast expenditure of money, diverted the public mind from 
other and equally important enterprises, which, in a great measure, involve the 
commercial interests of 12,000,000 of people who occupy the states bordering on 
the Mississippi river. If we enlarge the proposition so as to include the 
tributaries of that river, we shall then embrace the commercial interests of at 
least 18,000,000 of people, and an area of the most productive country in the 
world, of 1,200,000 square miles, and navigable water channels of 18,000 miles in 
length. The bare statement of these facts is sufficient to command the earnest 
consideration of the country, and suggest the urgency of public aid toward the 
improvement of our greatest navigable river without further argument or inves- 
tigation. But as the capital of the East is strongly organized against appropria- 
tions for this purpose we propose to furnish the representatives in Congress from 
that section a little 'mighty interesting reading.' 

" In doing so we will again refer to the construction of railroads, the import- 
ance of which we fully recognize. During a period of five years, including 
1869 to 1874, there were constructed in this country 29,820 miles of railroads, or 
an average of 5,964 miles per annum, at a cost of $60,525 per mile, according to 
the estimates of Mr. Poor, including rolling stock, equipments and depots, mak 
ing the grand total of $1,801,873,500. Of this sum the Government gave in sub- 
sidies about $90,000,000, and in addition donated about 100,000,000 acres of the 
public domain. It is not necessary to inquire whether these roads have or have 
not paid dividends upon the stock invested ; it is only necessary to state that 
they are private corporations and demand tribute from the people for freight and 
passenger traffic. As is stated these roads received nearly $100,000,000 from the 
Government and 100,000,000 acres of land. 

" Now the Mississippi river and its tributaries are public navigable waters. 
They belong to the people and are free to all. The commerce of eighteen mil- 
lions of people would be promoted in their improvement. It would cost hardly 
one-fifth of the amount that the nation has already given in cash to railroads. 
With a uniform gauge of water from St. Louis to New Orleans the immense 
trade of the South American States would gravitate to this country, and when 
we consider its magnitude and importance there will be very little difficulty in 
showing that the Government would be fully repaid for every possible expendi- 
ture, by duties upon imports alone,without taking into account the increasing value 



276 SOUTHERN AND WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

of the trade to that country. In relation to the country referred to, we are practi- 
cally in juxtaposition, and therefore our geographical advantages are superior to 
any of the European States, while England and France command the larger 
portion of the commerce of South America. No regular line of steamers from 
the United States make connections with that country, while Europe employs a 
fleet of seventeen steamers that make monthly trips, and yet the port of New 
Orleans is many thousand miles nearer. The valley of the Mississippi can sup- 
ply all that is needed by those States, while it can purchase and distribute 
throughout the country all of their surplus products. To accomplish this all 
that is needed is the permanent improvement of our great water way. The en- 
terprise and energy of our merchants will do the rest. They would explore and 
control the great trade that now flows to Europe. There are few who fully 
appreciated the vast trade of Brazil alone. That great Empire exports to the 
amount of nearly $200,000,000 annually, and its imports amount to a yearly 
average of $110,000,000. Of this amount England supplies 51 per cent., France 
20 per cent., the United States only 4 per cent., while the remainder is distri- 
buted among other nations. The total amount of the trade between the United 
States and the South American States, including the "West India Islands and 
Mexico for the year ending June 30th, 1876, was : Exports from this country^ 
$39,830,487; imports into the United States, $152,965,344. During the same year 
England alone sold these countries $114,191,168. These figures are sulficient to 
show the importance of the trade that should be controlled by the United States 
and can be if Congress would deal as liberally with the transportation routes 
belonging to the people as it does with private corporations." 



CHICAGO. 

As this magnificent city by the lake is dividing the trade of Texas with other 
cities, and as it is the central point to which the railways of the North and espec- 
ially of the Northwest converge, it is appropriate to notice its surprising growth 
and expansion. Its cattle and stock markets, its manufacturing industries, its vast 
trade in all of the products of the soil and the loom, have long since established 
its commercial character, and given it in that respect an equal position with the 
larger cities of tjie country. Thousands of those residing in the North and 
Northwest are dependent upon Chicago for a supply of merchandise of every 
variety, and as its Southern railway connections extend into the State of Texas, 
it is from this point that thousands of immigrants are yearly moving toward 
the more genial climes and productive country of the Southwest. As they 
remain for a few days in this city before going to their new homes, they can not 
fail to observe the miles of splendid streets, the grand churches, the magnificent 
public buildings and unequaled hotels that abound upon every hand. In this 
connection the reader will notice the splendid proportions of the St. James 
Hotel, at the corner of State and Washington Streets, an engraving of which 
may be found upon the opposite page. It is situated in the heart of the busi- 
ness portion of the city, convenient to all lines of street cars, places of amuse- 



MISCELLA.NEOUS. 



277 




278 SOUTHERN AND -WESTERN TEXAS GUIDE. 

ment and railway depots. The proprietor, Mr. J. N. Strong, is a gentleman of 
large experience in the business; while Mr. J. J. Strong, the accomplished 
manager, and Mr. Caswell as chief in the office, make up an experience in the 
manajjement of a hotel that has won a wide and favorable reputation. The 
prices* at the St. James are moderate and conform to the times, and for parties 
and delegations special rates are made. We have particularly noticed that hotel, 
as it is a most desirable place to stop at, and publish the engraving as an illus- 
tion of the splendid buildings in Chicago. 



i]n:dex. 



Anderson County 42 

Angelina " 43 

Aransas " 44 

Atascosa " 44 

Austin " 45 

Austin City - 142 

Biographical Sketch of T.W. Pierce 7 

Bee County 46 



Bell 



47 



Bandera " - 48 



Bastrop 
Bexar 
Blanco 
Bosque 



49 
50 
51 
52 



Brazoria County 5; 



Brazos 

Brown 

Burleson 

Burnet 

Bowie 

Bemis Bro. & Co. 



53 
54 
54 
55 
134 
198 



€aldwell County 55 

Calhoun " 

Cameron " 

Camp " 

Chambers " 

Cherokee " 

Coleman " 

Colorado " 

■Comal " 

Comanche " 

Concho " 

■Cooke " 

Coryell " 

Crockett " 

Cass " 

Collin « 



56 
57 
57 
58 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
63 
64 
65 
135 
135 



Columbus 143 

Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Rail- 
way 235 

Constitutional Provisions 243 

County Court Clerk's Fees 251 

Commissioners of Deeds for Texas 
residing in other States, with Ad- 
dress and Date of Appointment 253 
Chicago 276 

DeWitt County 65 



Dimmit 

Duval 

Dallas 

Delta 

Denton 



66 

66 

136 

136 

137 



Dallas 144 

Denison 146 

Edwards County 66 

El Paso " 67 

Encina " 67 

Erath " 67 

Falls County 68 

Fayette " 69 

Fort Bend Coimty 70 

Freestone " 70 

Frio " 71 

Fannin " 137 

Franklin " 138 

Fort Worth 147 

Fruits and Horticulture 191 

Factors' and Brokers' Cotton Com- 
press Co 197 

Fees of District and County Clerks 
in Criminal Cases 251 



Galveston County 71 



(279) 



280 



PAGi; 

Gillespie County 72 

Goliad " - - --- 72 

Gonzak-s " 73 

Graysoa " 75 

Gregg " - 75 

Grimes " 76 

Guadalupe " 77 

Galveston 149 

Georgetown 151 

Galveston, Houston & Henderson 

Eailway -- 204 

Galveston, Harrisburg & San An- 
tonio Railway 205 

Gov. Hubbard's Views of Texas.. 259 



Hamilton County . 

Hardin 

Harris 

Harrison 

Hays 

Hidalgo 

Hill 

Hood 

Houston 

Hopkins 

Hunt 



78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

83 

._ 84 

84 

138 

138 

Houston - 152 

Home Cotton Mills,. 197 

Homestead Law of Texas 244 

International «fe Great Northern Ry 217 
Hlinois Central Railroad 232 

Jack County 85 

Jackson " - 86 

Jasper " -- 86 

Jefferson" ..- 87 

Jefferson. 156 

Karnes County --. 87 

Kendall 

Kerr 

Kimble 

Kinney 

Kaufman 



89 

90 

139 



Lamar County 

Lampasas 

Llano 

La Salle 

Lavaca 

Leon 

Liberty 

Limestone 

Live Oak 



PAGE-. 

. 90 

. 91 

. 93 

. 93 

. 94 

. 94 

. 95 

. 96 

. 96 



Lampasas Springs... -.. 180 

Luling " 181 , 

Land Titles, Surveys and Measure- 
ments - 249 

Land Scrip.. 260 

Military Posts 27 

Minerals of Texas 38- 

Madison County — 97 

Marion " 97 

Mason " 9& 

Matagorda " 99 

Maverick " 99 

McLennan " 100 

McMullen " 101 

Medina " 101 

Menard " 103 

Milam " 108 

Montgomery" 104 

Morris " 105- 

Marshall.. 157 

Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway 229 
Mississippi River 275 

Nacogdoches County 105 

Navarro " ..- 106 

Newton " 107 

Nueces " -- lO?' 

Orange County 108 

Ohio & Mississippi Railway 238 

Palo Pinto County— 109 

Panola " - 109 

Parker " HO- 

Polk " - Ill 

Palestine ^. 15S- 



INDEX. 



281 



PAGE 

Paris -- 159 

Pepen Cotton Compress Co. 197 

Public Debt of Texas 262 

Post Offices in Texas -. - 263 

Raines County 112 

RedRiver " ..112 

Refugio " -. 113 

Robertson " - 113 

Rockwall " 115 

Runnels " 115 

Rusk " 115 

Round Rock 160 

Railways 199 

Resources of Texas. 247 

Railroads in Texas 250 

State of Texas 19 

Sabine County 116 

San Augustine County 116 

117 

117 

118 

119 

119 



San Jacinto 
San Patricio 
San Saba 
Shelby 
Smith 

San Antonio 161 

Sherman 175 

San Antonio as a Winter Resort . . 179 

Sour Lake 181 

Sutherland Springs 183 

Stock Raising and Sheep Hus- 
bandry 184 

St. Louis as a Cotton Market 193 

St. Louis Cotton Exchange 195 

St. Louis Cotton Compress Co 195 

St. Louis, Iron Mountain & South- 
ern Railway 227 

Stage Lines in Texas 240 



PAGB 

Sugar Products 248 

Spanish Land Measure.. 261 

Tarrant County 120 

Travis " 121 

Trinity " 122 

Tyler " 123 

Titus " 138 

Tobacco Culture 192 

Texas & Pacific Railway 224 

Texas as a Cotton Growing State.. 247 
Texas Northers.. 258 

Uvalde Coimty 124 

Upshur " 140 

Van Zandt County 124 

Victoria " 125 

Vandalia Railway 235 

Walker County. 126 

Waller " 126 

Washington" 127 

Webb " 129 

Wharton " 129 

Williamson" 130 

Wilson " 131 

Wood " 133 

Western Texas 140 

Waco 176 

Weatherford 178 

Winter Resorts 179 

Wabash Railway 237 

Wheat Growing in Texas 245 

Weight of Grain, etc., per Bushel, 

in Texas 257 

Zapata County 133 



282 INDEX. 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE 

Bird's-Eye View of Houston 152 

Bowen's Bend, San Antonio River 341 

Breakfast in Market Square, San Antonio . 167 

Bridge over the South Canadian River, on the Line of the M., K. & T. R'y.. 229 

Buffalo Bayou Bridge, at Houston— I. & G. N. R.R 218 

Cathedral de San Fernando 169 

Church at Seguin 77 

Comal River, near New Braunfels 26 

Commerce Street 171 

Court House, Dallas 145 

Court House, Fort Worth .-. 148 

Court House, Paris 160 

Court House, Sherman... -. 175 

Episcopal Church, Palestine 222 

Ferry, Comal River 61 

Head of San Antonio River 180 

Home Cotton Mills 196 

J. R. Morris' Building 154 

Menger Hotel 172 

Mexican Women Selling Mocking Birds at San Antonio 182 

Mission de la Concepcion 20 

Mission of San Jose— Ruins of Vestibule — 1730 261 

Mission of San Jose, San Antonio, 1720 50 

Residence at Sedalia, Mo. 231 

San Antonio, 1878 - 164 

Scene on Comal River .- 248 

St. James Hotel, Chicago 277 

The Alamo .--- 35 

Town of San Antonio de Bexar, Texas, 1840 162 

Trinity River Bridge, Brazos Division I. & G. N. R. R 320 

View at San Pedro Springs, San Antonio 23 

View of San Pedro Springs, San Antonio 258 

View on Commerce Street, San Antonio 174 

View of the Capitol and Court House at Austin : 242 

Windsor Hotel, Dallas 146 



ST. LOUIS TEXA]Sr. 



rPl.t '°^^P'^^^°*' y^gOTOus, weekly newspaper, devoted to a more iatimate 
re ationship between the North and East and the great Southwest ererCthe 
State of Texas. To bring the productive, manufacturing and m;rcrti f to 
estsof these two sections into a closer association, and to faithfuirand S' 
present the advantages, capacities and resources of Texas are oblectl of^l ^ 
magnitude to command the best energies of a newsTapeT iTZt TeTZ 
Texan grve a full and reliable description of the couLy in which more than a 
quarter of a million are annually finding new homes, but it is a truthll refleTof 
the opmions and transactions of the people of Texas. In an itemized form it 
quotes weekly the doings of the ueonle of th«f «tof ^ i nemizea torm it 

orsft^^rL^Li^^^^^^ 

ZTT.^"""^'""' '^' bestthoughtof a hundred papers published ttha^ 

rectgnizeV irdTo\f ''^''^t' "^" ^e appreciate'd and' its usefulnesfb 
recognized. Added to these special features is its liberal and independent nolirv 
n discussing theinterests relating to the railways of the coun'iy S h e^ :« 
selections of entertaining miscellaneous reading 

copfefforTlor:?^^'' 'V" "'"/ '" ^'' '^^ ^°P^^« ^^ ^''''^ -^ *- 
copies or $12.o0, with an extra copy free to the getter up of the club A codv 

theTTv!^/ Tw T i' •^- ^'^"""^^ ''*^^ proprietor and manager of 

ie addreTs'ed toT H P"^'"' *'' ''^^"^- ^" '"^^^^^« communications slould 
be addressed to A. H. Gkangek, 503 Market Street, St. Louis, Mo. 




Map of Texas to accompany Gra-nge:(.'s Soutliern and Western Texad Gnide.; 




Brunswick 







Map of the United States to accompany Gn mger's Soxitliern and Western Texas Guide. 




